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Text Exercises, Part Ii

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Exercise 116 in Ch. 10
Free radicals (see Problem 115) are also important in many environmentally significant reactions. For example, photochemical smog, which forms as a result of the action of sunlight on air pollutants, is formed in part by the following two steps.
NO_2 □(→┴(UV LIght) ) NO+O
O+O_2→ O_3
The product of this reaction, ozone, is a pollutant in the lower atmosphere. Ozone is an eye and lung irritant and also accelerates the weather of rubber products. Write Lewis structures for each of the reactants and products in the preceding reactions.

Valence electrons: O has 6 and N has 5
Total valence electrons: 1N(5)+2O(6) = 5+12=17
According to the book Nitrogen does not have an octet.
NO = 5+6= 11 and O is 6
O(6)+2O(6)=18
.. .. . .. .. :O=N-O: ⟶∶N=O: + :O: ..

.. .. .. .. :O:+:O≡O:⟶:O=O-O: ..

Exercise 132 in Ch. 11
Aerosol cans carry clear warnings against incineration because of the high pressures that can develop upon heating. Suppose a can contains a residual amount of gas at a pressure of 755 mm Hg and a temperature of 25 °C. What would the pressure be if the can were heating to 1155 °C?

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
P1=755mm Hg
T1=25 °C
T2=1155 °C
Volume is constant. P_2=(P_1 V_1 T_2)/(T_1 V_2 ) P_2=((755mm Hg)(1)(1155°C))/((25°C)(1))
P2=34881mmHg

Exercise 104 in Ch. 12
Water does not easily remove grease from dirty hands because grease is nonpolar and water is polar; therefore they are immiscible. The addition of soap, however, results in the removal of the grease. Examine the following structure of soap and explain why soap works.

Water and grease (or oil) do not mix because water is made up of polar molecules while oil is non-polar. The water molecules are attracted to other water molecules and others that are polar and push away the non-polar in a manner that they clump together. It’s referring to the charge on the molecule, one side of the water molecule is positive while the other is negative. Like draws to like. Detergents and soaps often work as an emulsifier that allows two usually non-mixable items to mix together. The soap allows the water and grease to mix and cling together and easily washed away. They lower the surface tension of the water allowing the two to mix and the water and grease to attach to one another as the water is washed through the grease. Cleaners may also include an agent in its mixture to degrade the mixture.

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