...Vy Truong REL C 212 - 011 12/12/2014 THE GENERAL EPISTLES OF 1 AND 2 PETER The General Epistles of 1 and 2 Peter were written by Peter between 60 and 65 A.D. They were not intended for a specific church but written for all believers of the Church in general. Peter’s letters showed the internal strife that affected the church. Peter showed how external persecution should be handled, and he mentioned the significance of being a religio licita. During his life, Peter composed several apocryphal texts including the Gospel of Peter, Acts of Peter, Acts of Peter and Hebrew, Acts of Peter and the Twelve, Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter, a Letter of Peter to Phillip, Apocalypse of Peter, Coptic Apocalypse of Peter, the Gospel of Mary, the Pseudo-Clementina, the Gospel of Thomas, The Pistis-Sophia, the Dialogue of the Savior, and the Apocryphon of James. During that time, in the Christian church, there were three things about Christians that concerned the Gentiles including Pax Deorum, Cannibalism, and Immorality. However, Roman persecution of Christians was not as extensive as described. In his Epistles, Peter talked about Jesus and His suffering for human beings so that humans can have the opportunity to repent and be cleansed. “For Christ also hath once suffered for sins, the just for the unjust, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh, but quickened by the Spirit” (1 Peter 3:19). There was one important question that caused some debates among people at that...
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...Hammadi texts discovered in Egypt reintroduced the world to Gnostic Christianity Biblical Archaeology Society Staff • 07/01/2014 This Bible History Daily feature was originally published in March 2011. It has been updated.—Ed. The Nag Hammadi texts were contained in 13 leather-bound volumes discovered by Egyptian farmers in 1945. Dated papyrus scraps used to strengthen the bindings of the books helped date the volumes to the mid-fourth century A.D. Photo: Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, Claremont, CA. Until the discovery of the Nag Hammadi codices in 1945, the Gnostic view of early Christianity had largely been forgotten. The teachings of Gnostic Christianity—vilified especially since they were declared heretic by orthodox Christianity in the fourth century—had been virtually erased from history by the early church fathers, their gospels banned and even burned to make room for the view of Christian theology outlined in the canonical Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. But when two peasants discovered the Nag Hammadi texts, a 13-volume library of Coptic texts hidden beneath a large boulder near the town of Nag Hammadi in upper Egypt, the world was reintroduced to this long-forgotten and much-maligned branch of early Christian thought, Gnostic Christianity, from the Greek word gnosis, “knowledge.” The Nag Hammadi codices are 13 leather-bound volumes dated to the mid-fourth century that contain an unprecedented collection of more than 50 texts, including...
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...SCHOOL OF DIVINITY A RESEARCH ON REVELATION 3:1-6 A RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE BOOK OF REVELATION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN DIVNITY BY STEPHEN GEDDAM LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA October 22, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION 1 CONTEXT 1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT 2 LITERARY CONTEXT 3 ANALYSIS OF TEXT 4 APPLICATION 13 CONCLUSION 17 BIBLIOGRAPHY 20 INTRODUCTION Often we see in many churches that, they appear to be very much alive and spiritually in active in the way they act in those churches. But in reality they are spiritually dead by the circumstance when we get to know more about those churches. This is the same situation that we see with the church in Sardis. Sardis was a wealthy city full of gold taken from the nearby Pactolus River. The city was located on a high hill at the intersection of the five roads. Like the other cities addressed in revelation 2-3, the church of Sardis was probably founded through Paul’s ministry in Ephesus.Revelation 3:1-6 deals with the writings to the angel of the church in Sardis. Well we can see how amazing the writings to the letters of John are for the churches today and for the past 20 centuries and it seems like the problem still exists even now. To welcome at an understanding of this passage briefly, this paper will offer an exegetical...
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...History 1122 Research Paper Dr. Yu April 28, 2008 Ras Tafari Makonnen & the Evolution of Ethiopia Let’s go on an expedition far beyond Ohio. Distant from the United States, across sea to Africa! Come and travel to the grand Ethiopia and discover Rastafar! Ascertain the beautiful land, people, values, and government of Ethiopia. Deicide if the Rastafarian movement is where you belong. Voyage to a place in which Haile Selassie is the emperor who deserves the upmost praise from his people for his revolutionary ideas of government. Gain a sense of pride to be not only African but a part of the Ethiopian dynasty of royalty. Let's go... Ethiopia is divided into fourteen administrative units, or provinces: Shoa, Harar, Bale, Sidamo, Gamu-Gofa, Kaffa, Illubabor, Wollega, Gojam, Beghemder, Wello, Arussi, Tigre, and Eritrea. Ethiopia's economy is severely underdeveloped. It has a per-capita income of approximately US$64 a year; about ninety percent of the population earns a living from farming or livestock. Ethiopia's major money crop coffee accounts for nearly sixty percent of the nation’s exports. Ethiopia is also Africa's fourth largest producer of coffee. Skin, hides, and meat are also exported, as are oil seed, oil cakes, fruits, vegetables, and spices. Ethiopia's major trading partners are the U.S, West Germany, Britain, Italy, and Japan. The population of Ethiopia is estimated at between twenty-two and twenty- seven million. Throughout much of its history, the county has...
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...As a result of the fall human life has never been the same; anthropology is also concerned with human dignity, freedom, depravity, culture, and society. Since the creation of the world God had a plan to redeem mankind from sin through the cross of Christ Jesus by the shedding of His blood. Accordingly man freedom is the heart of the cross of Jesus. When we study man, his fall and redemption we have to understand our sins hence we have the word Hamartiogy. “Hamartiology,” is a word made up by two Greek terms hamartia meaning “sin” and logos. Furthermore it includes the biblical doctrine of sin including its origin, nature, transmission, effects, and judgment. In this essay the writer will briefly examine texts from the Bible Genesis to Revelation to demonstrate that the cross is at the heart of Christian Anthropology. The writer will also explain that the cross was God’s divine plan; therefore Jesus (God-man), the cross, His blood and resurrection should not be separated. Furthermore the writer will also demonstrate that the death of Jesus Christ was a sacrifice of our sins. The Cross The cross...
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...and Economic Research, University College of the West Indies, 1960. 54p. Reprinted in: Reprinted in 1968, and in Caribbean Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 3, (September 1967), pp. 3-29; and vol. 13, no. 4 (December 1967), pp. 3-14. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF THE WEST INDIES THE RAS TAFARI MOVEMENT IN KINGSTON, JAMAICA. By M. G. Smith Roy Au/;ier Rex Nettleford INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1960 CONTENTS Foreword Chapter I II III Introduction History of the Movement Recent Developments 7 8 15 IV The Doctrines of the Movement V The Movement's Current Organisation VI VII What Ras Tafari Brethren Want Summary of Recommendations 22 28 33 38 Appendices I II Letter: Land Grant Letters: Ethiopian Orthodox Church 39 41 43 III Niyabingi Men IV The Creed of a Ras Tafari Man 48 20th July, 1960. My dear Premier, At the request of some prominent members of the Ras Tafari brethren, three members of the U.C.W.I. staff, Roy Augier, Rex Nettleford, and M. G. Smith, spent every day of two weeks with Ras Tafari brethren, making a survey of the movement, its organisation and its aspirations. They have produced a report, which I enclose herewith. The team has made a number of recommendations, which require urgent consideration. The movement is large, and in a state of great unrest. Its problems require priority treatment. Though the movement has no single leader, or group of leaders, it is willing to produce a small group of prominent representatives...
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...The Christian church that has been an influential spiritual vigor in Western civilization’s history and alongside with Protestantism and Eastern Orthodoxy, one of the three main aspects of Christianity, the Roman Catholic Church follows its past to Jesus Christ and his Apostles. In excess of centuries, Catholicism has built up an extremely refined theology and an intricate clerical composition regulated by the papacy, which is the oldest enduring definitive dominion in the world. In retrospect, the explanation of Roman Catholicism is directly linked as a relation of Christianity. In its individual analysis of history, Roman Catholicism was created in the actual rise of Christianity (Fairchild, 2011). An indispensable element of the characterization of any of the other domains of the Christian countries and groups in addition to its association to Roman Catholicism, how did Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy happen to divide? Was the split among Rome and the Church of England predestined? On the contrary, these questions could be vital to the explanation of Roman Catholicism itself. Such a description that remains rigorously to the authoritative Roman Catholic examination a general consensus in which the Roman Catholic Church has preserved a steady continuity from the time of the Apostles, all the while other religious groups, from the earliest Coptic to the modern church are a divergence from it. Now, the belief of faith that is shared by Christian churches is embedded...
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...Teaching THE BIBLE: REVELATION AND AUTHORITY Richard M. Davidson 402-00 Institute for Christian Teaching 12501 Old Columbia Pike Silver Spring, MD 20904 USA Symposium on the Bible and Adventist Scholarship Juan Dolio, Dominican Republic March 19-26, 2000 Page 1 of 33THE BIBLE: REVELATION AND AUTHORITY 3/2/2014http://fae.adventist.org/essays/26Bcc_017 -055.htm Introduction I have not always held the view of Scriptural revelation and authority that I now maintain. Having journeyed through a different perspective on the revelation/authority of Scripture and then returning to the position that I now hold, I am convinced that this issue is basic to all other issues in the church. The destiny of our church depends on how its members regard the revelation and authority of the Bible. In the following pages I have summarized the biblical self-testimony on its revelation and authority. The major focus of the paper is biblical authority, but a short statement concerning revelation-inspiration-illumination introduces the subject, and other biblical testimony on the nature of revelation is subsumed under the discussion of biblical authority. The paper also includes a brief historical treatment of the Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment understandings of biblical revelation/authority and an analysis and critique of their basic presuppositions in light of Scripture. Following the conclusion, a selected bibliography of sources cited and other useful books and articles ...
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...Institute for Christian Teaching THE BIBLE: REVELATION AND AUTHORITY Richard M. Davidson 402-00 Institute for Christian Teaching 12501 Old Columbia Pike Silver Spring, MD 20904 USA Symposium on the Bible and Adventist Scholarship Juan Dolio, Dominican Republic March 19-26, 2000 Introduction I have not always held the view of Scriptural revelation and authority that I now maintain. Having journeyed through a different perspective on the revelation/authority of Scripture and then returning to the position that I now hold, I am convinced that this issue is basic to all other issues in the church. The destiny of our church depends on how its members regard the revelation and authority of the Bible. In the following pages I have summarized the biblical self-testimony on its revelation and authority. The major focus of the paper is biblical authority, but a short statement concerning revelation-inspiration-illumination introduces the subject, and other biblical testimony on the nature of revelation is subsumed under the discussion of biblical authority. The paper also includes a brief historical treatment of the Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment understandings of biblical revelation/authority and an analysis and critique of their basic presuppositions in light of Scripture. Following the conclusion, a selected bibliography of sources cited and other useful books and articles on the subject is provided. Appendices include: (1) a chart schematizing the two major...
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...Christianity | | Judaism | Nature of God | | Trinity | | Unity | Nature of Messiah | | Divine, Sin Sacrifice | | Only human, Righteous King | Atonement | | Blood Required | | Prayer and Repentance | Sin | | Everyone stained by Adam and Eve ("original sin") | | All begin with clean slate | Righteousness | | No one | | Within our power to choose | Satan | | Fallen angel | | Agent of God | Torah | | Written only | | Written and Oral | Commandments | | Not eternal or valuable | | Eternal and of ultimate value | Exclusivity | | Only Christians go to heaven | | All righteous have a place in the world to come. | Land of Israel | | Irrelevant | | Crucial | Jews | | Replaced by the church; or irrelevant | | God’s chosen people | Judaism is one of the world’s oldest religions, dating back up to 2000 years BC from the time when God first called Abraham to leave his home and follow Him. At that time, God made a covenant (or agreement) with Abraham in which He promised to make Abraham the father of a great nation and that one day his descendants would inherit the land of Canaan if Abraham followed him. God’s plan was gradually revealed through the Old Testament and built on with further promises to Moses, David and the prophets. This plan in essence is to undo many of the effects of the fall (the sin of Adam and Eve in Eden which led to the loss of God’s initial blessing and made man God’s enemy). The key elements of this...
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...THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS AND RADICALISM Dr. M. LAL GOEL Also known as Dr. Madan Lal Goel University of West Florida lgoel@uwf.edu Abstract. The notion of a clash of civilizations has gained notoriety since the terrorist attack on WTC on 9/11/2001. Professor Samuel P. Huntington has popularized the view that the coming global conflict will be among major civilizations, not among different political ideologies. He identifies eight major civilizations: the Western (Europe and North America), Slavic (Russia and Eastern Europe), Islamic, Confucian, Hindu, Japanese, Latin American, and the African. Of particular focus in the present paper is the threat to civilization from radical Islam. Three factors that foment radicalism are described: the Islamic theology of exclusiveness, the nostalgic memory of a Muslim empire that lasted nearly 1,000 years, and the consequences of oil boom in the Middle East. Population estimates for different civilizations are provided at the end. Introduction The theory of a clash of civilizations has been with us for some time. British historian Arnold Toynbee used the term in a series of lectures he delivered in 1953. The Middle East specialist Bernard Lewis wrote in 1990 that the Muslim rage against the West is “no less than a clash of civilizations” (Lewis, 1990, p 60). Samuel P. Huntington, a Harvard University political science professor, has given new currency to the notion of a clash of civilizations. His 1993 article in Foreign...
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...Mary (mother of Jesus) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Virgin mary) Jump to: navigation, search "Virgin Mary" redirects here. For other uses, see Virgin Mary (disambiguation). "Saint Mary" redirects here. For other uses, see Saint Mary (disambiguation). This article is an overview. For specific views, see: Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, Ecumenical, Islamic, Lutheran, Protestant, and Roman Catholic perspectives. Mary The Madonna in Sorrow, by Sassoferrato, 17th century Born Unknown; celebrated 8 September[1] Residence Nazareth, Galilee Nationality Israelite, Roman Empire[2] Ethnicity Israelite Spouse Joseph[3] Children Jesus of Nazareth Parents (According to the Gospel of James, circa 2nd Century AD): Joachim and Anne[4] Mary (Hebrew: מִרְיָם, Miriam; Aramaic: Maryām; Arabic:مريم, Maryam), variously called Saint Mary, Mother Mary, the Virgin Mary, the Theotokos, the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mary, Mother of God, and, in Islam, as Maryam, mother of 'Isa, was an Israelite[5] woman of Nazareth in Galilee who lived in the late 1st century BC and early 1st century AD, and is considered by Christians to be the first proselyte to Christianity. She is identified in the New Testament[Mt 1:16,18-25][Lk 1:26-56][2:1-7] and in the Qur'an as the mother of Jesus through divine intervention. Christians hold her son Jesus to be "Christ" (i.e. the messiah), and Muslims regard him as an important prophet of God. The canonical gospels of Matthew and...
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...Christianity Christianity (from the Ancient Greek word Χριστός, Christos, a translation of the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one",together with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas) is an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and oral teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. Christianity is the world's largest religion, with approximately 2.2 billion adherents, known as Christians. Most Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God, fully divine and fully human, and the saviour of humanity whose coming was prophesied in the Old Testament. Consequently, Christians refer to Jesus as Christ or the Messiah. The foundations of Christian theology are expressed in ecumenical creeds. These professions of faith state that Jesus suffered, died, was buried, and was resurrected from the dead in order to grant eternal life to those who believe in him and trust in him for the remission of their sins. The creeds further maintain that Jesus bodily ascended into heaven, where he reigns with God the Father. Most Christian denominations teach that Jesus will return to judge everybody, living and dead, and to grant eternal life to his followers. He is considered the model of a virtuous life. His ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as "the gospel", meaning "good news" (a loan translation of the Greek: εὐαγγέλιον euangélion). The term gospel also refers to written accounts of Jesus's life and teaching, four of which...
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...4 March: City of God – Utopian Reader – include a little bit on it – 22 volumes in all. Christianity – Augustine – classicly trained greek scholar. City in north Africa. Story like apostle Paul – orginially a person who persecuted Christians – north African wealth family from – found enlightenment in Christianity. Once he joined became one of the early scholars trained in greek – regulized Christian theology. Influence on western world – top four or five who influenced. Confessions and City of God his writings…look up! What’s the purpose of improving human society – complex – why do it? Can human society be made better? Why bother, what is the point, justification? Takes effort, misery involved, change, unknowns, takes energy, takes risks. HAPPINESS – justification for improving society. What do you have to have to be happy? What is happiness – PHI 101 – happiness according to whom? Lack of misery; literally the elimination of misery. Secondly, food – gives pleasure – Happiness is lack of human misery and maximizing /pleasure and happiness. Bliss 24/7 – hedonism Epicureanism – eliminating misery and maximizing happiness. The justification of utopianism = why did plato want the republic? Justisifcation for improving human society among the Greeks? Poor always poor, always unhappy, death claims everyone - it is rational to maximize pleasure and eliminate misery. Do eternally accouding to plato. Opinions – 1. Relativism is a retreat in the 20th century. Can’t...
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...com****** COSMIC CODES Copyright © 1999 by Koinonia House Revised 2004 P.O. Box D Coeur d’Alene, ID 83816-0347 Web Site: http://www.khouse.org Second Printing 2004 Third Printing 2011 ISBN 978-1-57821-072-5 Design and production by Koechel Peterson & Associates, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Scripture quotations in this book are taken from the King James Version of the Bible. All rights reserved. No portion of this book may reproduced in any form without the written permission of the Publisher. Printed in the United States of America. ******ebook converter DEMO - www.ebook-converter.com******* ******Created by ebook converter - www.ebook-converter.com****** “Cosmic Codes was the authoritative resource that we relied on in the research of our PAX-TV/Discovery Channel television special Secrets of the Bible Code Revealed. It’s absolutely packed with fascinating factual information on all of the Bible-related codes.” DAVID W. BALSIGER PRODUCER, SECRETS OF THE BIBLE CODE REVEALED “Chuck Missler writes from a technological and Biblical background in this cutting-edge analysis of the hidden codes of the Bible. This thoroughly researched book assists those investigating the inerrancy of the Word of God.” JOHN ANKERBERG ANKERBERG THEOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE THE JOHN ANKERBERG SHOW “Chuck Missler has searched the entire range of the Bible and documented the presence of messages held beyond a simple reading of the text. For many, the information in Cosmic...
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