...Domestic Violence amongst African American Women Domestic violence occurs in an estimated 4 million intimate relationships each year in the United States. Domestic violence is a pattern of abusive behavior in which a person uses coercion, deception, harassment, humiliation, manipulation, and/or force to establish or maintain power and control over his or her intimate partner. Economic, emotional, psychological, physical, sexual, and verbal tactics are used by perpetrators to control and obtain power over their partners. Domestic violence crosses ethnic, racial, age, national origin, sexual orientation, religious, and socioeconomic lines. The majority of victims of domestic violence in heterosexual relationships are women. One out of every three adult women experiences at least one physical assault by an intimate partner during adulthood. African Americans experience domestic violence at a high rate in comparison to their numerical representation in the population. Although domestic and sexual violence occurs in all socioeconomic classes, socioeconomic disadvantages do increase the risk of the incidence of violent crimes. In intimate partner violence cases of spousal assault, power balance is an important risk factor. Among domestic violence cases, husbands who have (or feel that they have) less power than their wives are more physically abusive toward them, because of the perceived lack of power in other areas of their lives. Although there are different sociological theories...
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...sociologists argue that now women have a lot more power in the home and as they become more equal to men in society they also have more power in the marriage and the way the household operates, these sociologists say that modern day families are no longer male dominated as they were last century and before. However other argues that Patriarchal family does exist. In the 19th century, it was a patriarchal unit, where father/husband was the head of the family. He would often have little involvement in the care of his children and children might see relatively little to their parents and generally children had low status in the family and were expected ‘to be seen and not heard’. However now in 21st century the amount of time parents spend with their children has more than doubled since the 1960s and children’s welfare is seen as the major family priority. Feminists claim that families are essentially Patriarchal (dominated by men). Several sociologists have looked at how and by whom decisions are made in families. Sociologists such as Stephen Edgell in 1980 carried out a study in which he found that wives dominated decision making in interior decoration, children’s clothes and spending on food. These decisions are seen as frequent and not important whereas men made less frequent decisions but more important such as moving house, buying a care and other major financial decisions. There based on decision making, it appears that men have more power than women. However women generally increased...
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...Patricia Dudley Domestic Violence Domestic Violence amongst African American Women Domestic violence occurs in an estimated 4 million intimate relationships each year in the United States. Domestic violence is a pattern of abusive behavior in which a person uses coercion, deception, harassment, humiliation, manipulation, and/or force to establish or maintain power and control over his or her intimate partner. Economic, emotional, psychological, physical, sexual, and verbal tactics are used by perpetrators to control and obtain power over their partners. Domestic violence crosses ethnic, racial, age, national origin, sexual orientation, religious, and socioeconomic lines. The majority of victims of domestic violence in heterosexual relationships are women. One out of every three adult women experiences at least one physical assault by an intimate partner during adulthood. African Americans experience domestic violence at a high rate in comparison to their numerical representation in the population. Although domestic and sexual violence occurs in all socioeconomic classes, socioeconomic disadvantages do increase the risk of the incidence of violent crimes. In intimate partner violence cases of spousal assault, power balance is an important risk factor. Among domestic violence cases, husbands who have (or feel that they have) less power than their wives are more physically abusive toward them, because of the perceived lack of power in other areas of their lives. Although...
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...two men and a little boy. Peter who is the breadwinner of the family, Jerome, the keeper of the home, and little Richie who is Peter's five (5) years old nephew. This is a different type of family structure, not the type that we are used to, but still a family none the less. They share all the joys and sorrows of any family. This family is going through a difficult time, which has resulted in them breaking up. Because of this breakup many issues (social / legal) present themselves. Some of these legal issues are as follows. • Laws relating to cohabitation relationships for same sex couples. • Maintenance of a partner of a broken cohabitation relationship related to same sex couple. • Domestic abuse laws as it relates to same sex couples. • Shelter at homes for battered spouses (male) and the availability of same. • Laws relating to the adoption of minors by same sex couples. • Laws as it relates to Gays, Lesbians, Transgender and Transvestites. COHABITATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS ACT 30 of 1998 (chapter 45:55) -An Act to confer on cohabitants rights and obligations, to give the Courts jurisdiction to make orders with respect to interests in property and maintenance, to make provision for the enforcement of agreements and for matters incidental thereto. “cohabitant” means—(a) in relation to a man, a woman who is living or has lived with a man as his wife in a cohabitational relationship;...
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...Using material from item 2B and elsewhere, assess the view that gender roles and relationships have become more equal in modern family life (24 marks) The domestic division of labour refers to the roles that men and women take in relation to housework. These roles are often referred to as conjugal roles; roles which display roles within marriage itself. Segregated conjugal roles described the situation of man and wife having separate roles within the house where the man would more often be the breadwinner and the woman would be the homemaker. This notion supported Parsons idea of expressive roles, but is the centre of debate for feminist sociologists. There are also joint conjugal roles which represents the idea that couples share tasks such as housework, child rearing and decision making etc. Joint conjugal roles also describe the couple as sharing leisure time together, rather than independently. Within these marriages relationships also vary. One of the most deviant and misunderstood issue within the married couple is the idea that coercive power is used to control the other; usually the male using physical power (according to statistics). Domestic violence can be defined as any kind of physical, psychological, sexual or financial violence that takes place within the family toward an intimate partner. Domestic violence is seen as a method of control amongst partners, to display dominance and/or authority. It is often under-reported so national statistics are not always valid...
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...men back having the role of being the breadwinner and women dealing with the traditional domestic chores as well as other roles such as looking after the children. Whereas in today’s society, families are now more equal. Children today are much more dependent on their families. However some may argue that, even in the contemporary UK, families are still traditional and not equal. A study by Young and Willmott claimed that roles carried out by men and women were symmetrical, (and in the third stage) with a sharing of domestic tasks, childcare and decision making. They found that the roles were joint conjugal roles rather than single. This shows how families are now more egalitarian as tasks and chores were being shared out. However, this study can be criticised as Anne Oakely as she found that women spent 77 hours per week on housework. She also said that women take on a double burden as they have to deal with domestic chores as well as other roles such as looking after the children. As well as this, she claimed that men only have to do a few tasks in order to qualify as a ‘household husband’ and roles were segregated and not joint. This shows how families are not egalitarian. Families are now devoting their time and working around their schedule into family life. Rapoport and Rapoport found that working couples negotiated family and work commitments. This shows that couples balance their work life so they have more time for their families which shows how families have become...
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...freedom of peaceful assembly, as stated in Article 10 and 11 of the European Convention of Human Rights. The exercise of these rights is necessary in a democratic society as it is in the interest of public authorities, public safety and the protection of the rights and freedom of others. The right to peacefully protest holds great importance as it demonstrates an individual’s freedom to express. However it is crucial that there is a balance between the Convention rights and the power of police to intervene. This essay will firstly address how the European Convention interacts with UK law, secondly it will discuss the rights of public authorities to intervene and lastly conclude whether the UK’s constitution provides sufficient protection for the right to protest in the streets. The ECHR was signed in 1950 in response to the injustices of WW2, the basic idea of these rights emerge from natural law, meaning there are certain things that are “wrong” or “right”. In 1998 the Human Rights Act was passed which incorporated the Convention into UK domestic law. Before this all cases of breach of convention rights were heard in the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. However as signatories to the convention, the UK was still bound to the terms as a...
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...Introduction The issue of domestic violence has been examined continual both nationally and internationally, and has generated substantial amounts of literature and observed work on the subject. In 1980, women in the United States joined with women globally to illuminate domestic violence as a concern that needed international attention (Alhabib, Nar, & Jones, 2009). Adding credibility to the cries of women internationally, the United Nation “International Bill of Human Rights” in 1979, and the convention of the elimination all forms of discrimination against women in 1985, was enacted to prevent the unequal treatment of women (Weingourt, Maruyama, Sawada, & Yoshino, 2001). Intimate Partner Violence threatens the lives of women socioeconomic well-being, security, and the lives of millions of women globally each year (McAllister, & Roberts-Lewis, 2010). Women of every class, color, socioeconomic status, and religious association experience the affects of intimate partner violence is frequent, complex, and far-reaching with social and economic consequences (Ringel, & Park, 2008). Interpersonal violence has become a human rights and socioeconomic problem (Hageman & White, 2001). The cost and consequence of which are revealed in the expenditures of global governments. The socioeconomic cost of domestic violence as shown is shocking: “Australia $700 million; Canada $1.2 billion; Chile $1.73 billion; Nicaragua 32.7 million; Jamaica $454,000 or...
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...Unit IV Essay Political violence is politically motivated violence that is not controlled by the state. Political violence is a broad term used to describe violence perpetrated by either persons or governments to achieve political goals. Many groups and individuals believe that their political systems will never respond to their demands. There are a variety of political violence actions that can be either one-sided, non-state, or state-based. Many types of these actions can range from terrorism, rioting, civil war, police brutality, and capital punishment. Terrorism is a political violence act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim. The terrorist’s strategy is to commit acts of violence that draws the attention of the public, the government, and the world to their cause. The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest attention, choosing targets that symbolize what they oppose. The United States Department of Defense defines terrorism as “the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.” There are two types of terrorism; initially, there is domestic terrorism which are acts of terrorism that are committed by those who are located in and operate from the state and international terrorism which is a type of terrorism which includes acts of terror committed by individuals...
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...Domestic Abuse within Christian Marriages Linda J. Whitworth Liberty University Abstract Domestic abuse has become a worldwide epidemic. It affects every part of life, from lost time at work to suicide or homicide. It effects every culture, every race, every gender and every socioeconomic background. When domestic abuse happens within the confines of a Christian marriage, it can shake the abused spouse to the core, causing her to question her belief in God. Women are told that they are to submit to both Jesus Christ and their husbands, acknowledging the husband as the head of the family. Sadly, this principle has been construed by abusive spouses as a coercive means in which to keep the abused (in this case, the wife) in complete submission. It is then threatened that should the wife try to leave or to seek help, she will be punished by God, thus sending a mixed message. For a woman of faith, holding on to God helps her to hold on to hope. Even through the questioning and the doubt, faith remains. Once they escape the abusive marriage, it is the victim’s faith that helps her start her life over, with a deeper knowledge of that faith and knowing that God will see her through anything. Keywords: abuse, Christianity, domestic violence, faith, marriage, relationships Domestic Abuse within Christian Marriages Abuse, in its most basic form means to hurt, mistreat, injure or insult (Briscoe & Hunt, 2009). There are many types of abuse, some more passive and some more...
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...Domestic Violence and the Effect that it has on African American Families B. Hope Faulkner-Ridley & Rakia Harris Argosy University Dr. Dionne Gavin Abstract This proposal explains the need for this type of service in the South Shore Community regarding Domestic Violence and Children and the effects related to Domestic Violence. Helping Hand Inc. was founded with this population in mind. Every year an estimated 3.3 million to 10 million children are exposed to domestic violence in their home. (Carlson 1984; Straus 1992) Studies investigating the prevalence of child abuse find that almost 900,000 children are classified as maltreated by parents and other caretakers (United States Department of Health and Human Services 2006). The study which we used to incorporate this program, examines the outcome of family violence and resilience in individuals and families. Results show that child abuse, domestic violence, and both in combinations (i.e. double exposure) increases a child’s risk for internalizing and externalizing outcomes in adolescence. (Journal of Family Violence 2010) Name and address of organization The name of the organization is Helping Hand Inc. which is located at 7700 South Shore Dr. Chicago, Il 60635. This is the headquarters and this location is where all services will be rendered. There is another location for family housing only and it is located at 7715 S. South Shore Dr. Chicago, Il 60635. Mission Statement Our mission is to...
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...The development of women in organizations, Decision making, Political participation and gender mainstreaming is currently seen as the dominant conceptual model for promoting social justice and women equality. This study intends to see the position of women, discourses and various political, economic and social factors that surrounded these events. The impediments of women in Bangladesh were being pulled in different directions as a result, the context of social norms and gender inequality that existed at global, national, community and domestic levels. Child marriage is one of the main impediments of women empowerment and implementation of the government‟s vision-2021. In Bangladesh, the patriarchal capitalism puts women in such a position within their communities that they always remain subordinate under male domination and in many cases this is reflected through violence (Hadi, 2009). Keywords: Impediments, dowry, Social Norms, Violence, Empowerment, Freedom of Choice 1. Introduction Social norms are related to human behavior, attitude, and ethics. It is indicate the notions of society about what is good...
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...treated inhumanly within their homes by their husbands or dominant males through different ways like Domestic Violence, Sawara, Vani, Karo Kari, Honour Killing, Acid Throwing, Forced Marriages etc. Gender discrimination is also deeply rooted in Pakistani society in education and employment sectors. The security of a state like Pakistan is connected with the security of whole population and a country cannot be considered secure until its whole population feel secure. For the progress and prosperity of a country there is needed to eliminate the discriminatory attitude of the society towards the women. There are multiple ways to improve gender balance in the country which will reduce gender discrimination. Key Words: Gender Discrimination, Education Sector, Employment Sector, Gender and Human Security. I. Introduction This study discusses gender discrimination as „non-traditional security‟ threat to the country. It argues that women are more than half of the population and the security of women is associated with state security. This is so because no country can be secure until its whole population feels secure. Pakistan needs to empower its women for the progress and prosperity of a country. Balance has been maintained by the nature in all things of the world in order to decorate it with exquisiteness, and it produced a feature that sustains balance in each and every thing. These harmonizing features vary in the ratio that provides to support their...
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...and critically discuss how the needs of victims of crime, including the services available, are tackled through a criminal justice response and the demands of the victim movement. The essay will demonstrate the impact of politics upon policy and practice initiatives on both a national and local level. Furthermore, there will be a discussion predominately about how probation policy and practice can appropriately respond to the needs and diversity of different victim groups, whilst touching briefly on other criminal justice agencies. To allow this assignment to be focused it will also concentrate largely on issues surrounding women as victims of domestic violence and examples within Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) communities. The 1985 United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power broadly defined the term ‘victims’ as: Persons who individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts…that are in violation of criminal laws operative within Member States. (cited in Goodey, 2005:10) While Goodey suggests that victims are ‘now at the heart of criminal justice considerations for policy reform’ (2004: 4), the development of a ‘victim-centred’ approach to policy is a fairly recent concept. The very nature of having an adversarial Criminal Justice System (CJS) had come under increasing pressure...
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...happened centuries ago. * They’re timeless wisdom that...certain trusses that are ageless * Telling how the actually worked, not how they looked, or should look * They tell world leaders that the most important, should operate is to enhance the security of their states... * Power is a very important thing in IR. * They should be able to harness this power in creative and noble ways. * The world is a complex place. * Strengths in realism.... * What they also argue is that..Money is a currency..Everything is about power. * Allow us to expand our national interest. * Gain power, use that power, and then use it in a robust manner so that you are on top on IR power. * More dominate then change. * Dominate aspects are wars, security dilemma, missiles etc. * IR is a story of wars being fought, wars having been fought in the past and states recovering.., or preparing for future wars. * Realist’s wars are an endemic/... * You can never get ride of war impossible it stays. * They are not interested in changing the world but helping it and creating peace and unity. * They like talking about violence, states should increase their power. * All individual aspects of morality. * Morality is judged by how well “i” the national security adviser insures the survival of their state. * Look after my people. Kept out of arms way, should be ready to die, cheat break promises to keep their territory of their state. *...
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