...Abstract Our Senior Design project was based on the design and manufacturing of a devise capable of testing the physical properties of the main housing of an AR-15 modern sporting rifle. The main housing of an AR-15, as well as any other firearm, is known as the lower receiver; the lower receiver houses the springs, hammer, trigger and magazine. As a third party, we were commissioned by Lively Machine to test the physical properties of these lower receivers that the shop was producing. The purpose of the design of this devise was to test the tensile properties of the components upper receiver attachment pin holes. We also performed a compression test on another critical component of the lower receiver, the magazine well. The newest design in the firearm industry calls for lower receivers to be made from magnesium, as opposed to the old models of aluminum. We will display the data we received from the tensile and compression testing of the magnesium component, and then compare it to a theoretical testing of the currently used 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy. The Modern Sporting Rifle There are many widespread misconceptions about the modern day sporting rifle also known as the AR-15. The most popular misconception is that the AR-15 sporting rifles are military grade weapons, this is a false accusation. Cosmetically the AR-15 sporting rifle is nearly identical to its’ military counterpart the M16, the functionality of the sporting series is much different. A military grade M16 is...
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...Reliability: Simulation of Pull and Shear Test 1. This is a student paper, and some names have changed from the original abstract. I’m Electrical Engineering student and the topic is the simulation of pull and shear tests for ball bonds by finite element methods. 2. Here we see a Au ball bond, and models that we have created in AYSYS at the university to simulate it. The bond ball shown is fully bonded to a pad Al film, which is bonded to other films in the bond pad stack of a 4-level metal IC. We use 3D modeling with about 250-thousand nodes. The lower picture shows a simulated shear tool of W material. Pull test is simulated by applying a force to the top, and shear test is by applying a horizontal force to the W. Purposes for this project are listed here. We are using 3D FEM to simulate the stresses experienced by the ball bond during pull and shear testing. We want to examine the stress locations and magnitudes, and see what a bond might experience as we change the wire material, pull angle, bond pad metallization, pad Al thickness, and circuitry under pad. 3. The Bond Pull Strength test typically follows a Mil standard, 883G method 2011. 25-micron Au wire is considered reliable if the bond does not pull off below 3 gram-Force, or about 30milli-Newtons. The pull angle for the bond on the IC can actually vary in practice. 4. The Bond Shear test follows a JEDEC standard in JESD22, method B116A . In this test, the tool pushes on the bond from the...
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...Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………2 Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………………………..6 Materials & Equipment Required………………………………………………………………………..18 Design of Experiment…………………………………………………………………………………………..19 Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………………………….21 Lab Work……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..22 Analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….29 Sources of Error…………………………………………………………………………………………………...32 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………………………….32 Verification of Hypothesis……………………………………………………………………………………33 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..33 1| Abstract The effects of the temperature of heating zones and the screw speed of the extruder on the tensile strength of the PVC sheets produced has been analysed in our report. In order to get a brief idea of the possible results, a literature review of some of the previous papers on similar topics was done. We designed our experiment based on CCRD, but due to time constraints and the shortage of raw material we had to use the full factorial method to vary parameters of our experiments. Introduction Polyvinyl chloride, commonly abbreviated PVC, is the third-most widely produced plastic after polyethylene and polypropylene. PVC is used in construction because it is more effective than traditional materials such as copper, iron or wood in pipe and profile applications. Its properties are often modified (it can be made softer and more flexible)...
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...specimens are then welded with a root gap distance 1 mm. Based on the literature review, it was found that welding current, gas flow rate and filler material affects the mechanical properties of welded joint. Hence, it is decided to perform experiments by varying the welding current, gas flow rate and filler materials. The levels of different parameters are given in the table 2.4 below. The prepared specimens are welded successfully at given process parameters. Total 18 specimens are prepared and then tensile testing performed on universal testing...
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...high temperature (e) hard when hot. Ans: b 5. Guest's theory of failure is applicable for following type of materials (a) brittle (b) ductile (c) elastic (d) plastic (e) tough. Ans: b 6. Rankine's theory of failure is applicable for following type of materials (a) brittle (b) ductile (c) elastic (d) plastic (e) tough. Ans: a 7. If an unsupported uniform cross sectional elastic bar is subjected to a longitudinal impact from a rigid bob moving with velocity v, then a compressive wave of intensity sc is propagated through the bar as follows (a) vpE (b) vVvF (c) WpE/2 (d) IvHpE (e) none of the above, where E = modulus of elasticity and p = mass density. Ans: a 8. Tensile strength of a mild steel specimen can be roughly predicted from following hardness test (a) Brinell (b) Rockwell (c) Vicker (d) Shore's sceleroscope (e) none of the above. Ans: a 9. Resilience of a material is important, when it is subjected to (a) combined loading (b) fatigue (c) thermal stresses (d) wear and tear (e) shock loading. Ans: e 10. In the case of an elastic bar fixed at upper end and loaded by a falling weight at lower end, the...
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...Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 8 (2004) 31–37 Carbon nanotube polymer composites R. Andrews *, M.C. Weisenberger 1 Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511-8410 USA Received 7 October 2003; accepted 29 October 2003 Abstract The state of research into carbon nanotube/polymer–matrix composites for mechanical reinforcement is critically reviewed with emphasis on recent advances in CNT composite toughness. Particular interest is also given to interfacial bonding of carbon nano-tubes to polymer matrices as it applies to stress transfer from the matrix to the CNT. Potential topics of oncoming focus are highlighted. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Since the documented discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1991 by Iijima [1] and the realization of their unique physical properties, including mechanical, ther-mal, and electrical, many investigators have endeavored to fabricate advanced CNT composite materials that exhibit one or more of these properties [2,*3,*4]. For example, as conductive filler in polymers, CNTs are quite effective compared to traditional carbon black micro-particles, primarily due to their large aspect ratios [5]. The electrical percolation threshold was recently re-ported at 0.0025 wt.% CNTs and conductivity at 2 S/m at 1.0 wt.% CNTs in epoxy matrices [6]. Similarly, CNTs possess one of the highest thermal conductivities known [*7]...
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...------------------------------------------------- TENSILE TESTING OF MATERIALS Lecturer: Dr. Fadi Ghaith Submitted by___________________________________________ Sminoy Mohandas - 101668769 CONTENTS 1. Summary........................................................................................................3 2. Introduction ..................................................................................................3 3. Applications * Aerospace Industry ...............................................................................4 * Automotive Industry .............................................................................4 4. Theory ...........................................................................................................5 5. Experimental Method....................................................................................6 6. Results ...........................................................................................................6 7. Conclusion…...................................................................................................9 8. References ....................................................................................................9 Summary: Tensile testing is one of the simplest and most widely used mechanical tests. By measuring the force required to elongate a specimen to breaking point, material properties can be determined that will allow designers and quality...
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...distribution and tensile property of the joints. Fine grain refinement observed in the nugget zone of AA1100 and AA6082 layers. Three different speeds parameters used are 1200, 1400 and 1600 rpm among these 1600 rpm provides good tensile...
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...In: Book Name Editor: Editors Name, pp. ISBN © 2008 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Chapter APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN NONTRADITIONAL MACHINING AND MICROSCOPY Y.H. Guu1, C.C. Mai2 and H. Hocheng3,* 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National United University Miaoli 360, Taiwan, R.O.C. 2 Department of Numerical Control Technology, Intelligent Machinery Technology Division Mechanical and Systems Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute Taichung Industrial Area, Taichung 407, Taiwan, R.O.C. 3 Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, R.O.C. Abstract Carbon nanotubes possess advantages over other materials due to their superior strengthto-weight ratios, tremendous stiffness, high conductivity, high flexibility, and low density. Many promising applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including miniaturized electronic and mechanical devices. In this chapter, the applications on nontraditional machining and microscopy are introduced. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is one of the most successful and widely accepted manufacturing processes for complicated shapes and tiny apertures with high accuracy including micro nozzle fabrication, drilling of composites and making of moulds and dies of hardened steels. This method is considered suitable for machining of materials with extremely high hardness, strength, wear resistance and thermal resistance...
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...Tension Test [pic] (Fractured Copper Specimen) By: Christl Burns Mechanics of Materials Sec. 4 Lab Preformed on: 2/9/12 Introduction The tensile test was preformed on the following commonly used materials; 836 Cold Rolled Steel, T351-2024 Aluminum, 110 Copper, Grey Cast Iron, and HDPE Plastic. The first objective was to examine the stress-strain curves in order to calculate and identify the significant mechanical properties of these materials. The curves are also used to give a better understanding of what these mechanical properties mean. The second objective was to compare the mechanical properties and physical appearance of these materials. In order to get the stress-strain curves, each specimen was placed in the tensile testing apparatus. The load frame slowly stretches the specimen until it breaks. The extensometer, was placed directly on the specimen and was hooked up to a computer program that collected all of the data, which was used to make the stress-strain curves. Procedure First a punch was used to mark off a two inch section on each specimen. This section was marked off so that it could be used as a reference in finding the elongation of the specimen.Then, using a caliper, the diameter of each was measured and recorded. Now the mechanist calipers were set up in increments of 0.05 inches starting at 2.05 inches. Next the specimen was loaded into the tensile testing apparatus, the extensometer was put onto the specimen, and the data-acquisition...
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...prepared alkaline solutions were added to it. The mixing of total mass was continued until the mixture become homogeneous and uniform in colour. 2.4. Curing Conditions The specimens were casted and allowed to set for 24hours. The specimens were then removed from the moulds and kept wrapped in polythene sheets till testing at ambient temperature. 3. TESTS AND RESULTS 3.1. Compressive strength The compressive strength resultsat 7th day and 28thday, according to IS 516-1959 are shown in Fig.1. 20% increase in the compressive strength was observed for geopolymer concrete with same mix proportion compared to M30 OPC concrete. Results show that geopolymer concrete attains the target strength at 7th day itself. Fig.1: Compressive Strength Results 3.2. Splitting tensile strength A direct measurement of ensuring tensile strength ofconcrete is difficult. One of the indirect tension testmethods is split tension test. The split tensile strength testwas carried out on the compression testing machine. Thecasting and testing of the specimens were done as per IS5816: 1999. The results as in Fig.2show that there is an increase of 10.2% in the tensile strength for GPC in comparison with M30 control...
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...Lab 1: Tension Test Andrew Thiher 2/17/2012 Introduction: In this lab, we tested the material properties of 836 cold rolled steel, T351-2024 aluminum, 110 copper, grey cast iron, and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) by subjecting each material to a tensile force until it fractured. Using data gathered, we graphed the stress-strain graph and determined specific properties for each material. These properties included whether the specimen was ductile or brittle, yield stress, and tensile strength. For equations used, see appendix 2. Experimental Apparatus: Each material was prepared for the experiment by marking the initial length as two inches by means of a gage punch and hammer. Additionally, calipers were used to measure the initial diameter. The sample was then screwed into the tensile testing machine and an extensometer was attached to measure elongation and collect data. The extensometer remained attached until the material reached its proportional limit, at this point it was removed, and the remaining data was collected using machinist scales prepared in .05 inch increments. Each time the gauge length reached the preset machinist scale increment, the live load from the computer was recorded. This process was repeated until the specimen fractured. Once the specimen fractured, the final gauge length and smallest diameter in the necking region were recorded. Calculations: [pic] |Property |Cold Steel |110...
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...Analysis of Tensile Strength of Standard Metal Specimen CE 121 Structural Engineering I Professor. Tzavelis 09/18/2013 Sasha Vera – Theory, Revision of the report Mary M. Mazur – Discussion and Conclusions Jae Ho Jang – Objective, Experiment, Lab assist Quinee J. Quintana – Drawings of equipment Jae Sung Song – Data, Results, Calculations Table of Contents Section Page I. Objective 2 II. Experiment 3 III. Theory 4 IV. Results 6 V. Sample Calculations 10 VI. Discussion and Conclusions 11 VII. Reference 13 Appendices Appendix A. Drawings of Equipment 14 Appendix B. Experimental Data 16 Appendix C. Picture of the failure 17 List of Tables Table 1. Dimensions of the Specimen Table 2. Stress and Strain Table 3. Theoretical Strain Table 4. Offset Strain Table 5. Tensile Properties Table 6. Experimental Data List of Figures Figure 1. Plot of Experimental and Theoretical Data Figure 2. Graph for Elastic Region Figure 3. 0.1% and 0.5% Offset Intersection Figure 4. 0.1% and 0.5% Offset Intersection at 100psi Interval Scale Figure 5. Failure of the Specimen I. Objective The objective of the experiment was to test a sample specimen for various physical properties such as yield stress and ultimate tensile stress. The sample specimen was mounted on the Tinius Olsen Tension and Compression Machine with 120,000lbs capacity located in the Structural Analysis Lab (room LL210). Then the specimen was subjected to a tensile load until...
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...Simple Stresses Simple stresses are expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided by the resisting area or σ = Force / Area. It is the expression of force per unit area to structural members that are subjected to external forces and/or induced forces. Stress is the lead to accurately describe and predict the elastic deformation of a body. Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress. Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular to the cross-sectional area of the material. If the force is going to pull the material, the stress is said to be tensile stress and compressive stress develops when the material is being compressed by two opposing forces. Shear stress is developed if the applied force is parallel to the resisting area. Example is the bolt that holds the tension rod in its anchor. Another condition of shearing is when we twist a bar along its longitudinal axis. This type of shearing is called torsion and covered in Chapter 3. Another type of simple stress is the bearing stress, it is the contact pressure between two bodies. Suspension bridges are good example of structures that carry these stresses. The weight of the vehicle is carried by the bridge deck and passes the force to the stringers (vertical cables), which in turn, supported by the main suspension cables. The suspension cables then transferred the force into bridge towers. Normal Stress Stress Stress is the expression of force applied to a unit...
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...any breakage under tensile strength is preferred. These can be achieved by exert the plastic films with the characteristics like high tensile strength and high degree of elongation. A packaging material or plastic material which is brittle in natures, and with poor tensile strength and flexibility will have a minimal use in food packaging industry. Basically, tensile strength can be defined as the maximum tensile stress that the plastic can sustain without being fractured. It is calculated by dividing the maximum load exerted on the plastics during the experiment by the initial cross section of the plastics. A high...
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