...immediately, even before test results are available. Diphtheria antitoxin is given as a shot into a muscle or through an IV (intravenous line). The infection is then treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin and erythromycin. People with diphtheria may need to stay in the hospital while the antitoxin is being received. Other treatments may include: * Fluids by IV * Oxygen * Bed rest * Heart monitoring * Insertion of a breathing tube * Correction of airway blockages Anyone who has come into contact with the infected person should receive an immunization or booster shots against diphtheria. Protective immunity lasts only 10 years from the time of vaccination, so it is important for adults to get a booster of tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccine every 10 years. Those without symptoms who carry diphtheria should be treated with antibiotics. Expectations (prognosis): Diphtheria may be mild or severe. Some people may not have symptoms. In others, the disease can slowly get worse. The death rate is 10%. Recovery from the illness is slow. Complications: The most common complication is inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis). The nervous system is also frequently and severely affected, which may result in temporary paralysis. The diphtheria toxin can also damage the kidneys. http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001608trt.htm What is diphtheria? A common childhood disease in the 1930s, diphtheria is an acute bacterial disease...
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...Suncoast Animal League Volunteer Application – Youth OFFICE USE ONLY Orientation Date Start Date Thank you for your interest in volunteering at the Suncoast Animal League. Please complete the application below. Please Print. Personal Information: Date First Name Street Address Home # Last Name City Work # Birth (Month/Day/Year) State Cell # Zip Preferred Phone Contact: Email: Employer How did you hear about the League? Home Work Cell Occupation Please indicate the days and times you are available to volunteer: Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ Saturday Sunday Anytime Events only ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ Animals of Interest: Skills you possess: □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ Cats Dogs Others (rabbits, birds, reptiles, etc.) Adoptions □ Fundraising □ Office/Computers Animal Medical Care □ Maintenance/Handy Work □ Photography Behavior Training: Cats □ AC/Heating □ Public Education Behavior Training: Dogs □ Carpentry □ Public Relations Computer Hardware/Software □ Electrical □ Rescue/Disaster Response Events □ Painting □ Therapy Visits Foster Care □ Plumbing OTHER: ___________________________________________________________________________ VOLUNTEER OPPORTUNITIES: ( ∗ Indicates parental approval is necessary prior to performing tasks) Adoption Assistant Assist visitors with potential adoptions: escort through adoption areas, answer basic...
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...well informed and mannered in delivering holistic care for patients diagnosed with tetanus, as well as to gain knowledge and overview about the disease. Specific objectives: * To imply appropriate nursing management for tetanus. * To be able to discuss the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. * To be able to define tetanus and identify its clinical manifestations and risk factors. * To be acquainted with the different drugs for tetanus and their actions. * Plan for a suitable nursing care. * To know the purposes and specific nursing responsibilities before, during, and after some procedure done with the client. * To institute bond between the student nurse and the patient. II. INTRODUCTION Tetanus comes from the Greek word “teiteim” which means to stretch. It is also called lockjaw. It is a serious infectious disease of the nervous system in which toxin causes severe muscle spasm. It is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. It is caused by a bacterium Clostridium tetani. Infection generally occurs through wound contamination and often involves a cut or deep punctured wound. Tetanus is often associated with rust, but this concept is somewhat misleading. The C.Tetani is an Anaerobic bacteria which survives in an environment that lacks oxygen, thus with or without rust a person may have a tetanus once C. Tetani...
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...Tetani also known as Tetanus. This bacterium is a “Gram-positive, meaning it lacks an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane and possesses only a thick peptidoglycan cellular wall”. Tetanus is an acute, usually a fetal illness caused by Clostridium Tetani infection at a break in the skin, for example in a wound. It can also occur in burns as a complication and surgical site infection (2). During its premature stages the bacteria has a very low heat tolerance and can barely survive where oxygen is located. When formed on the human skin it takes the shape of a hard spore like infection which can withstand antiseptics and heat rising up to 249.8 degree F (121deg C.) for almost ten minutes. History The history of this disease dates back to the 1800’s, when the physician Arthur Nicolaier, discovered the disease, within the same year both Antonio Carle and Giorgio Rattone demonstrated how it was transmitted by using a rabbit. The rabbit was placed in a simulated area while it was injected with tetanus which later ended up killing the animal. Towards the end of the 1800’s both Kitasato Shibasaburo and French microbiologist and veterinarian Edmond Nocord prove that tetanus could be prevented or treated using antitoxin. Through the discovery made by these men the reported tetanus cases in the US has decline at a drastic rate, from “several thousand cases in the late 1940’s to 27 cases and two deaths in 2005”. Several factors have contributed to the decline in tetanus morbidity and mortality...
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...Bronchopneumonia-bronchitis+pneumonia Causes: * Staphylococcus aureus * Haemophilus influenzae * Klebsiella pneumoniae Prevention: Vaccinations can be very helpful in preventing bronchopneumonia. Treatment: Antivirals can help reduce the length of your illness and the severity of your symptoms. Epiglotittis-inflammation of epiglottis Cause: A bacterial infection is the most common cause of epiglottitis Prevention: * Wash your hands frequently or use alcohol sanitizer to prevent the spread of germs. * Avoid drinking after other individuals and sharing food or utensils. Treatment: * intravenous fluids for nutrition and hydration until you’re able to swallow again * antibiotics to get rid of a bacterial infection Erysipelas- is a bacterial infection in the upper layer of your skin. Cause: * cuts and ulcers in your skin * surgical incisions * insect bites Prevention: * Always keep wounds clean. * Treat athlete’s foot if you have it. * Use moisturizers to prevent skin from drying and cracking. Treatment:Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are the usual treatment for erysipelas. Nali Fungal Infection-can affect any part of the body, from the skin to the eyes. Cause: Fungi that are already present in or on your body can cause nail infections. Prevention: * using antifungal sprays or powders regularly * washing your hands after touching infected nails * dry your feet well after showering especially...
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...Background and context Vaccines are among the most cost-effective health interventions of all time. Despite this, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.7 million annual deaths among children under 5 years of age are due to diseases that could have been prevented by routine vaccination (WHO, 2010). For example, although it is estimated that Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) vaccines reach about 80% of children globally, the number of unimmunized children under 1 year of age who did not receive the three-dose diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (DTP3) was 23.2 million in 2009 (WHO, 2010). Seventy per cent of these children live in ten countries: Chad, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan and Uganda (WHO, 2010). There are many factors that prevent children from being immunized, including political instability in a country, the strength of the immunization programme (e.g. number of health-care workers, facilities, cold chain), geographical location, and communication/ perceptions about the safety of vaccines. These barriers have been addressed in other documents (WHO, 2009a). The focus of this report is on increasing vaccine access though increased production. In addition to the children who miss out on basic vaccines, there are huge inequalities in access to new vaccines between children in developed countries and children in developing countries. Furthermore,...
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...Andrew Assesment Parma lee elementary school has a diverse population of students from different backgrounds. It has Caucasians, African Americans, Asians, Native Americans among others. However, the majority of the students have a Hispanic background. The students in this school range from 3-5 years (preschool) and 6 to12 (school Age), and l noticed an equal distribution of boys and girls. Given the large population of Hispanics, some of the preschoolers with this ethnic background could not express themselves in English. However, they were helped by their peers during the screening. The screening incorporated Height and weight, blood pressure, checking hearing abilities and dental status. The preschool stage of development according to Erikson is initiative vs. Guilt. The goal of preschoolers is to acquire independence as they perform learned tasks. In other words being able undertake and accomplish tasks without interferences from care givers or their teachers. During this stage, preschoolers are learning new experiences for instance learning how to read and write, putting up puzzles, getting on a weighing scale by themselves among others. Giving them an opportunity to perform these tasks creates a sense of independence, and thus fulfilling their physical abilities successfully. Failure for preschoolers to achieve learned tasks creates a feeling of frustration leading to negative behaviors. Such behaviors include throwing objects, yelling, crying, and thus hesitating...
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...itself, but in the process by which it works by giving huge incentives to create scandals or scares. They also suggest that the media can be an extremely useful tool if used correctly for health education and promotion (Clements & Ratzan, 2002). Although the MMR link to autism is one of the most recent anti-vaccine incidences, the anti-vaccine movement didn’t begin with the suggestion that MMR caused autism. Previous vaccine scare incidences arose prior to the 1998 study on MMR that fueled more anti-vaccine sentiments. Offit (2011) claims that the modern American anti-vaccine movement began when a documentary titled DPT: Vaccine Roulette aired on April 19, 1982. The documentary questioned the safety and effectiveness of the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DPT). It claimed that after investigating the pertussis portion of the vaccine they found that the DPT vaccine could damage to a devastating degree. Although many people believed the reports, the claim that the pertussis vaccine caused permanent brain damage was later found to be false. (Offit, 2011). A few years earlier in Britain, pediatric neurologist John Wilson, claimed that the pertussis vaccine caused brain damage in children. Further medical studies reported that 1 in 100,000 children suffered brain damage because of DPT. The media exploded with the results of these studies, an enormous number of lawsuits were filed, and the vaccine stopped being given. After years of replicating the initial study...
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...Name: Phoenix Bradley Course: COM/155 Tutor: Kimberly Parry Date: 9/22/13 Characterizing Zygomycosis and Whooping Cough Two Pathogens That Cause Infectious Diseases Infectious diseases are illnesses are highly transmissible and are caused by pathogens. The pathogens live and multiply in the body of the host and they cause damage to the cells and lead to various complications depending on their target organs. The most common types of pathogens include bacteria, protozoa, fungi and Viruses. The modes of action when the pathogens get into the host organism are similar. They first multiply then start destroying different tissues and cells in the host organism. They may release toxins that make the host environment conducive for their survival. The toxins harm the cells of the host organism, thus leading to different illnesses. The illnesses caused are normally very infectious, and they may lead to epidemics. This paper will compare and contrast the pathogens causing whooping cough and zygomycosis. Causal pathogens Whooping cough and Zygomycosis are some of the infectious diseases caused by different pathogens. In whooping cough, the pathogen infects the respiratory system, causing severe coughing in the victims. It is caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. Zygomycosis is a broad range of fungal infectious diseases that affect the face; particularly the nasal cavity, and the eyes as well as the skin. It is caused by fungi...
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...Review of Pertussis Pamphlet The Pertussis information pamphlet was reviewed with a 26 year old white female. The mother works in the health care profession, as the oncology department office manager. She has her high school diploma, but only one year of college. She stated she “was required to quite school for the birth of her first daughter, in 2008. When questioned about her preparedness level between her first and now second daughter, she stated being “comfortable with her preparations and expectations as being a mom. It was easier.” At the time of review for this pamphlet, the mother had a newborn infant exactly two months old. She gave birth to her second baby girl on September 5, 2015. The mother was very receptive to the information. She had stated this was something new to her with this pregnancy and found it very scary. She was not certain if she should receive the Dtap vaccination for pertussis prevention, but had a very supportive and trusting relationship with her doctor. The mother did receive her vaccination, as recommended, and stated she is aware of some other parents who chose not to have the vaccination due to warnings of risks associated vaccinations. The mother stated she was aware that whooping cough was an issue in the Ventura County area, and wanted to make sure her daughter was protected. With her medical support background, and many friends in the medical field, she stated she understood the benefits of breastfeeding in providing her daughter...
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...Pertussis, also known as whooping cough is an extremely contagious respiratory tract infection. It is commonly noted by a severe hacking cough directly followed by a high-pitched intake of air that sounds like a “whoop”. Many years before a vaccine was made, pertussis was considered a deadly childhood disease. Today, pertussis generally affects children who are too young to have fully completed a full course of vaccinations; however, in recent years, (2012) the United States reported nearly 50,000 cases of pertussis which accounted for the most cases since 1955. Symptoms Once infection sets in, it can take seven to ten days for signs and symptom to appear. It can even take a little longer. At first one can expect: •Runny Nose •Nasal...
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...Clarence Taylor Biology Disease Research 19 September 2012 Diphtheria Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease, which means that it is sudden or severe. The bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae cause it. It is a non-motile and a gram-positive non- spore-bearing organism. Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a club shaped organisms that produce a dangerous toxin. The known symptoms of diphtheria are a bluish coloration of the skin, bloody watery drainage from the nose, breathing problems, chills, barking cough, drooling because of airway blockage, fever, painful swallowing, skin lesions and sore throat. Sometimes there might not even be any symptoms and in that, case could be very dangerous. These symptoms usually occur anywhere from 2 to 5 days after the diphtheria bacteria is contracted. Diphtheria is most commonly found in places where immunizations are scarce and was even found here in the U.S. In Russia and other newer CIS, states there were about 1,000s of cases of diphtheria and hundreds of those people died. In the European region of the Eastern hemisphere in 1980, there were 623 cases. Between 1980 and 1990, there were 3170 cases of diphtheria and then by 1993 the amount rose to 19,046 cases. 80% of these European cases came from the Russian Republic and Ukraine. In 1994, there were 111 fatal cases in Ukraine. In the U.S. in the 1920s there were from 1,000 to 2,000 cases of diphtheria every year leading to a death count from 13,000 to 15,000. Surveys have found that...
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...Those who survive Measles could be left deaf, blind, or suffer brain damage. Furthermore, Tetanus is yet another preventable disease that can infect newborns in developing countries. If the umbilical cord is cut with instruments that are unsterile or the incision is treated with contaminated dressings, the Tetanus virus can be fatal to the infant. In fact, there were 200,000 newborns, as well as, 30,000 mothers killed in 2001 due to Tetanus complications. Additionally, Haemophilus influenza type b, also known as Hib., is a bacterial infection that is airborne. Hib. Type B can cause meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, arthritis, and cellulitis. Hib Type B is most common in children under 5 or 6 years of age. In developing countries such as...
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...Diphtheria causes a thick covering in the back of the throat. –It can lead to breathing problems, paralysis, heart failure, and even death. Tetanus (Lockjaw) causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. –It can lead to “locking” of the jaw so the victim cannot open his mouth or swallow. Tetanus leads to death in up to 2 out of 10 cases. Pertussis (Whooping Cough) causes coughing spells so bad that it is hard for infants to eat, drink, or breathe. These spells can last for weeks. –It can lead to pneumonia, seizures (jerking and staring spells), brain damage, and death. (Diphtheria page 1) Doctors provide the Dtap immunization to children every year and know what questions the parents ask along with concerns the parents...
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...Child Vaccinations Mandatory Law or Personal Choice By: Courtney Boyd Childhood vaccinations, a personal choice or mandatory law? The anti-vaccine movement created by parent complaints have made many parents and guardians question the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations. I will discuss the history of vaccines, how vaccinations work, the effects of not receiving vaccines, the exemptions of states, as well as a guide to the age a child should receive each vaccination and the vaccine required. History of the vaccine Do you know how long it usually takes for a new vaccine to become available to the public? Scientists and researchers spend many years (10-15) in science laboratories during the first stage of this extensive process. Once this process has been completed, the United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. F.D.A.) has a series of trials that are conducted on human volunteers. These series are used to test vaccine efficiency, to determine appropriate dosage, and to monitor adverse side effects. That’s not the end though, after these series of tests, the FDA still monitors the vaccine reactions for many years. The first vaccine was not discovered until 1798 by Edward Jenner and was used for vaccination against the smallpox virus. Later on, over a 100 years, Louis Pasteur proved that a disease could be prevented by infecting a person with the weakened germs. Dr. Pasteur used a vaccine on a boy in 1885 to prevent rabies as...
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