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Temple of Jonathan

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“The Temple of Jonathan”
(The Muse’s Hegemon)
Jon Peterson
4/17/15

The Temple of Jonathan was erected in Olympia, Greece in the fourth century BCE. It is believed to have been built by the citizens of Olympia during the Late Classical Period which was between 400-323 BCE. Shortly after the Persians Wars had ended, the citizens built the Temple of Zeus which the citizens modeled this temple after. While the Temple of Zeus was built to showcase the power of Zeus, Apollo and Athena, the Temple of Jonathan was built to bring calmness and peace to the city. The temple had been built in a Doric hybrid style and was erected near the Sanctuary of Zeus. The reason the citizens of Olympia decided to erect it near the sanctuary of Zeus is because Jonathan was appointed by Zeus to be the second leader (hegemon) of his nine daughters, The Muses. Although Apollo was the initial appointed leader of the Muses, he was not to be bothered by trivial things. Zeus felt his daughters needed a second male leader over them that could handle the daughters calmly because at times they argued relentlessly over trivial issues. Zeus wanted clam and peace among his daughters that ruled over the arts and sciences. The daughters offered inspiration in the subjects of Arts and Sciences and Zeus thought that these daughters must remain calm in their influence of the people. The temple design not only encompassed the Doric style but also incorporated some of the features of the Ionic and Corinthian orders as well. The bottom of the pillars of the temple were classic Doric, with no base between the pillar and the stylobate as was used on the Temple of Hera. Although the bottom of the pillar was of Doric style, the top of the pillar had the astragal from the Corinthian order and the scrolled volute capital of the Ionic order capped off by the boss which was designed also in the Corinthian fashion. Along with the pillars being a mix of the three orders, the entablature was also a hybrid mix of styles. The architrave was of the Doric order, while the frieze was of the Ionic order, with elements of trigylphs and metopes from the Doric order placed strategically along the sculptures of each of the nine muses to maintain the hybrid look and feel. The citizens of Olympia wanted all three orders mixed to symbolize the different styles of their culture. The west pediment was designed in the similar architectural fashion as the Temple of Zeus. The pediment at center, stood almost nine feet tall and incorporated the hieratic scale with Jonathan being dramatically larger the other figures on the pediment. In the center was a high relief marble sculpture of Jonathan, both arms outstretched with palms facing downward as to offer calm and tranquility to the daughters. Along the length of the pediment, the nine daughters were featured with each of their subjects. Calliope the goddess of epic poetry was shown sitting calmly thinking of the next wonderful and inspirational words she was about to vocalize. Clio, the muse of history was sculpting a figure of Apollo offering calm during the Battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs. Erato, the goddess of love poetry was, like Calliope, thinking of the next poem with the most passionate words she could think of. In between Erato and Calliope was Zeus’ tenth daughter Mnemosyne, Mnemosyne was important for the Muses because she represented memory. Memory was important in those times because there were no books, poets had to carry their work in their memories. Euterpe, the goddess of music was shown playing a harp. Melpomene, the goddess of tragedy was shown singing a melodious song, Melpomene was often invoked by those looking to create beautiful lyrical phrases. Polyhymnia, the goddess of sacred poetry was shown with her left hand over her heart to symbolize the sacred poetry she would create. Terpischore, the goddess of dance was shown dancing. Thalia, the goddess of comedy was shown laughing and finally Urania, the goddess of astronomy, was shown holding the heavens in her hands. All of the sculptures on the west Pediment were constructed in marble. The east pediment was designed using the nine goddesses all happily getting along celebrating the peace the ending of the Persian wars brought to the region. The East Pediment was featured with another large sculpture of Jonathan in the center, again with arms outstretched offering calm to the nine muses. The layout and architecture of the Temple of Jonathan was designed in the peripteral style as the Parthenon in Athens was designed. The peristyle colonnade stood at only half the height of the Temple of Zeus as to not overshadow Zeus’ temple. The temple also featured a number of acroterions at the apex of the pediments. These acroterions were designed with classical style plinths. The acroterions were small sculptures of the Griffin which were similar to the acroterions on the temple of Minerva. The cella in the center of the temple, featured a large 12 foot tall statue of Jonathan with his outstretched arms, offering calm to the people of Greece. Jonathan was a kind soul which resonated among the people of Greece. His calm and kind demeanor was adopted by many which brought an overall melancholy attitude among the peoples. It is said that Jonathan would walk among the Muses and discuss the heavens with Zeus’ daughters. His driving force behind him helping Zeus and his daughters was to form a working relationship with the Gods and hence, his place in the Heavens would be saved. The story goes on to tell of a tale where Jonathan gained the affection of all of the daughters so much that Zeus would invite him into the Heavens for many gathering of the Gods. Jonathan’s place in the Heavens was reserved. The story of Jonathan would be told by many and would influence many people to be kind, calm and gentle in hopes of gaining a place in the heavens.
Jonathan was sculpted using the bronze hollow-casting technique as used in the sculpture Charioteer from the Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi. The sculptor used “The Canon” rule of law developed by Ploykleitos of Argo. Not only was the canon ratio in relation to body parts used but also the contrapposto was used in displaying the weight balancing as was used in the Spear Bearer (Doryphoros) and the Kritian Boy from 480 BCE. The sculpture of Jonathan has the right leg relaxed with the left leg taking the brunt of the weight. His hips are also tilted to show the weight distribution. The overall design and aesthetics of the temple was something the citizens reveled about. As soon as the citizens would near the temple, the sense of calm that overcame them became a sought after experience. The Temple of Jonathan also became a gathering place for the citizens that were interested in the Arts and Sciences. It and Jonathan became a staple of serenity, knowledge and calm for the people of Olympia.

Image #1 Temple Plans

Twelve foot Statue of Jonathan

Acroterion on the Temple of Jonathan

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