...In the source there are three nations Canada, Sweden, and the United States. Each of the nations have bar graph which represent their income tax by family type as a percent of wages during 2010. There are two bars in for each nation, one representing single and no children and one with married and two children. In Canada, the bar with single and no children is at 22.2% and married with two children at 15.3%. In Sweden, the bar with single and no children and married with two children are both at 24.7%. In United States, the bar with single and no children is at 22.9% and married with two children is at 8.2%. The message presented by the source is the amount of income tax paid by each nation and if that amount of tax fair. The issue demonstrated in the source is the amount of tax paid by a...
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...Accountability Modules WHAT IT IS Return to Table of Contents Data Analysis: Displaying Data - Graphs Graphs are pictorial representations of the relationships between two (or more) variables and are an important part of descriptive statistics. Different types of graphs can be used for illustration purposes depending on the type of variable (nominal, ordinal, or interval) and the issues of interest. This module discusses some of the more common types of graphs. Graphs can be used any time one wants to visually summarize the relationships between variables, especially if the data set is large or unmanageable. They are routinely used in reports to underscore a particular statement about a data set and to enhance readability. Graphs can appeal to visual memory in ways that mere tallies, tables, or frequency distributions cannot. However, if not used carefully, graphs can misrepresent relationships between variables or encourage inaccurate conclusions. (See the module on Deception with Graphs for more information.) WHEN TO USE IT TYPES OF GRAPHS Bar Graphs Bar graphs are commonly used to show the number or proportion of nominal or ordinal data which possess a particular attribute. They depict the frequency of each category of data points as a bar rising vertically from the horizontal axis. Bar graphs most often represent the number of observations in a given category, such as the number of people in a sample falling into a given income or ethnic group. They can be used...
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...A bar graph is useful for comparing facts. The bars provide a visual display for comparing quantities in different categories. Bar graphs help us to see relationships quickly. Another name for a bar graph is a bar chart. Each part of a bar graph has a purpose. | title | The title tells us what the graph is about. | labels | The labels tell us what kinds of facts are listed. | bars | The bars show the facts. | grid lines | Grid lines are used to create the scale. | categories | Each bar shows a quantity for a particular category. | Now that we have identified the parts of a bar graph, we can answer some questions about the graph in Example 1. QUESTION | | ANSWER | 1. | What is the title of this bar graph? | | Students' Favorite After-School Activities | 2. | What is the range of values on the (horizontal) scale? | | 0 to 100 | 3. | How many categories are in the graph? | | 7 | 4. | Which after-school activity do students like most? | | Visit With Friends | 5. | Which after-school activity do students like least? | | School Clubs | 6. | How many students like to talk on the phone? | | 53 | 7. | How many students like to earn money? | | 44 | 8. | Which two activities are liked almost equally? | | Play Sports and Earn Money | 9. | List the categories in the graph from greatest to least. | | Visit With Friends, Online, Talk on Phone, Play Sports, Earn Money, Watch TV, School Clubs. | Example 2: | Students in a class voted on...
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...Sample Chart/Graph Paper (Marhar, 2011) The graph above is a bar graph. A bar graph is typically the easiest to visualize data quickly. A bar graph is characteristically used for qualitative information. The longer the bar is the higher the frequency of information for that bar. It is imperative to label clearly so that readers know what they are precisely looking at and do not have to make assumptions (Bennett, Briggs, & Triola, 2009). This graph depicts the strategies to prevent readmissions into the hospital. I do believe that this graph is an appropriate choice to depict the data used from the study. This is the best graph to use because it is easy to glance at the graph and retrieve the information. The spacing in the graph is portrayed evenly, the scale on the vertical axis is evenly spread out, and the graph is titled, which is extremely important. Another option to display this information could be a line graph. Although I believe this graph is the best type of graph to use, I do not believe that the graph was assembled as well as it could have been. The graph is confusing on that the axes are not labeled as well as they could be. For example, the vertical axis should be labeled “Percent of readmissions into the hospital” or “Percent of individuals who were not readmitted into the hospital”. I found that in the article the information was not very clear to depict what the graph was showing. There should be a caption underneath the graph to explain the details...
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...(counts) or percents of value that fall in various buckets, % of area under graph over range reps % of data values in that range Histogram: (1) divide data into intervals of equal width, (2) count how many values fall into each, (3) make bar chart where height is equal to count Spikes high concentration of data values in the range just below the spike Histograms shows frequencies (counts) or percents of value that fall in various buckets, % of area under graph over range reps % of data values in that range Histogram: (1) divide data into intervals of equal width, (2) count how many values fall into each, (3) make bar chart where height is equal to count Spikes high concentration of data values in the range just below the spike Histograms shows frequencies (counts) or percents of value that fall in various buckets, % of area under graph over range reps % of data values in that range Histogram: (1) divide data into intervals of equal width, (2) count how many values fall into each, (3) make bar chart where height is equal to count Spikes high concentration of data values in the range just below the spike Histograms shows frequencies (counts) or percents of value that fall in various buckets, % of area under graph over range reps % of data values in that range Histogram: (1) divide data into intervals of equal width, (2) count how many values fall into each, (3) make bar chart where height is equal to count Spikes high concentration of data...
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...Presentation: Definition: A graph is a chart or drawing that shows the relationship between changing things. They are a diagram displaying the relationship between numbers or amounts. A graph or chart is used to present facts in visual form. Purpose: Purpose of the Chart Compare categorical data Compare series of data over time Percentage of total comparisons Appropriate Chart Type Column Chart; Bar Chart, Area Chart, Line Chart, Column Chart (stacked), High-Low Chart Pie Chart, Donut Chart, Stacked Bar or Column Chart Relationship between two variables Scatter Plot Relationship between three variables Type of Graphs: 3-Dimension Surface Plot Graphic Representation Two types: Diagram Example: Graph Bar Pie Line Histogram Frequency Polygon Ogive When Diagram and when Graph? Diagram: When data split into different categories. Bar: Same type of variable against different year/time. Pie: Categorical data Graph: Long series of data / Frequency Distribution. Example of Bar Diagram. Number of mobile phone sold by Company-X. Year No. of phone sold. (In 000’s) 2000 23 2001 34 2002 50 2003 64 2004 97 Example of Pie-diagram/Chart. Expenditure Item Fuel Car Loan Repairs Insurance and license Depreciation Total Amount ($) 603 279 930 646 492 2950 Histogram: A graph in which the classes are marked on the horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are represented by the heights of the bars and the bars are drawn adjacent...
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...Misleading Graphs Paper and Presentation Team A: Roderick Hayes II, Melissa Krol, Ann Leal, Wanda Otey, and Corinn Sanders QNT/273 May 9, 2011 Terry Dunning Misleading Graphs Paper and Presentation Graphs are used to give a visual image of data so readers can analyze and translate it quicker and easier than looking at a mass of numbers. However, incorrectly drawn or disproportionately drawn graphs can lead a reader to incorrect translation of data (Bluman, 2009). This document will describe the problems associated with the graph shown below, explain how they affect readers, and what needs to be done to correct the graph (University of Phoenix, 2010). [pic] (Misleading Graphs, 2011) Problems This bar chart represents sales from the year 1995 -1998, this is an assumption because there is no indication that the figures on the horizontal axis represent years. Charts can be quite useful in explaining many capacities of numbers. In looking at this chart, the boxes seem large because of the 3-D effect, which in this chart makes the 1995 bar seem taller than any of the other bars. The label “number of singles sold” on the vertical axis is unclear. The vertical axis also has no percentages or other numeric values indicating how much was sold and the horizontal axis is vague as it does not indicate what the numbers listed represent (Misleading Graphs, 2011). Effect on Users The chart is not properly set up for users to accurately read the...
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...Topic 1, Exploration 1 For each of the following variables, indicate whether it is quantitative or categorical. Then, identify the individual (or case) and write a sentence explaining why you might be interested in such a variable. a. The number of calories in a cup of breakfast cereal - This data is quantitative because it identifies the number as having a specified meaning. I would take interest in this variable if I was undertaking a new diet or adjusting my current diet and I needed to be able to account for the number of calories I consume each day. b. Salaries of last year’s college graduates - This data is quantitative because it identifies the number as having a specified meaning. I would take interest in this variable if I was examining the salary trends of college graduates for the purpose of determining whether I wanted to (or not) return to school to pursue a degree (especially in a specific field such as business). c. Preferred brand of cola - This data is categorical because it defines a set of data that has is being (or has yet to be identified). I would take interest in this variable as a marketing manager for a soft drink or snack company looking to increase one's market share in a certain demographic (for example, teenagers). d. Time it takes college freshmen to read a particular editorial - This data is quantitative because it identifies the number as having a specified meaning. I would take interest in this variable if I was the publisher...
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...method without going through figures, presented in the form of tables. Such visual representation can be described in the sections that follow. The basic difference between a graph and a diagram is that a graph is a representation of data by a continuous curve, usually shown on a graph paper while a diagram is any other one, two or three-dimensional form of visual representation Types of Diagrams I. Simple bar chart II. Multiple bar chart III. Component bar chart IV. Rectangles and Sub divided Rectangles V. Pictograms VI. Pie Diagrams Simple Bar Chart A simple bar chart is used to represents data involving only one variable classified on spatial, quantitative or temporal basis. In simple bar chart, we make bars of equal width but variable length, i.e. the magnitude of a quantity is represented by the height or length of the bars. Uses of Simple Bar Chart: 1. Vertical bar chart is an effective way for presenting a time series. 2. Vertical bar chart is also an effective way for presenting qualitative classified data. 3. Horizontal bars are useful for geographical or spatial distributions. Simple bar chart showing the profit of a bank for 5 years. Multiple Bar Charts: By multiple bars diagram two or more sets of inter-related data are represented (multiple bar diagram facilities...
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...1. Profit after Tax for a Pharmaceutical firm for the last six years is given below. Draw the bar diagram. Year | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | Profit (Cr) | 10.00 | 30.00 | 33.00 | 35.00 | 32.00 | 29.00 | Steps * Go to word document and choose the ‘Insert’ option from the tool bar. * Choose ‘Chart’ and select ‘Bar’ diagram on the fourth option and click ok. * An excel sheet will open with dummy values. Insert the required values and close the excel sheet * The graph is ready with the values as shown above 2. Draw a component bar diagram for the following data released to the number of branches of a nationalized bank. Year | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | Rural | 50 | 125 | 200 | 225 | 240 | 240 | 250 | 260 | 280 | Semi Urban | 75 | 100 | 110 | 125 | 125 | 130 | 130 | 140 | 160 | Urban | 50 | 50 | 50 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 80 | 90 | 100 | Metropolitan | 75 | 75 | 75 | 80 | 80 | 100 | 115 | 125 | 135 | Steps * Go to word document and choose the ‘Insert’ option from the tool bar. * Choose ‘Chart’ and select ‘Column’ diagram and click ‘Clustered Column’. * An excel sheet will open with dummy values. Insert the required values and close the excel sheet * The graph is ready with the values as shown above. 3. The following represents data related to the distribution of advances to various sectors by a nationalized bank for the year 2008. Present this data in a pie diagram. ...
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...time series data) Ex: 68,14,512,642, | Categorical variable | Gender, opinion, Yes/no, M/F, (places data into groups or categories) | Distribution (the whole graph) | List of all possible values of variable and how often they occur | Compare between categorical variable and quantitative variable Type | Categorical | Quantitative | Examples | Opinion, region, gender | Unemployment rates, stock price, length of time for phone service | Types of display | Pie chart, bar graphs | Histogram | What is the difference between pie chart and bar graph? Pie charts: show percent (relative frequency) and sum to 100% bar groups: shoe counts (frequency) or percentage (relative frequency) in each category What is the difference between Histogram and bar chart? Similar to bar chart except it uses number line and the bars are connected to other Exercise: if there were 10 male and 14 females in a class, what is the variable & type of data? Variable: gender type of data: categorical (because they are groups) Interpret: 42% of the class is male while 58% are females (n=24) (just an example) What is a histogram? A graph that shows the distribution of a quantitative data set by putting the data into numerical groupings Purpose: find out how many data values lie in each group (# or % in each group) make a graph...
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...The purpose for this experiment was to make comparisons between multiple toy cars by using excel to insert formulas and create various graphs. In the same distance experiment, the Taco truck was the fastest car. The “same distance bar graph” created showed that the Taco truck had the fastest velocity because it displayed the Taco truck bar longer than the other cars. The Taco truck had a velocity of 1.26m/s, while the VW van had a velocity of 1.25m/s, and the Bug car’s velocity was 1.05m/s. The VW van was the fastest car in the different distance experiment. The “different distance bar graph” created for this experiment displayed the VW van with the longest bar. The VW van had a velocity of 1.44m/s, while the Taco truck had a velocity of 1.38m/s, and the Bug car had a velocity of 0.97m/s. In the “distance vs. time graph”, the Spidey car was the...
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...assess the accuracy, and consistency of their 150-gram bar soap production line. They are interested in seeking; the reliability, average weight and range of each soap bar. By conducting this study Beaver Brothers, Inc. wants to see the consistency of their machines, dependability of their marketing tools and the level of assurance that they are promoting and supplying trustworthy products to their consumers. Beaver Brother, Inc. achieves their wanted information by collecting 25 samples of 5 observations and recorded the data in a table. The task is to use these collected samples to create; means, graphs, and tables to present the data and draw conclusions about the production line. This is to be done using quantitative and qualitative data, consisting of reliable and relevant information. Answers and Conclusions a) The first assignment was to create the control charts showing that the process of the machinery is in statistical control. This was accomplished using the x-bar charts program on the POM software. By viewing Graph 1, you are able to see the range of the weight within each sample group. You can see that the range diversifies from up to eleven grams in study 22, as low as less than one gram in study 24. There is a consistent trend however, that the average range of each five observations ranges at around 6.59 grams. Graph 1 is inconclusive by itself. It does not demonstrate the gram weight of each soap bar, which is the most vital information to the company...
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...oo Visual Communication Assignment ------------------------------------------------- Summer 2014 Techincal Writing Courtney Evans @029644291 Memorandum To: Fall 2014 Technical Writing students From: Courtney Evans @02644291 Subject: Visual Communication Assignment Date: July 21, 2014 Introduction All students in the fall technical writing course at Howard University are required to learn about visual communications. In order to gain a better understanding, I will be providing you with tips and other useful information. The purpose of this memo is to discuss the proper use and integration of visual aids and designs in text. Visual Aids Visual aids can help you understand and reach objectives by providing visual emphasis on what is being said. They emphasize focal points and convey information using graphics to facilitate understanding. Psychologist Jerome Bruner of New York University notes in Power of Visual Communication (2004), “people remember ten percent of what they hear and twenty percent of what they read, but about eighty percent of what they see and do.” Visual aids are useful because they help you to be able to grasp your audience’s attention. Designing Visual Aids According to the McGraw-Hill Publishing Company (2004), there are six guidelines to adhere by to ensure you design effective visual aids. 1. Plan and Prepare Visuals Aids in Advance Visual Aids take time to develop...
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...Trial Reporting Using SAS/GRAPH® SG Procedures Susan Schwartz, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC ABSTRACT Graphics are a powerful way to display clinical trial data. By their very nature, clinical trials generate a large amount of information, and a concise visual presentation of the results is essential. Information about the patient population, drug dosages, clinical responses, and adverse events must be clear. Clinical laboratory results need to be presented within the context of acceptable limits, and subtle changes over time must be highlighted. This presentation will show, by example, how such graphs can easily be created using the SAS/GRAPH® SG procedures. The techniques that will be emphasized in this presentation include: • • • • • • Creation of a dose response plot by overlaying multiple plots in one graph Construction of a hematology panel using treatment regimen and visit numbers as the classification variables Presentation of a matrix of liver function tests (LFTs) for at-risk patients Aggregation of data into on-the-fly classification variables using user-defined formats Getting the axis you want using built-in best fit algorithms Generation of publication-ready graphs in color and in black and white INTRODUCTION The new SAS/GRAPH procedures—SGPLOT, SGPANEL, and SGSCATTER—provide new tools for viewing and reporting data collected during clinical trials. The SG procedures are an extension of the ODS Graphics framework, providing access to the Graph Template Language (GTL)...
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