...P3, M2 1. Pulse Rate It’s the rate per minutes at which your heart beat. It can be felt wherever an artery crosses a bone such as the wrist, the neck or either side of the windpipe, temple and the upper surface of the foot. It can be measured by pressing lightly against the artery wall with 2 or 3 fingers, apart from the thumb as this has a pulse of its own. Count the number of beats in a set of period and multiply the correct multiple to make up 60s or count for 30s and multiply by 2. In order to get an accurate reading, individuals must sit in a proper position, with the back on the chair, feet flat on the floor, relaxed and still. The pulse rate is usually 60-80 beats per minute. However, it may increase or decrease with exercise or illness. The normal pulse for healthy adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute. If the readings is below the normal range indicates the individual might have a fever or infection. As for higher pulse rate, indicates problem in the cardiovascular system. 2. Blood Pressure Blood pressure refers to the force which the blood it’s pumped around the body by the heart, giving the energy and oxygen needed. The only way to know what your blood pressure is, is to have it measured by a blood pressure monitor. There are things to consider before having the blood pressure measured. For example: * Wait 30 minutes to measure if have drunken caffeine or smoking; * Make sure you do not need to use the toilet; * Make sure to not eat big...
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...Evidence-Based Fever Management Teaching Intervention for Emergency Room Nurses Alonya Elgrably Dominican University of California E-MAIL: ERSPRSTAR@gmail.com March 04, 2010 Signature Page This capstone project is assembled under the direction of the candidate’s program advisor and approved by the Director of the Master’s program and the Chair of the Nursing Department. It has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty of the School of Nursing, Dominican University of California, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science, Nursing. ______________________________________________ __________________ Candidate Date ______________________________________________ __________________ Advisor or Director Date ______________________________________________ __________________ Department Chair Date ______________________________________________ __________________ Dean of the School of Health Sciences Date Evidence-Based Fever Management Teaching Intervention for Emergency Room Nurses Fever has long been a common childhood illness faced by parents, physicians, and nurses. In fact, 30 percent of visits to the emergency room included fever as the main complaint (Watts, Robertson, & Thomas, 2003). Over the decades the research has shown fever to be an adaptive physiological mechanism and shown to improve survival rates and shorten the duration of the disease...
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...FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING * Think about it… * ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ * Is represented as 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 * Then: * H-A-R-D-W-O-R-K * 8+1+18+4+23+15+18+11=98% * K-N-O-W-L-E-D-G-E * 11+14+15+23+12+5+4+7+5=96 % * A-T-T-I-T-U-D-E * 1+20+20+9+20+21+4+5=100 % * And look how far the love of God will take you * L-O-V-E-O-F-G-O-D * 12+15+22+5+15+6+7+15+4=101 % NURSING * Is the extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs and change or cope with environment. It is the complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Major Nursing Goals * Promotive – an action or measures designed to support behavior conducive to health * Preventive – any actions or measures designed to protect individuals, families, groups, communities from harm to their health * Curative – any actions or measures designed to correct or remove disease or any illness. * Rehabilitative – any actions or measures designed to restore health and promote recovery from any alteration of health Roles and Responsibilities of Nurses: * Caregiver – helping clients promote, restore, and maintain dignity, health and wellness * Communicator/Helper – central role of nurses in identifying needs of the client * Educator/Teacher – involves nursing activities, health promotion, the primary concern * Counselor – providing emotional, intellectual and psychological...
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... Let us start with bronchiolitis. I am familiar with this condition since my daughter had this when she was 5 months old. She is 8 years old now, so my memory is a bit fuzzy. I remember taking her to her pediatrician and he ordered a test and it confirmed that she had Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV). She was admitted to the hospital that same day. Her oxygen saturation was 93% and she had difficulty breathing and did not want to nurse at all. My daughter recovered and we were sent home in 2 days. Bronchiolitis is a viral illness that affects the lower airways. It is usually seen in children under 2 years of age but it is most severe in infants who are 6 months or younger (Porth & Matfin, 2009, p. 694). RSV is responsible for 50 to 90% of all cases of bronchiolitis and results in 20, 000 hospital admissions per year (Kelsall-Knight, 2012, p. 29). Other pathogens that can cause RSV are parainfluenza, adenovirus, Influenza A & B, Human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus and Mycoplasma pneumonia (Kelsall-Knight, 2012, p. 29). The virus causes epithelial necrosis and destruction of the cilia. The epithelial cells destruction triggers an inflammatory response that leads to edema of the submucosa. There is also increased secretion of mucus from goblet cells which combine with desquamated epithelial cells to form thick mucus plugs. The mucus plugs cause an obstruction in the bronchioles which result in air trapping and lobular collapse (this is why the patient is able...
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...Danielle Fuller Unit 335 CA Physiological measurements OUTCOME 1: Describe current legislation, national guidelines, organisational policies and protocols affecting work practice. When taking physiological measurements you have to take into account of the standard precautions. Bullet pointed below are some of the legalisations that relate to taking physiological measurements. Confidentiality * It is important to think about confidentiality when taking a patients physiological measurements because by law patients notes and details have to be kept private. Health & Safety Act 1974 * It is important to have knowledge of the health & safety at work act 1974, because this outlines your responsibilities as an employee, some of these include, correct use of work items provided by your employer, for example physiological measurement tools. Consent * Consents is a patient’s voluntary agreement for a health care worker to provide care. It is extremely important to have a patients consent before taking physiological measurements because a competent adult has a right under common law to grant or withhold consent. OUTCOME 2: Explain the principles of blood pressure to include: • blood pressure maintenance • differentiation between systolic and diastolic blood pressure • normal limits of blood pressure • conditions of high or low blood pressure What is a blood pressure? Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg). The reading of a blood pressure...
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...Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual for curative programmes in hospitals and dispensaries guidance for prescribing 2010 EDITION © Médecins Sans Frontières – January 2010 All rights reserved for all countries. No reproduction, translation and adaptation may be done without the prior permission of the Copyright owner. ISBN 2-906498-81-5 Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual Editorial Committee: I. Broek (MD), N. Harris (MD), M. Henkens (MD), H. Mekaoui (MD), P.P. Palma (MD), E. Szumilin (MD) and V. Grouzard (N, general editor) Contributors: P. Albajar (MD), S. Balkan (MD), P. Barel (MD), E. Baron (MD), M. Biot (MD), F. Boillot (S), L. Bonte (L), M.C. Bottineau (MD), M.E. Burny (N), M. Cereceda (MD), F. Charles (MD), M.J de Chazelles (MD), D. Chédorge (N), A.S. Coutin (MD), C. Danet (MD), B. Dehaye (S), K. Dilworth (MD), F. Fermon (N), B. Graz (MD), B. Guyard-Boileau (MD), G. Hanquet (MD), G. Harczi (N), M. van Herp (MD), C. Hook (MD), K. de Jong (P), S. Lagrange (MD), X. Lassalle (AA), D. Laureillard (MD), M. Lekkerkerker (MD), J. Maritoux (Ph), J. Menschik (MD), D. Mesia (MD), A. Minetti (MD), R. Murphy (MD), J. Pinel (Ph), J. Rigal (MD), M. de Smet (MD), S. Seyfert (MD), F. Varaine (MD), B. Vasset (MD) (S) Surgeon, (L) Laboratory technician, (MD) Medical Doctor, (N) Nurse, (AA) Anaesthetist-assistant, (Ph) Pharmacist, (P) Psychologist We would like to thank the following doctors for their invaluable help:...
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...Crystal Meyer Mohave Community College Nursing 222 Mrs. Michelle Christensen April 1, 2014 Critical Care Case Study ADMISSION TC is a 61-year-old English speaking Caucasian female born on April 29, 1952. She weighs 99.7 Kg and is 5 feet, 5 inches in height with a BMI of 35.84. On March 5, 2014, TC was brought into the emergency department after her daughter-in-law called 911 when she found TC unresponsive at home in her bathroom. When paramedics arrived, she was found to be cool, pale, and diaphoretic with oxygen saturations in the high 70’s. Emergency responders placed a non-rebreather high flow oxygen mask and her oxygenation began to improve with saturations in the low 90’s. Upon arrival to the emergency department, TC’s vital signs were as follows: T 97.4; P 97; BP 120/95 mm Hg; RR 15 per minute; and O2 sats of 98% via NRB oxygen mask on 8L. A chest x-ray (CXR) revealed no abnormality and lungs were determined to be grossly clear. However, TC was checked for a pulmonary embolism via a pulmonary artery angiogram with IV contrast and found to have a large clot burden with a small saddle embolism. TC also complained of right ankle pain. An X-ray of her right ankle revealed a distal tib/fib fracture, which was presumed to be related to her fall during her hypoxic episode. With these findings, TC was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Kingman Regional Medical Center and placed on an NPO diet in preparation for placement of an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter. TC’s past...
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...obstruction that creates a disparity between coronary blood flow and the metabolic demands of the myocardium. It is usually precipitated by situations that increase the metabolic needs of the heart such as physical exertion, cold, and emotional stress and relieved within minutes by rest or nitroglycerin. These symptoms occur repeatedly over time, sometimes months to years. This fixed or stable plaque is commonly associated with chronic angina whereas the unstable plaque is associated with unstable angina and myocardial infarction. It is these unstable plaques that are most prone to abrupt plaque changes, followed by thrombosis, that lead to MI, stroke, and sudden cardiac death. These unstable plaques can be divided into three categories of Acute Coronary Syndrome: Unstable Angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI. The pathophysiology between UA and NSTEMI are similar and include these key features: development of an unstable plaque that ruptures or plaque erosion with superimposed non occlusive thrombosis, an obstruction by spasm, constriction, dysfunction, or adrenergic stimuli, severe narrowing of the coronary lumen, inflammation, or any physiological state causing ischemia related to decreased oxygen supply such as fever or hypotension. UA and NSTEMI differ in whether the ischemia is severe enough to cause enough myocardial damage to release detectable amounts of serum cardiac markers (CK, CK-MB, Troponin). The pain associated with both UA and NSTEMI typically occurs at rest or...
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...[PROBLEMS IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS OF PAKISTAN] ADVISOR: MR OMAR AZIZ BABAR GROUP MEMBERS: ABSHAM MEHBOOB (08-0014) AGHA MUREED AHMAD (08-0636) HAMZA AHMED JALAL (08-0282) NABEEL ATIQ SYED (08-0141) SYED ALI HAIDER SHAH (08-0176) SUBMISSION DATE: 07-05-2012 This project is solely the work of the author and is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Bachelors of Business Administration EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Our FYP project is based on the issues in the emergency department of health sector of Pakistan on which we are conducting a research work. As we hear about the problems that occur in this department of health sector and the difficulties that people face we will be looking into the depth of these issues and try to highlight the key points that create such a situation. Our main objective is to find the gap between the perception and reality. We go about in our project first giving a brief introduction of the emergency department of health sector according to the secondary data that we collected. We also discussed the techniques, strategies and standard operational procedures i.e. SOP’s according to which emergencies should operate. Moreover we also discussed emergency ethics that are the first and foremost base to determine how the doctors are expected to behave with...
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...I would knock on the door enter the room, and greed while introducing myself to the patient and the family. I would wash my hands and provide a privacy. Then I would ask Daniel for his first and last name, and date of birth. I would ask Daniel if he is allergic to anything and if he doesn’t seem to be fully awake to answer the questions, then I would ask the family. I would let Daniel and his family know that I have looked at Daniel’s blood pressure and temperature and would like to recheck his full vital sign to see if it has changed because Daniel’s blood pressure was low and he had a fever that I would like to see if it getting better Objectives: Temperature: 99.5 Pulse: 64 Blood Pressure: 79/49 URA Respiration: 14 Oxygen: 80 Since Daniel’s oxygen is low; I have to focus on that first and then circulations. I have to make sure his oxygen is above 90, so I start Daniel on two liter of nasal oxygen, and ask Daniel to breathe in through his nose and exhale through his mouth (smell the rose and blow out the candle) until his oxygen is...
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...Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background Euphorbia hirta, belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae which is a large family of dicotyledons, with about 300 genera and over 5,000 species. Here in the Philippines, the Euphorbia hirta, is commonly referred to as Tawa-tawa or Gatas-gatas in some provinces. It is also known as Asthma weed or Snake weed in the United States. The plants of 3 different species share Phoretic variations, these plants are: (1) Mutha (Cyperus rotundus), (2) Gatas-gatas (Euphorbia hirta) and (3) Botoncillo (Gomphena globosa). Tawa-tawa is usually very abundant in tropical regions such as the Philippines. A simple weed scattered in sunny lawns, waste places and open grasslands. It is pantropic in distribution. The plant is an annual, hairy herb, usually branched from the base, spreading up to 40 cm long. The stem is slender and often reddish and purplish in color, covered with yellowish bristly hairs especially in younger parts. The leaves are oppositely arranged, elliptical-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 2.5 cm long, toothed at the edge, and blotched with purple in the middle. In the axils appear numerous involucres, purplish or greenish, dense, axillary, short stalk clusters or crowded cymes, about 1 mm long. The capsules are broadly ovoid, hairy, three-angled, about 1.5 cm. The small green flowers constitute the inflourescence characteristics of the euphorbias. The stem and the leaves produce white or milky juice when cut (Lind and Tallantire...
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...animals, and rodents. In 1885, Dr. Theobald Smith, a Department of Agriculture researcher investigating hog cholera, is the first to identify Salmonella enterica, formerly called Salmonella choleraesui. Dr. Smith worked under Dr. Daniel E. Salmon, who became the bacteria’s namesake.1 There are around 2,500 different serotypes of Salmonella bacteria. Salmonella can be grouped into typhoidal (S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi) and non-typhoidal (including Typhimurium and Enteritidis, the most common serotypes in the United States.2 In the early 20th century, Irish immigrant Mary Mallon was identified as the first asymptomatic carrier of typhoid. Now an infamous public health case study, “Typhoid Mary” infected an estimated 51 people with typhoid fever over the course of her career before being forcibly quarantined by state public health officials. In spring 1985, 168,000 to 197,000 people were sickened with salmonellosis in northern Illinois, comprising the largest outbreak of Salmonella food poisoning in United States history. Investigators determined the cause to be Salmonella typhimurium strain of bacteria associated with the Hillfarm Dairy in Melrose Park, Illinois. 3 Salmonella has also been used as a tool of bioterrorism. In 1984, 751 individuals were deliberately poisoned by salad bars at 10 Oregon restaurants. Followers of Indian mystic guru Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh hoped to incapacitate the voting population of the city so that their own candidates would win the 1984 Wasco County elections...
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...Leukemia Description: Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow. Types of leukemia- acute or chronic: Acute leukemia gets worse very fast and may make you feel sick right away. Chronic leukemia gets worse slowly and may not cause symptoms for years. And Lymphocytic or myelogenous: lymphocytic affects the white blood cells called lymphocytes and myelogenous affects the white blood cells called myelocytes. Sign and symptoms: fever/ night sweats, headaches, bruising/bleeding, bone or joint pain, swollen or painful belly from enlarged spleen, swollen lymph nodes in armpit/neck/groin, gets a lot of infections, feeling very tired or weak, losing weight or not hungry. Cause: experts are unknown of the cause, but there are risks of some kinds of leukemia. The risks are exposed to large amounts of radiation, exposed to certain chemicals at work such as benzene, some type of chemotherapy to treat another cancer, Down syndrome or some other genetic problem, or smoking. Diagnosis: often found after a routine blood test. If you contain symptoms of leukemia your doctor will run a blood test to figure out what’s causing the symptoms. They may find chronic leukemia before you have symptoms. Treatments: chemotherapy- can be received by induction, consolidation, or maintenance. Also radiation therapy. If cancer gets worse they may use the system of stem cell transplant, or more chemotherapy. Prognosis: outcomes- Active disease: Leukemia is still present during...
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...Malaria From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Malaria Malaria.jpg A Plasmodium from the saliva of a female mosquito moving across a mosquito cell Classification and external resources Specialty Infectious disease ICD-10 B50-B54 ICD-9-CM 084 OMIM 248310 DiseasesDB 7728 MedlinePlus 000621 eMedicine med/1385 emerg/305 ped/1357 Patient UK Malaria MeSH C03.752.250.552 Orphanet 673 Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the genus Plasmodium.[1] Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma or death.[2] The disease is transmitted by the biting of mosquitos, and the symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later.[1] In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria.[2] The disease is most commonly transmitted by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito's saliva into a person's blood.[1] The parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce. Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread...
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...On July 21, 1861, only 30 miles outside of Washington, D.C., the unfathomable happened. Two armed forces, each made out of Americans, battled a day-long fight that brought about almost 5,000 losses, which implies very nearly 5,000 individuals were killed, injured, missing, or caught. On that day, the Unified States always showed signs of change. While the primary shots of the Common War were discharged at Post Sumter in April 1861, the occasions of that decisive July 21 involved the main genuine skirmish of the war, The Principal Clash of Bull Run. We should take in more about this critical Common War fight. In the spring of 1861, war fever was grasping both the North and the South. The withdrawal winter had finished with seven Southern states...
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