...Ergonomics, human engineering or human factors engineering is the science of creating products or designing machines which maximize safety, comfort or efficiency of people who use them. People who work with ergonomics apply general principles of industrial engineering, psychology, anthropometrics, which is the science of human measurement, and even biomechanics to adapt certain designs of products or workplaces to peoples constitution, strengths and limitations. This science also takes into consideration peoples reactions and the amount of time they need to process a specific task or information received from their environment, as well as the capacity of dealing with certain psychological factors, mainly stress and isolation. Once a study about a certain group of peoples reactions to their environment has been made, people who design with ergonomics attempt to develop the best possible design for a system or product. Ergonomists view people and a the object or machine they will use as a sole unit, and the ergonomic approach to design blends the persons abilities with those of the machine. When designing one must take into account the several limitations of both the mechanical and the human factor involved in a certain workspace. Human beings need to rest or experience less stress when realizing a certain task or they will spend their energies quickly and begin making mistakes when working, they are also subject to illness, accidents and the need of rest. The...
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...Human Factors has been a crucial part of the aviation industry for some time now. The reputations of Airlines are depended on the safety that they provide in order for the passengers to feel secure during the flight without any problems. But the modern world still experiences the hard ship of dealing with human factors that affect the pilot in control hindering decision making as well as the ability to act quicker resulting in accidents occurring. It is known that 70% of fatal accidents are related to human factors, of which 20% is fatigue. It is evident that fatigue is a major implement in accidents occurring with the loss of passengers and money in airlines, which is why they are a concern in the aviation industry. The question that most pilots have to face when they have been involved in an accident is whether the accident was caused by a human error or a mechanical failure, most being human errors and this essay will be based on the concept of fatigue as well the risks and management that can be supported to improve this human factor. There are two types of fatigue if it was to be categorised: Physical fatigue and mental fatigue. Physical fatigue is when the individual experiences lack of strength within himself, such as lifting objects where the muscles are fatigued. On the other hand, mental fatigue is to do with the mind not physically such as the level of consciousness decreases as time goes resulting in decrease in attention. This can be dangerous when a task that needs...
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...Human Factors Analysis and Classification System Abstract As aircrafts become more reliable over the years, humans have progressively become more of a causal factor in aviation accidents. Thus, being able to analyze an accident from a human factor perspective is of paramount importance. However, a proper framework of accident analysis is necessary to address the complex and often nebulous nature of human error. The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System Maintenance Extension (HFACS-ME) is one such framework that serves as an accident investigation and data analysis tool. This article will analyze how HFACS-ME is used from an applied perspective and demonstrate its utility using case studies. Human Factors Analysis and Classification System Maintenance Extension The Human Factors Analysis & Classification System (HFACS) was originally developed to analyze and classify human errors and other factors contributing to aviation incidents. HFACS combines features from Heinrich’s “Domino Theory” and Edward’s “SHEL Model” as well as Reason’s model to uncover factors that contribute to accidents (Schmidt, J. Lawson, D., n.d.). The Maintenance Extension of HFACS termed HFACE-ME was created to address aviation maintenance related incidents and facilitates the recognition of defective or absent defenses at four levels namely, Unsafe: Management Conditions, Maintainer Conditions, Working Conditions, and Maintainer...
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...Design principles Unit 2 Learning outcomes • Introduce concepts of usability and user experience • Understand fundamental design principles • Develop – awareness of how to apply them in design – Critical ability to evaluate other people design 2 Usability • “Extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use.” – ISO 9241-11:1998 Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) -- Part 11: Guidance on usability. 3 Usability • Usability is a quality attribute that assesses how easy user interfaces are to use. • Five quality dimensions: – Learnability: How easy is it for users to accomplish basic tasks the first time they encounter the design? – Efficiency: Once users have learned the design, how quickly can they perform tasks? – Memorability: When users return to the design after a period of not using it, how easily can they reestablish proficiency? – Errors: How many errors do users make, how severe are these errors, and how easily can they recover from the errors? – Satisfaction: How pleasant is it to use the design? – http://www.useit.com/ 4 Usability • Quality = absence of problems – discover usability problems and reduce their frequency and severity. – It can be measured – Objective data (performance data derived by behavioural data, user observations) – Subjective data (self-report, questionnaire...
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...by labor and management. Three examples are examined to explain the use of the model, understand construction site’s accidents and identify what prevention efforts should be performed. To identify the root causes of accidents, the existing construction accident investigation procedures should be combined with ARCTM which adopts both Contemporary Accident Causation Models and Human Error Theories. Then, ARCTM should be adopted as a tool to prevent the construction accidents. 1) Accident Causation Models Accident causation models are used to improve the industrial accident prevention programs. These models as Domino Theory (Heinrich 1959) and Multiple Causation Model (Petersen 1971) indicate that the root causes of accidents relate to both people and management systems. 2) Human Error Theories Human Error Theories can be realized in both Behavior Models as Accident Proneness Theory (Accident 1983) and Human Factor Models as Ferrel Theory (Ferrel 1977). Behavior models show that the main cause of accidents are workers. While the human factors models affirm that the main cause of accidents is human error. 3) ARCTM: Construction Model ARCTM is the outcome of developing and integrating number of the previously mentioned models. This model pictures the main three root causes of accidents: unsafe conditions, worker response to unsafe conditions, and worker unsafe acts. Accident Investigations Using ARCTM If accident occurs, ARCTM should be used by investigator after...
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...April 3, 2016 C H A P T E R 3 Evaluation Methods Learning Objectives 1. Recognize differences between evaluation methods and how they support the human factors design cycle 2. Design formative and summative human factors studies 3. Understand representative sampling and the implications for study design and generalization 4. Design an experiment considering variables that are measured, manipulated, controlled, and cannot be controlled 5. Interpret results and recognize the limitations of a study 6. Identify the ethical issues associated with collecting data with human subjects 1 April 3, 2016 PURPOSE OF EVALUATION 3 TIMING AND TYPES OF EVALUATION 5 LITERATURE REVIEW, HEURISTIC EVALUATION, AND COGNITIVE WALKTHROUGHS USABILITY TESTING COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION AND CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS IN-SERVICE EVALUATION 5 7 8 9 STEPS IN CONDUCTING A STUDY 10 STUDY DESIGN 11 ONE FACTOR WITH TWO LEVELS ONE FACTOR WITH MORE THAN TWO LEVELS MULTIPLE FACTORS BETWEEN-SUBJECTS DESIGN WITHIN-SUBJECT DESIGNS MIXED DESIGNS SAMPLING PEOPLE, TASKS, AND SITUATIONS 13 13 13 14 14 14 15 MEASUREMENT 15 DATA ANALYSIS 16 ANALYSIS OF CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS ANALYSIS OF DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES 16 17 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS AND COMMUNICATING RESULTS 18 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND TYPE I AND TYPE II ERRORS STATISTICAL AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE GENERALIZING AND PREDICTING ...
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...Running Head : Aviation Aerospace Human Factors in Aviation Aerospace Some of the greatest challenges in the operation and design of large machine systems such as aviation vehicles and aerospace vessels, arise from human factors . It is from such challenges that human-factor engineering has emerged, determined to optimize the interaction between man and machines for the purposes of safety and efficiency. As such, human-factors engineering concerns itself with operating procedures and the training of personnel , as well as issues of interface design (Britannica , 2008 ). These are crucial issues to aviation and aerospace, as human error has been identified as a primary contributor to more than 70 percent of commercial airplane hull-loss accidents. Graeber (1999) asserts that human error is a major concern within the areas of not only flight operations but in maintenance and traffic management as well. To remedy these matters, human factors engineering must identify the limits and characteristics of cognition , information processing and memory and how they can most effectively be integrated into the day to day operations of aviation and aerospace. This means going beyond mere personnel training and redundant safety protocols, but making knowledgeable and flexible observations about how humans interface with aviation and aerospace technology. Because technology tends to evolve faster than our ability to predict how humans interact with it, the overseers of aviation and...
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...The Human Factor in Aviation Maintenance Kenneth L. Arrington Embry-Riddle University Abstract Aviation maintenance professionals have earned high levels of technical skills training associated with their profession, however research in a number of industrial sectors indicate that up to 80% of accident causes can be attributed to a breakdown in human interaction. Human error cannot be eliminated it is essential fact of the human condition (Maddox, 1998). Maintenance professionals will always try to avoid making errors. Unfortunately, even the most highly trained and motivated professionals will make mistakes, however, with suitable understanding of the human factor and appropriate training, professionals can mitigate the consequences of errors. The human factor component of aviation maintenance can be grouped in four general categories: 1. Effective training for technicians and inspectors; 2. On the job safety of maintenance workers; 3. Human error that compromises public safety; and 4. Overall cost of maintenance errors. The Human Factor in Aviation Maintenance Aviation is an industry where mistakes mean lives are at risk. Airplanes have become more complicated and sophisticated in their evolution within the past 50 years. Maintenance technicians must continuously update their proficiency and knowledge in airplane repair because of the enormous differences in new and old aircraft that are presently in use (Maddox, 1998). Aviation maintenance...
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...Case about SAS institute ins. 1. One critic calls SAS "a big brother approach to managing people." Is the company too paternalistic? Can a company be too paternalistic? I do believe that SAS's approach to managing people is the result of an accurate analysis performed by the management staff. Therefore, when the management discusses improving employee retention rates, the initial topic is often higher salaries and bonuses. That is partly valid, because money is a key element; as SAS can attest, retention efforts can be very effective if they focus on more ways to spend the money than just increasing salary levels. With its strategy to boost employee retention, the company has created a culture and programs that encourage and drive employee loyalty. According to Pfeffer (2001), "Your profits come from loyal customers who do business with you for reasons other than just price. Customer loyalty is a consequence of loyalty from employees who produce great products and offer great service. In the short run, with enough venture money and enough product demand, any business model may appear feasible. In the long run, those companies that actually run their businesses efficiently and produce sustainable results will be the ones you keep reading about." ( 18). I do not think that this is a "big brother approach" at all; at the end, it is just a way to achieve a better business result. The top management prefers to spend money on the employees rather than spending money on recruiters...
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...ERGONOMICS Ergonomics is the science of adapting the job and/or the equipment and the human to each other for optimal safety and productivity.Ergonomics refer to the application of scientific information and systems for human use, specifically when it comes to job design, work area efficiency and quality. It is very important because it relates to everything that involves people including work systems, sports, leisure, health, safety etc. It gives way to socio technical approach to job design that involves keeping the social needs of people in mind to design jobs and then using technology to fulfill it. Ergonomics deals with the interaction of technological and work situations with the human being. The basic human sciences involved are anatomy, physiology, and psychology. These sciences are applied by the ergonomist towards two objectives: the most productive use of human capabilities, and the maintenance of human health and well-being. In a phrase, ‘the job must fit the person’ in all respects, and the work situation should not compromise human capabilities and limitations. An ergonomically designed space will include an ergonomic assessment of the following: • The individual's posture, their routine tasks and what time is spend on particular activities, movements or repetitious actions • The job tools, which includes any devices required to perform your duties, like the mouse, the printer and the scanner The surroundings of your workplace...
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...US$ 1.5 Million. Do note that this cost does not include damage to the facilities, equipment, or vehicles. Which mean the overall cost could be higher than the estimate. If damage were assumed in all ground operation incident report, the estimated cost would increase 3.5 times. And with high composite ratio aircraft becoming the norm, the cost could spiral upward in excess of more than 5 times. Thus, it is important these ground operation incidents are reduced. Ground operation incident, occurs primarily due to human errors. Possible common reasons include insufficient training, complacency and environmental factors. There are also no detailed legislations in place to regulate the industry, unlike Maintenance Repair Overhaul (MRO) organisations, which is governed by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) of UK. Since human errors aren’t a new problem, many researches have been conducted in the past. There are systems developed to address the issue of human error. However, these systems, namely Safety Management System (SMS) and Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS) are not mandatory in ground operation. In the era of electronics and computing, the industry should harness it capabilities to form a safety net. Thus, in this report, 2 main recommendations are given...
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...The Dirty Dozen The company I work for is very big on human factors, as we all have to go through training for it when we first get hired on. And one specific part of human factors they focus on is the aviation "Dirty Dozen". I bring this up because it is a large part of what the Safety Management System (SMS) uses when investigating an aircraft maintenance damage incident. The aviation Dirty Dozen are: fatigue, stress, complacency, communication, awareness, distraction, lack of knowledge, teamwork, lack of resources, pressure, lack of assertiveness, and norms (The Dirty Dozen, n.d.). I have been involved in an incident (or two) myself, and when I talked to the SMS investigator, they literally went down the list of the Dirty Dozen and asked me if I had any issues with any of the conditions. They understand that the employees are human, and are prone to conditions that cause mistakes. I'm not saying that the Dirty Dozen is a fail-safe excuse for an incident, but it gives the investigator the human factor condition(s) that might have played a role, instead of just blaming the employee for the aircraft incident. This allows the investigator to make a fully informed decision on what the proper course of action is following the incident. I have seen thousands of dollars in aircraft damage and good mechanics be reprimanded from verbally to termination. The Dirty Dozen. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2014, from...
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...Mr. Average – Assignment 1 A little about human factors and ergonomics as many people refer to, is the aim to design or change products and environments, which people use and operate to better match their capabilities, limitations, and needs. This improves the efficiency and effectiveness with which humans work and certain human values such reduce stress, increase comfort, increase job satisfaction, and user acceptance. In summary, ergonomics makes the work station or environment more user friendly for the individual. On the other hand, designing for Mr. Average is not a good thing when it comes to human factors and ergonomics. Designing for the average means that not all people will be comfortable or satisfied. This is the reason why anthropometric data is collected. Anthropometric data refers to the measurements of the human being, which deals with the body size and shape. The goal to designing in human factors is creating something that fits and comforts the needs of most people. In more detail, it is also important to keep in mind that collecting gender distribution is significant to human factors. Even though males and females are both human bodies, there are characteristics that distinguish them apart. For example, a general view is clothes. Most males have wider bodies compared to females. Also, jeans are made tighter for females since they do not have genitals. An over view so far of human factors and ergonomics is basically meeting satisfaction, optimization,...
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...The most significant challenge in long-term care in regards to ergonomics is the human factor. Since humans are the main facilitators of providing care to the residents of long-term care facilities. The way they accomplish their jobs is a very important entity to the success of these facilities. This main challenge is manual lifting and of moving patients which can lead to other problems including lumbar problems and musculoskeletal disease. Over the years these injuries have cost healthcare industry billions per year in worker’s compensation claims and high turnovers of caregivers leaving the profession and finding jobs elsewhere causing a shortage. It have also caused the quality of care to decrease as caregivers are given these burdensome tasks to perform you find residents waiting for a long time without assistance, causing injuries to both residents and employees. With high turnover ratios, the word will spread about the facility not being adequately staffed at all times, therefore limiting the amount of patients transferring or enrolling into a facility. This could then raise the cost of care at that given facility to accommodate the charges accrued to operate the facility. This could also ultimately cause the facility to be placed out of compliance with the state and being forced to meet state guidelines and adhere to state regulations or be forced to shut down the facility; hence forcing all patients into other facilities that might not offer adequate care. The governance...
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...Human Computer Interface Assignment No. 1 Human Computer Interface Assignment No. 1 Submitted By: - Ali Shehroz 5736 BCSE-8B Submitted To:-Asma Naveed Submitted By: - Ali Shehroz 5736 BCSE-8B Submitted To:-Asma Naveed | Similarities | Differences | HCI | HCI (human-computer interaction) is the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings | An important HCI factor is that different users form different conceptions or mental models about their interactions and have different ways of learning and keeping knowledge and skills (different "cognitive styles" as in, for example, "left-brained" and "right-brained" people). In addition, cultural and national differences play a part. Another consideration in studying or designing HCI is that user interface technology changes rapidly, offering new interaction possibilities to which previous research findings may not apply. Finally, user preferences change as they gradually master new interfaces. | UX | User experience design (UXD or UED) is the process of enhancing user satisfaction by improving the usability, ease of use, and pleasure provided in the interaction between the user and the product.[1] User experience design encompasses traditional human–computer interaction (HCI) design, and extends it by addressing all aspects of a product or service as perceived by users. | As...
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