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苹果公司发展战略的分析与评价 苹果电脑公司在20 世纪70 年代通过Apple II 引发了个人电脑革命, 20 世纪80 年代Macintosh 的推出又彻底改造了个人计算机。2010 年, 苹果公司以2213.6 亿美元的市值,一举超越了微软公司,成为全球最具价值的科技公司。虽然今天的苹果公司看起来风光无限, 其实苹果公司在发展过程中并不是一帆风顺的。今天让我们从苹果公司的创新战略、企业文化、营销战略和管理战略来探讨苹果之所以在历次危机中没有垮掉的原因,从而找出对我们有用的启示。
1. 创新策略 在苹果公司一切都可以被颠覆,所有事都可以被重新定义,甚至包括创新本身。微软的成功向人们定义了创新的概念——所谓创新就是不断推出新技术。而苹果的创新则与众不同——苹果的创新是非传统上的技术创新,以用户为导向的艺术创新和独特的商业模式的统一。然而就是这种创新,在2006——2009年里,苹果只用了46亿美元的技术研发费用却打败了微软惊人的310亿美元,连续三年被《商业周刊》评为“全球最具创新能力的公司”。
1.1 技术创新
1.1.1 连续的创新 坚持连续这点非常重要,因为如果一个技术获得了相对其他竞争技术的优势,那么就有很强的激励资源从推动竞争技术中抽取出来,因为要使竞争技术具有竞争力需要更多的资源推动。一旦资源主要集中于领先技术,进一步的改良就会使该技术及其发展成为唯一经济的可行方式,因为其他的竞争技术已经远远落在了后面。而苹果公司的创新则避免了这种情况:从开创了桌面出版时代的Laserwriter激光打印机到首次拥有手写笔桌面和字体识别软件的牛顿MessagePad;从第一款配置触控板的笔记本Powerbook520到当时世界上运行速度最快的笔记本PowerbookG3;从无论是外部设计还是内部配置都引发一场革命的iMac到堪称从新发明了电话的iPhone,正是因为苹果在产品上的不断创新,它才有了更大的竞争力,并最后赢得了整个市场。
1.1.2 整合即创新 盛大掌门人陈天桥认为:“创新应该包含两层含义:一是从无到有的技术创新,另一种则是从无序到有序的整合创新。”而苹果走的就是后者。应当知道,苹果从来没有像微软或者施乐公司那样创造出一项全新的技术,它之所以能成功很大一部分是因为它懂得整合其他公司创造出来的先进技术并把它用于实践,生产出领先时代的产品并获得巨大利益。苹果的iPod就是一个很好的例子。以PortalPlayer公司生产的播放器为基础的iPod有着巨大的硬件优势:纤薄的外形,超大的容量,高速率的火线接口。而立足于C&G公司开发的SoundJam软件的iTunes具有非常强大的搜索功能且允许创建无数的播放列表(这在当时是非常先进的)。当两者结合在一起的时候颠覆了传统的音乐产业。硬件(iPod),软件(iTunes)和服务(iTunes Store)这三辆马车使得苹果能从头到尾完全控制用户体验,也使得苹果从这个体系的方方面面获得利润。但是在中国这种方式或许并不适用。早在苹果的iPod之前中国的深圳MP3已经获得了极大发展,也有人建议靠音乐曲库平台来下载维持硬件的生存,但是中国的MP3播放器因为技术太简单,“山寨版”多如牛毛,电子城走一圈,你可以看到成千上万种MP3播放器。另一方面,很多中国企业根本没有把知识产权放在眼里,苹果尽管使用了别人的技术和版权,但他们是按规矩付费的。这两点就决定了苹果iPod-iTunes的模式在中国并不适用。
1.2 艺术创新 这方面我觉得管理者自身的审美能力起着决定作用,而苹果的管理者恰恰就拥有极高的品味——那就是乔布斯。比尔.盖茨曾这样评价乔布斯:他拥有难以置信的品位和高雅,他永远生活在未来里,能够明确指出未来的方向。苹果的艺术创新主要三个特点。
1.2.1 追求完美 乔布斯是一个一丝不苟、追求细节的人,一个非常挑剔甚至让有些员工厌烦的完美主义者,对完美近乎吹毛求疵的程度如同要把下属逼疯。在首款iPod发布前夜,苹果的员工熬了一整夜更换耳机接头,就是因为乔布斯觉得插进去的响声不够给力。乔布斯就是这样一个对完美追求到极致甚至让人觉得有点病态的人。乔布斯的家里几乎一件家具都没有,整栋房子甚至没有一张床,原因是没有一张床令他满意,所以这个百万富翁宁愿席地而睡。
1.2.2极简主义

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