WHY TAKING DEVELOPMENT TO THE PEOPLE IS A FALLACY.

I. Introduction
No area of economics has experienced as many abrupt changes in leading paradigm during the post Word War II era as has economic development. Since economic development is a policy science, the twists and turns in development economics have had profound implications for development policy. Specifically, the dominant development model has determined policy prescriptions concerning the desirable: role of government in the economy; its degree of interventionism; the form interventionism; and the nature of government-market interactions.
Changes in both theory and policy prescriptions arise mainly from the following five sources: First, there is learning. As our empirical and theoretical knowledge-base enlarges, new theoretical propositions, or new evidence concerning either resounding real-world successes or conspicuous real world failures, become apparent. These feed into new theoretical or empirical paradigms. Second, there are changes in ideology. As different power-elites ascend and wane, their ideologies ascend and wane with them.
New ideologies provide new prisms through which to view both old theories and old policy prescriptions. When they are inconsistent with new fundamental values, they must be reformulated so as to achieve congruence. Third, there are (exogenous?) changes in the international environment. When major technological innovations, such as the Industrial or the Communications revolutions, or major global institutional transformations, such as the Post Bretton Woods architecture of the global financial system, take place, they can have major implications for both theory and policy. They can raise new issues, open new opportunities, or close old ones. Fourth, there are changes in domestic institutions, constraints and aspirations. The dynamics of development