...research paper. Perry Library and Larchmont Library were excellent places for literary materials. I also consulted Internet sources and my class textbook as additional resources. Turkistan, a region in central Asia, is a Persian term which means “Turks’ land” or “land of the Turks”. The Young Ottoman Turks considered this name for their country before they decided on “Turkiye, an adaptation of the European name” Turkey (Lewis 333). Although “[t]he name Turkey has been given to…Anatolia…since its first conquest by the Turks in the eleventh century,” the Turks officially referred to their country as Turkey when it won its independence in 1923. (Lewis 1). Turkey’s relative geographical position distinguished it from most of the other countries of the world. It is situated on two continents: (southeastern) Europe and (southwestern) Asia. European Turkey, or Eastern Thrace, constitutes only 3 percent of the country’s land area, and “[t]he other 97 percent…is…in Asia and is called Anatolia, or Asia Minor” (Orr 19; Sheehan 7). Turkey’s neighbors are Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest; Iran, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan to the east; and Syria to the south. Three seas surround Turkey: the Mediterranean Sea on the south, the Black Sea on the north; and the Aegean Sea on the...
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...in india the language chart: english sankrit persian spanish german mother matar muhdar madre mutter father pitar puhdar padre vater daughter duhitar dukhtahr hija tochter new navas now nuevo neu six sat shash seis sechs An unexplained Mirgration no one knows why people left their homeland in the steppes mirgration- movements of ward in all directions between 1700 and 1200 B.C The hittite Empire around 2000 B.C a group of indo- europeans speaker called the hittites the hittites occupied Anatolia (asia minor) the city states came together to form a huge regon Hittites Adopt and Adapt littertrue, arts, politics, and law came from the hittites the hittites used their indo europeans with one another Chariots and iron technology the hitties excelled in the technology of war chariots iron weapons the iron was the best thing for the hitties and the chariots helped a lot in war Aryans Transform India before 2000 B.C the hitties settled in anatolia the aryans also settled in that time the Aryans are another indo european group the homeland was was somewhere between the caspian and aral seas their sacred litrature called the vedas A caste system Aryans fought their enemies called the dasas the groups were different to eachother in many ways the aryans were taller and lighter in skin color and spoke a different language the Aryans had no writing system the dasas were town dwellers the dasa kived in...
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...with sands by fire. Phonic merchants, who strived with sailing, had used to saltpetre soils for seated their stew pot that their meals cooked in it. The first known glassware products were glass vases and were produced in Ancient Egypt that dated at approximately B.C. 2700. Ancient Egyptians produced glass pots that were first known and decorated zigzag and invented coloured glass. They embedded their deads in glass coffins. Their habit had been passed to Assyrians and Greeks in Hellenistic era by commercial relationships. The glassware passed from Ancient Egypt to Mesopotamia and Ancient Greece approximately B.C. 2500. Mesopotamians produced glass objects for religious ceremonies and daily usage and spread their glassware to Anatolia. However, the glassware in Mesopotamia started to decline at approximately B.C. 1500 due to continuous wars between Mesopotamian states and foreign invasions. II.1.2. GLASSWARE IN SYRIA AND EGYPT The glassware in Syria was started by Phoenicians but it was brought by Ancient Egyptians. Ancient Syrians produced glass product like Ancient Egyptian at first. However, they invented blow technique. The melted glass, which has paste consistency, is gathered on a pipe with hole. The glass mass is inflated as balloon by air is blown from pipe. After, it is rolled around pipe. It turned into pot that is rolled...
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...Day 1: Welcome to Turkey We'll meet at 1 p.m. at our hotel in Istanbul's historic Sultanahmet district, and then take an orientation walk through Istanbul's historic Golden Horn, including the Galata Bridge and the exotic and fragrant Egyptian Spice Market. Then we will take to the water for a scenic cruise of the Bosphorus waterway and its panorama of grand palaces, colorful neighborhoods and bustling waterfront activity. We'll return to land to get acquainted with one another over dinner at a nearby restaurant. Sleep in Istanbul (2 nights). Boat: 2 hrs. No bus. Walking: moderate. Day 2: Old Christian and Islamic Istanbul Today we'll focus on the era when the city was known as Constantinople, the eastern capital of the Roman Empire. We'll start at the exquisite 400-year-old Blue Mosque and then move to the Hippodrome — the ancient racing course that was the social heart of Constantinople. We'll also visit the 1,500-year-old Hagia Sophia church/museum — for 1,000 years the grandest domed structure in the Western world. This afternoon we'll be wowed by some of the world's finest Byzantine mosaics at the Chora Church and cap off the day exploring Istanbul's legendary Grand Bazaar. Bus: 1 hr. Walking: strenuous. Day 3: Istanbul and Ankara We'll explore Istanbul's more recent past and present today, beginning with the opulently Ottoman Topkapı Palace and Harem. Then we'll visit the New District, with its Art Nouveau façades, restaurants, and trendy boutiques, all along pedestrian-packed...
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...Geographic Distance LACK OF LAND BORDER As you can see above the island of Taiwan is located in the Western Pacific between Philippines and Japan. Turkey is bounded by the Aegean Sea on the west, on the northwest by the Sea of Marmara, Greece and Bulgaria and on the north by the Black Sea. Taiwan is available for air and sea transportation. There are five harbors and eighteen airports in Taiwan, two of which are international. At this point we think that the sea transportation is suitable for the transport of bulky goods like hybrid cars although it is the slowest shipping method for exporting goods. In addition, sea transportation is the most preferred transportation method according to air, road transport and railway because of the cheapest way. DIFFERENCES IN CLIMATES AND DISEASE ENVIRONMENTS In Taiwan there is no severe cold in winter and no cruel summer. Annual average temperature of Taiwan is 22 degrees Celsius. Weather conditions can fluctuate little during winter and spring but the weather is relatively stable in winter and autumns. As a disease environment, we can talk about a liver disease which is a common disease in Taiwan. A parasite Cryptocaryon which infect with raw or uncooked fish damages to liver so it is known for liver disease. Other diseases that can be seen in Taiwan are HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. Ultimately cardiovascular diseases which occurs results of air pollution can be seen in Taiwan. Typically, three climatic types can be seen in Turkey...
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...Does your country have a “race issue”? The concept of race is an indicative of ignorant in based of to fear of someone that is different. Racism has been existed throughout of centuries all around the world. At first racism has been seen in America than it spread to Europe, Middle East and Turkey. Racism divides people into the “them” and “us” based on what our skin of color, religion of what we believe and a place where we came from. However, in Turkey racism is generally based on political, national and religious issues. In the history of Turkey racism has started in the Ottoman Empire in 1860 based on Ali Suavi who was a Turkish intellectual in Ottoman. There are tens of different nations live in Turkey like Armenians, Bosnians, Syrians, Kurds, Albanians and so many others. Sometimes some of these nations live in peace and harmony but unfortunately they may fight with each other for some reasons. Firstly, racism has started in the Ottoman Empire in 1915 and even today it is still continuing. Throughout the history of Turkey, racism and ethnic discrimination was widespread in Turkish communities, that racism and ethnic discrimination against minorities who are not Muslim and non-Sunni. In 1915 during the World War I, Relocation laws enacted by military forces to take precaution against those who opposing the government implementations at war which were applied to the Ottoman Armenians. After Tehcir law deportations and massacres was continues till accepting of "Temporary...
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...Anatolia – An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research 1. Introduction *Email: lee.chew-ging@nottingham.edu.my ISSN 1303-2917 print/ISSN 2156-6909 online q 2012 Taylor & Francis http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2012.701596 http://www.tandfonline.com Anatolia – An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research 349 350 C.G. Lee Anatolia – An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research 351 352 C.G. Lee Table 1. The results of ADF and KPSS tests. Variable Level EX IM GDP TOU *,** and *** Statistically significant at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively. t-Statistic and LM-statistic are reported for ADF and KPSS tests, respectively. The brackets beside t-statistic indicate the number of lagged first differences of ADF selected based on the Schwarz information criterion. The brackets beside LM-statistic indicate the choice of bandwidth parameter in the Bartlett-kernel-based sum-ofcovariances estimator selected based on Newey –West data-based automatic bandwidth parameter methods. suggest that TOU is stationary at level but non-stationary at first difference. This type of property is impossible to occur. The results of KPSS test suggest that TOU is stationary at level and first difference. Therefore, it is concluded that TOU is stationary. To investigate for a cointegrating relationship between these variables, the bounds test within the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework and...
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...The Ottomans sprang out of Anatolia in the West of Turkey around the end of the 13 century. At the time, the Byzantine Empire, which rose from the fall of the Roman Empire hundreds of years, was in controlled the region. The Ottomans after the came into existence started to continuous expand, during which they spread from the small northwestern to cover most of Anatolia and southeastern Europe The Seljuk Turks controlled the Anatolia and the Middle East at the time, a more vast area than what the Ottomans controlled. However, an army led by Osman I went ahead and expanded into the vast majority of Anatolia, In 1299, Osman announced himself sultan, becoming the first ruler of the Ottoman Empire The defeat of the Seljuqs in 1293 by the Mongols, Osman became the first ruler of the Ottomans where he went to war and and expanded by taking over Byzantine Bithynia in Anatolia, commanding islam warriors referred to...
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...religious influences. The region that Turkey now occupies has very large roots in history, even though the current establishment of Turkey is very young. Before the region was named the Republic of Turkey, the area was called Anatolia. Anatolia has a history of civilization that dates as far back as 10,000 years. In centuries past, this region had been inhabited by the indigenous Hattis and Hurrians. At around 2300 BC the Indo-European Hitties arrived at Anatolia slowly reigning over the Hatties and Hurrians. The Hitties established the first empire in the region and remained settled for multiple centuries. The empire collapsed in 1200 BC and Anatolia was then settled by an Indo-European group known as the Phrygians and the Lydians. The Phrygians settled in Western and Central Anatolia while the Lydians lived in the Eastern region. In the 6th century BC, bothe the Phrygians and Lydians were invaded by the Persian Empire. The kind of Kydia, Croesus, compromised with the Persians to divide their region of Anatolia long the Kizilirmak River as an attempt to stop the invasion. However the Persians did not stick to their agreement and took control of the region until 333 BC. At that time Alexander the Great conquered both the western and eastern regions of Anatolia, and after his death ten...
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...to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.[8] Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims.[9] The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.[10] Oghuz Turks began migrating into the area now called Turkey (derived from the Medieval Latin Turchia, i.e. "Land of the Turks") in the 11th century. The process was greatly accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert.[11] Several small beyliks and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion. Starting from the 13th century, the Ottoman beylik united Anatolia and created an empire encompassing much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. After the Ottoman Empire collapsed following its defeat in World War I, parts of it were occupied by the victorious Allies. A cadre of young military officers, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues, organized a successful resistance to the Allies; in 1923, they would establish...
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...stretched so far, historians often refer to it as the “Byzantine commonwealth.” Just as Greek and Roman initiative brought Mediterranean lands into a larger integrated society, Byzantine policies led to the formation of a large, multicultural zone of trade, communication and interaction. --- The Byzantine empire takes its name from Byzantion - latinized as Byzantium – a modest market town and fishing village that occupied a site of enormous strategic significance. Situated on a defensible peninsula, Byzantion had the potential to control the strait of water leading from the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean. Apart from its maritime significance, Byzantion also offered convenient access to the rich lands of Anatolia, southwestern Asia, and southeastern Europe. Because of its...
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...Before Muhammad the arabian peninsula had farmers and pastoral nomads. They lived in small population, but later learned more about other countries like Africa,India, and Persians to trade. Arabs later move to live in the center of trade routes, by the third century b.c.e.,they took control over the trade caverns to control the supplies. While the religion of Islam was spreading, Muhammad’s purpose was to address people about Allah/god and tell people about his message. The Jews and Christians did not believe in Muhammad’s words The silimilatilty between India, Anatolia, West Africa, and Spain is that most of their population converted to islam, but the difference is the interaction with islam. Around the 1000 the turkish invaded India and...
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...Turkish and Kurdish Fertility in Turkey: New Statistical Evidence for Convergence Word Count: 3,528 Number of Tables: 5 Number of Figures: 4 Running Head: Turkish and Kurdish Fertility in Turkey Abstract The purpose of this quantitative study was to present and discuss statistical evidence for the convergence of Turkish and Kurdish fertility rates in the Republic of Turkey. Linear regression and other statistical methods were utilized in order to illustrate convergence, which was theorized as (a) resulting from the delayed exposure of Turkey’s Kurds to the dynamics of modernization and (b) providing compelling evidence against the claim that Turks and Kurds belong to fundamentally different demographic regimes. One important form of divergence between these populations—bride’s age at first marriage—was acknowledged and related to a potential change in sexual economics among Turkish Kurds. Keywords: Turkish fertility; Kurdish fertility; Turkish fertility transition Turkish and Kurdish Fertility in Turkey: New Statistical Evidence for Convergence Introduction Although the overall fertility rate for Turkey has declined precipitously as part of the country’s demographic transition, perhaps the earliest in the Muslim Middle East (Angin & Shorter, 1998), there is a well-documented disparity between the fertility rates of ethnic Turkish and ethnic Kurdish women in Turkey (Işık & Pınarcıoğlu, 2006;...
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...The Tanzimat State and Its Legitimacy* The nineteenth century undoubtedly was “the Longest Century of the Ottoman Empire”.1 There were very important military, economic and administrative problems pending which inherited from previous centuries. At the same time, Serbian Revolt (1805), Greek War of Independence (1821-1826) and Question of Egypt were the primary reasons for reforms in the nineteenth century. The “Tanzimat (orders, reforms)” did not start with the proclamation of Hatt-ı Hümayün on 3 November 1839. It is more appropriate to take the beginning from the reign of Mahmud II. Throughout the century, reforms were sustained by Ottoman rulers on the fields from jurisprudence to administration and from education to economics. In this respect, in the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire might be called as the “Tanzimat State”.2 In this short article my aim is to understand the spirit of “Tanzimat State”; analyze its reactions against the matters mentioned above and find legitimate answer for its application by subjects. Initially, I would like to mention on the sultans and the bureaucrats of the “Tanzimat State” Their aims and reforms were different from their predecessors’ and they showed us what Tanzimat was. Firstly, they were aware that there was no going back to “Golden Age”. Essences of reforms were ‘making of the modern State’ in the Western sense.3 Secondly, they were highly aware of what was going on in the Europe and provinces. The fact Sublime Porte bureaucrats...
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...The Atrocities committed against the Armenian people of the Ottoman Empire during W.W.I. is called the Armenian Genocide. A genocide is an organized killing of a group of people to put an end to their existence. The Armenian Genocide was planned and administrated by the Turkish government against the entire Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire. The genocide was between the years 1915 and 1923 during W.W.I. The Armenians were deported, expropriated, abducted, tortured, killed and starved. A huge part of the Armenian population was forced to move from Armenia and Anatolia to Syria, where the majority was sent into the desert and to die of thirst and hunger. Large numbers of Armenians were massacred throughout the Ottoman Empire. W.W.I. gave the Young Turk government an excuse to carry out their plans of a genocide. The Armenian Genocide was masterminded by the Central Committee of the Young Turk Party which was dominated by Mehmed Talât , Ismail Enver , and Ahmed Djemal. They were a racist group whose ideology was articulated by Zia Gökalp, Dr. Mehmed Nazim, and Dr. Behaeddin Shakir. Armenians all over the world commemorate this great tragedy on April 24, because it was on that day in 1915 when 300 Armenian leaders, writers, thinkers and professionals in Constantinople were rounded up, deported and killed. Also on that day in Constantinople, 5,000 of the poorest Armenians were butchered in the streets and in their homes. Across the Ottoman Empire the same events happened...
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