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风险投资协议(Term Sheet)详解之一:清算优先权 情景一:假如你是第一次创业,你正在寻找风险投资(VC),在经过跟风险投资人漫长的商业计划演示和交流之后,突然有一天,投资人对你的公司产生了投资兴趣,于是给你出了一份所谓“投资协议条款清单”(Term Sheet)。但是,包括你的团队、你的董事会、你周围的朋友在内,都没有人曾经看到过一份Term Sheet,里面的某个“清算优先权”条款是这样写的(通常是英文): Series A Preferred shall be entitled to receive in preference to the holders of the Common Stock a per share amount equal to 2x the Original Purchase Price… A系列优先股有权优先于普通股股东每股获得初始购买价格2倍的回报… 你完全搞不懂这是什么意思。 情景二:假如你接受了上面那份Term Sheet,投资人跟你投资了$2M,给你的投资前估值(Pre-money valuation)是$3M,投资后(Post-money)估值$5M,于是投资人拥有你公司40%的股份。经过1年,公司运营不是很好,被人以$5M的价格并购。你认为你手上60%的股份可以分得$2.5M的现金,也还满意。但是投资人突然告诉你,根据协议,他要拿走$4M(投资额的2倍),留给你的只有$1M。你又糊涂了。 什么是清算优先权(Liquidation Preference)? 几乎所有的VC选择可转换优先股(Convertible preferred stock)的投资方式,而可转换优先股的最重要的一个特性就是拥有清算优先权。 优先清算权是Term sheet中一个非常重要的条款,决定公司在清算后蛋糕怎么分配,即资金如何优先分配给持有公司某特定系列股份的股东,然后分配给其他股东。例如,A轮(Series A)融资的Term sheet中,规定A轮投资人,即A系列优先股股东(Series A preferred shareholders)能在普通股(Common)股东之前获得多少回报。同样道理,后续发行的优先股(B/C/D等系列)优先于A系列和普通股。也就是说投资人在创业者和团队之前收回他们的资金。 通常所说的清算优先权有两个组成部分:优先权(Preference)和参与分配权(Participation)。参与分配权,或者叫双重分配权(Double Dip)有三种:无参与权(Non participation)、完全参与分配权(Full participation)、附上限参与分配权(Capped participation),相应的就有三种清算优先权: (1)不参与分配优先清算权(Non-participating liquidation preference) 参考下面实例: Liquidation Preference: In the event of any liquidation or winding up of the Company, the holders of the Series A Preferred shall be entitled to receive in preference to the holders of the Common Stock a per share amount equal to [x] the Original Purchase Price plus any declared but unpaid dividends (the Liquidation Preference). 清算优先权:在公司清算或结束业务时,A系列优先股股东有权优先于普通股股东获得每股[x]倍于原始购买价格的回报以及宣布但尚未发放的股利(清算优先权)。 这就是实际的清算优先权,退出回报如下图。 (1)当公司退出价值(Exit Value)低于优先清算回报时,投资人拿走全部清算资金; (2)当公司退出价值按投资人股份比例分配的数额高于优先清算回报时,投资人将优先股转换成普通股,跟普通股股东按比例分配; (3)当公司退出价值介于两者之间时,投资人拿走约定的优先清算回报额。 [pic]

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