...head: Muscle Repair after Injury Muscle Repair after Injury Dee Gooseby Exercise Science Lenoir-Rhyne University Date Submitted: December, 2013 Introduction One of the most common injuries in sports of both genders is the tearing of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament, ACL. Each year there are over 200,000 reported cases of a torn ACL (Kim & Smith, 2009). Out of the 200,000 reported cases, an ACL reconstruction was performed in 175,000 of them with the majority of the procedures ending successfully, but failure rates averaged from three percent to high as 10% - 25% (Bogunovic, 2013). An ACL injury usually occurs while doing a move you have performed over a 100 times (Kidzworld). In other cases, a torn ACL is normally caused by getting hit extremely hard on the side of your knee, overextending the knee joint or by quickly stopping and changing direction while running (Kim & Smith, 2009). The ACL is the ligament that connects the tibia to the femur, and when it becomes torn it usually swells and produces a sharp pain immediately. Since the ACL is a pivotal aspect to a person’s knee, it is very important for scientists and doctors to figure out a sufficient way to heal it. Normally when an ACL is diagnosed as torn, the first step of the healing process is to go through a couple weeks of rehab before surgery to help strengthen the quadriceps and hamstring muscle. The most common ACL procedure consists of taking a ligament from the patella tendon or the use of a hamstring...
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...The following is a review of literature pertaining to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and the rehabilitation used for it. First, an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the anterior cruciate ligament will be given. The process by which the ACL injury is managed through reconstruction, repair, and rehabilitation will be seen from previous literature. This research will examine the two main different types of exercise, open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain. The Anterior Cruciate Ligament The Anterior Cruciate Ligament, ACL, is located in the knee behind the patella. It attaches to the tibia at the anterior intercondylar area space. The other end attaches to the medial side of the lateral condyle in the femur. The...
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...[pic] Term paper Stem cell therapy Irfan manzoor. Roll no: RP7002B22. Reg. no: 11000225. Course: Bsc. Biotech 1. Lovely professional university Contents 1. Stem cells and properties. 2-3 2. Stem cell therapy. 5-12 3. Stem cell use in animals 13-15 4. Recent researches in stem cell therapy 16-19 5. Conclusion 21 6. Bibliography 22 Stem cells Stem cells are cells found in all multi cellular organisms. They are characterized by the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types. Research in the stem cell field grew out of findings by Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till at the University of Toronto in the 1960s. The two broad types of mammalian stem cells are: embryonic stem cells that are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells that are found in adult...
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...Case Studies #1: Mr. MacPherson Mr. MacPherson came into the ER with burns on both of his arms and hands and on his face as the result of a grease fire in his kitchen. He complained of severe pain. His burns showed signs of blistering, swelling and fluid loss. According to the “rule of nines” (Thibodeau & Patton, 2010), it appears this patient has suffered burns over approximately 14% of his body surface (4.5% for each arm and 4.5% face for a total of 13.5%). These would be classified as second-degree burns (“Types of burns”, 2012) which involve the first two layers of skin and show signs of pain and blistering of which Mr. MacPherson complained. As a note of comparison, first-degree burns involve the top layer of skin, such as in sun-burn, and show signs of reddening, painful to touch, and mild swelling. Third-degree burns penetrate the entire thickness of skin and permanently destroy tissue layers, resulting in skin that is dry and leathery, appearing charred or having patches which appear white, brown, or black. Remarkably third-degree burns are often painless, although pain may be caused by patches of first- and second-degree burns which often surround third-degree burns (“Types of burns”, 2012). Case Studies #2: Margie Margie, who plays center on the women’s varsity basketball tem, complains that her knee is very sore and she felt a “pop” during a scrimmage tumble. Her knee, the largest and most vul-nerable joint in her body, buckles under her weight. ...
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...Acromioclavicular Joint Separations: Operative and Nonoperative Considerations Mark P. Cote, PT, DPTa, Karen E. Wojcik, MSPT, ATCb, Gregg Gomlinski, MSPT, CSCSb, Augustus D. Mazzocca, MS, MDa,* Acromioclavicular joint (AC) separations are one of the most common injuries seen in orthopedic and sports medicine practices, accounting for 9% of all injuries to the shoulder girdle.1–3 Various operative and nonoperative treatment schemes have been described for the management of AC joint injuries.4–33 Although considerable controversy exists over the efficacy of surgical reconstruction versus nonoperative intervention for grade III type injuries, grade I and II separations seem to respond favorably to conservative management. Conversely, grades IV, V, and VI often require surgical reconstruction. Regardless of the type of injury, rehabilitation as a part of conservative management and postoperative care plays an important role in the management of these injuries. This article presents the authors’ rehabilitation approach to treatment of acromioclavicular separations pre- and postoperatively. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK To provide instruction and insight for rehabilitation clinicians, protocols are often provided for a specific injury or procedure. A protocol is a system of rules or procedures for a given situation. Although intended to be informative, protocols often result in a restrictive list of exercises and arbitrary time frames that a clinician is expected to follow. It is...
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...Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries that affect a person’s body movements or musculoskeletal system. The musculoskeletal system includes muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels. Some common MSDs are carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, and repetitive strain injuries. MSDs are common and costly problems for people and companies across the world. MSDs are the single largest category of workplace injuries and are responsible for 33% of all workers’ compensation costs. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a medical condition that occurs when the nerve in the wrist compresses and travels through the carpal tunnel. Carpal tunnel is the narrow passage in the wrist that protects the median nerve, one of the most important nerves in your hands. Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include pain, numbness, and tingling in all your...
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...Systems: Clinical and Applied Topics The Skeletal System 6 The skeletal framework of the body is composed of at least 206 bones and the associated tendons, ligaments, and cartilages. The skeletal system has a variety of important functions, including the support of soft tissues, blood cell production, mineral and lipid storage, and, through its relationships with the muscular system, the support and movement of the body as a whole. Skeletal system disorders can thus affect many other systems. The skeletal system is in turn influenced by the activities of other systems. For example, weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles will lead to a weakening of the associated bones. Although the bones you study in the lab may seem rigid and permanent structures, the living skeleton is dynamic and undergoing continual remodeling. The remodeling process involves bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. As indicated in Figure A-16, the net result of the remodeling varies depending on: 2. The applied physical stresses: Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger, and lightly stressed bones become thinner and weaker. Skeletal weakness can therefore result from muscular disorders, such as myasthenia gravis (p. 66) or the muscular dystrophies (p. 65), and conditions that affect CNS motor neurons, such as spinal cord injuries (p. 75), demyelination disorders (p. 72), or multiple sclerosis (pp. 72, 82). 3. Circulating hormone levels: Changing levels of growth hormone...
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...w e ng l a n d j o u r na l of m e dic i n e clinical practice Rotator-Cuff Failure Frederick A. Matsen III, M.D. This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlighting a common clinical problem. Evidence supporting various strategies is then presented, followed by a review of formal guidelines, when they exist. The article ends with the author’s clinical recommendations. A 63-year-old woman presents with a 2-year history of progressive weakness and discomfort in her right shoulder, especially when she puts dishes on the top shelf in her kitchen. She is otherwise healthy and has had no injuries. Her physician diagnosed “bursitis” and gave her four subacromial corticosteroid injections; the first two seemed to relieve her symptoms temporarily, but the last two were ineffective. Physical examination reveals some atrophy of the muscles of the right shoulder and weakness when her right arm is elevated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals a large defect in the rotator cuff. How should her case be managed? The Cl inic a l Probl e m From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2138-47. Copyright © 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society. The rotator cuff is a synthesis of the capsule of the glenohumeral joint with the tendons of the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles (Fig. 1).1 The rotator-cuff mechanism precisely centers the humeral head by compressing...
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...in many fields. First promoted by M. Ferrari in 1987 (1) as an autologous transfusion component after an open heart operation to avoid homologous blood product transfusion, there are now over 5200 entries in the NCBI for PRP ranging in fields from orthopedics, sports medicine, dentistry, otolaryngology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, urology, wound healing, cosmetic, cardiothoracic and maxillofacial surgery. The initial popularity of PRP grew from its promise as a safe and natural alternative to surgery. PRP advocates promoted the procedure as an organically based therapy that enabled healing through the use of one’s own natural growth factors. In recent years, scientific research and technology has provided a new perspective on platelets. Studies suggest that platelets contain an abundance of growth factors and cytokines that can affect inflammation,...
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...A lot of people suffer or used to suffer by knee injuries and generally knee pain nowadays. It’s not something rare, otherwise knee problems are found in everyday life. If you ask your family while you have dinner all together at night at least you will be told about one incident minimum. Studies showed that 47% of people will have knee pain and about 19% have or will have ACL injury. That’s the point I want to focus on today, 19% ACL injury?! That’s quite a lot of people but if you compare it with the number of athletes that had or will had ACL injury in their whole career it’s not that spectacular if I can say, because the athletes have a number of 32% in ACL injury. An injury to the Anterior Cruciate Ligament can be a debilitating musculoskeletal injury to the knee, seen most often in athletes. Non-contact tears and ruptures are the most common causes of ACL injury. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an important ligament for proper movement. ACL injury more commonly causes knee instability that does injury to other knee ligaments. Injuries of the ACL range from mild such as small tears to severe when the ligament is completely torn. Symptoms of an ACL injury include hearing a sudden popping sound, swelling, and anterior instability of the knee (i.e. a "wobbly" feeling). Pain is also a major symptom in an ACL injury and can range from moderate to severe. Continued athletic activity on a knee with an ACL injury can have devastating consequences, resulting in massive cartilage...
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...December 4, 2009 Although it is unlikely that computer equipment will be dangerous itself, it can be used in ways which can be hazardous to health of staff ("Computer health and," 2003). Ergonomics is an applied science devoted to incorporating comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of items in the workplace (Shelly, & Vermaat, 2008). Studies done using ergonomics show that using the correct chair, keyboard, display device, and work surface configurations helps computer users work comfortably and efficiently and also preserve their health. According to previous studies, the majority of computer workers experience some eye or vision symptoms, but what was not clear was if whether these problems occur to a greater extent in these workers than in others who work in other visually demanding occupations. A national survey of doctors of optometry found that more than 14% of their present patients with eye or vision-related symptoms resulting from computer work. Working on a computer for a long period of time can cause different types of forearm and wrist CTDs, which are inflammation of tendons, nerve sheaths, and ligaments and damage to the soft tissues. Tenosynovitis, ganglion cysts, de Quervain’s disease, lateral epicondylitis, and carpal tunnel syndrome are different types of CTDs caused by computer use. Symptoms of CTDs are pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in muscles or movement of arms, hands and fingers. The Health and Safety Work Act explains...
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...workplace challenge or stress the human body beyond its capabilities, the result is often a musculoskeletal injury (MSI). O/E (overexertion injury) RSIs (repetitive stress or repetitive strain injuries) ASTDs (activity-related soft tissue disorders) CTDs (cumulative trauma disorders) Whatever name is used, these injuries belong to a group of sprain and strain injuries that can affect muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, blood vessels, or spinal discs in the body. To help avoid MSIs, work demands should not exceed the physical capabilities of the worker. A proactive initiative will be described in the following case study is how to implement an ergonomics program into a workplace of 20 employees. Human Resources Department’s support beside management in executing the ergonomics program will increase workers productivity and proficiency. In this case study there are five steps that will be used to develop and implement the program called ‘The Leadership Activities For Managing Control Model’ also known as ISMEC model. 1. Identification of the work. 2. Standard Established. 3. Measuring performance 4. Evaluating performance 5. Commending and Correcting. I-Identification of the working One of the most important aspects of ergonomics program is accurately identifying the potential hazards in the workplace. The identification of this case study is to increase all managers,...
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...Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor Product Managers: Kelley A. Squazzo & Catherine A. Noonan Designer: Doug Smock Compositor: SPi Technologies First Edition © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the abovementioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via website at lww.com (products and services). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lambert, Harold Wayne, 1972– Lippincott’s illustrated Q&A review of anatomy and embryology / H. Wayne Lambert, Lawrence E. Wineski ; with special contributions from Jeffery P. Hogg, Pat Abramson, Bruce Palmer. — 1st ed. p. ; cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-60547-315-4 1. Human anatomy—Examinations, questions, etc. I. Wineski, Lawrence E. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Anatomy—Examination Questions...
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...called Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. This disease is often referred to as Stone Man Syndrome and is a rare genetic disorder. Since the 1800s, there have been references in medicine describing people who apparently "turned to stone"; some of these cases may be attributable to FOP. There have approximately been 700 confirmed cases across the globe from an estimated 2500. The best known FOP case is that of Harry Eastlack (1933–1973). His condition began to develop at the age of ten, and by the time of his death from pneumonia in November 1973, six days before his 40th birthday, his body had completely froze up leaving him able to move only his lips. Stone Man Syndrome, is an extremely rare disease of the connective tissue. A mutation of the body's repair mechanism causes fibrous tissue (including muscle, tendon, and ligament) to be ossified spontaneously or when damaged. In many cases, injuries can cause joints to become permanently frozen in place. (Hense the name Stone Man) Surgical removal of the extra bone growths has been shown to cause the body to repair the affected area with more bone. The cause of Stone man Syndrome is caused by an autosomal dominant allele. The allele has variable expressivity. Most cases are caused by spontaneous mutation in the gametes. Most individuals with Stone Man Syndrome cannot have children. A mutation in the gene ACVR1 (also known as activin-like kinase 2 [ALK-2]) is responsible...
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...Sci Sports 2014: 24: e180–e187 doi: 10.1111/sms.12120 © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd Relationship between jump landing kinematics and peak ACL force during a jump in downhill skiing: A simulation study D. Heinrich1,2, A. J. van den Bogert3,4, W. Nachbauer1 Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, 2Centre of Technology of Ski and Alpine Sports, Innsbruck, Austria, 3Orchard Kinetics LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Corresponding author: Dieter Heinrich, Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. Tel.: +43 512 507 4467, Fax: +43 512 507 2656, E-mail: dieter.heinrich@uibk.ac.at 1 Accepted for publication 8 August 2013 Recent data highlight that competitive skiers face a high risk of injuries especially during off-balance jump landing maneuvers in downhill skiing. The purpose of the present study was to develop a musculo-skeletal modeling and simulation approach to investigate the cause-andeffect relationship between a perturbed landing position, i.e., joint angles and trunk orientation, and the peak force in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) during jump landing. A two-dimensional musculo-skeletal model was developed and a baseline simulation was obtained reproducing measurement data of a reference landing movement. Based on the baseline simulation, a series of perturbed...
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