...Environmental Issues That Challenge an Uprising As many historical events the Boxer Rebellion has been studied, and numerous historians have determined varied events that can be successfully chosen as the cause of the peasant uprising in China in the late 19th and early 20th century. Some historians believe the Boxer Rebellion was caused by environmental factors, while other lean towards causes that do not reflect those factors. After substantial research and thought, the historical controversy can be answered by evidence that the rebellion was generated from the result of the drought in the Northern plains of Chinese territory. To determine this conclusion two qualified authors of this topic had been chosen to research, which include...
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...Chinese Christians. The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising of the Righteous Harmony Society against the West in northern China between 1898 and 1901. The Boxers began as an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist peasant based movement. It is also said to be a religious revolution against national corruption in the form of foreign missionaries, soldiers, and diplomats, as well as native Christians. Reforms were implemented after the crisis in 1900, which laid the foundation for the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Chinese Republic. In this article, we see that the author demonstrates that this event can be split into that of true history and myth. History in three keys is a work written about the point of view of its author, but not always portrayed in a factual sense. Cohen’s view in the article follows the categories of event, experience, and myth. Historical retelling is in constant tension with two other more influential ways of knowing the past - experience and myth. History retells itself through the accounts of historians with those of participants and witnesses; and sets these perspectives against the range of popular myths that were fashioned about the Boxers. One part tells the Boxer rebellion as recreated by historians. The next explores the feelings and behavior of the direct participants in the Boxer experience who understood what was actually happening to them at the time unlike historians. Lastly, Cohen studies the myths surrounding the uprising in China and moreover...
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...When investigating the Boxer rebellion it was revealed that, for the Chinese, the old political adage that ‘despite the best-laid plans, not all desires are realised’ is proven true. In the 19th century, many Chinese peasants were starving and anguished due to recurring drought, and famine. This turned out to be the main motive for the uprising of the Boxer Rebellion. Multiple forms of local corruption also meant that the peasants were paying far more tax than they could manage. Different forms of natural disasters within China were gradually becoming more common. This started to affect the Chinese economy and the lives of numerous peasants, farmers and fishermen (Brodie, 2008).Several peasants believed that the actions of humans and the Heavens were connected, and...
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...Amy Landers HIST 313: History of China II: Ch’ing Critique on The Boxer Uprising, 1900 (pg. 387-406) In the introduction the chapter starts out with The Coup d’état of 1898, which put power back into the hands of the Manchus and with this the Empress Dowager wasn’t going to make any more exceptions to foreign powers. In February 1899 she took a hardline against the foreigners starting with the Italians who demanded the cession of the Sanmen Bay in Chekiang. The Empress ordered the governor of Chekiang to fight enemy landings without hesitation; her hard line view of refusing to deal with foreigners was made clear when the Italians backed down in October. On November 21, 1899 Dowager instructed the provincial authorities to entertain no more fantasies of peace and so began a fervent antiforeign movement, which would turn very bloody. The Chinese people had dealt with half a century of foreign humiliation due to forced opening of trade after the loss in the opium wars, which resulted in unequal treaties and the Treaties of Tientsin in 1858 and with loss in the Sino-Japanese war. One of the factors for the uprising the text talks about is the Antipathy Toward Christianity. The Chinese people were ingrained with the teachings of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Christianity was greatly resented due to the fact that The Treaties of Tientsin in 1858 “allowed free propagation in the interior and with the Conventions of Peking in 1860, which granted the missionaries the...
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...MODERN HISTORY UNIT 1 MULTI-MODAL PRESENTATION – THE BOXER REBELLION INTRODUCTION The Boxer Uprising and Rebellion in 1901 further weakened an already destabilised Qing Government and was a key component in governmental change. After the first Opium war with Great Britain from 1839- 1842, China was coming under an increase in pressure from various foreign powers. Following the war, foreigners were given the rights to control trade, collect customs money and run the courts in dozens of Chinese cities, called ‘Treaty Ports’. China had suffered the violation of the powers, although once it was suddenly made clear that the country was defenceless against modern military organisation and weapons, this encroachment was flung into a scramble for concessions. This scramble intensified the already present Chinese hatred of the foreigner. Hong Kong was given to the British in 1842, Indochina was taken by the French in 1884, and Taiwan was taken by Japan in 1894 following their war success over China. Germany and Russia also started to gain influence throughout China (Salem Press, 1992). The Qing government, also known as the Ch’ing government, was heavily manipulated by the West. This led to the distrust and lack of support by the Chinese public – severely weakening the government. The Boxer Uprising and Rebellion during 1901 was a pivotal point in the eventual destruction and downfall of the Qing by Sun Yat-Sen and the formal abdication of the last emperor Puyi in 1912 (Szczepanski...
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...of being revolutionary, the decline in imperial China, their rise of their military as well as the change in the political parties, China also had factors of being a continuation such as their economy and the leaderships. However there wasn’t many factors of China showing to be a continuation this was because China was changing massively and at a fast rate during this period of time. One way to show that China was a revolutionary was the Boxer Rising. This was a popular anti-western movement in China, which was supported by peasants (such as farmers) uprising in 1900 which was set up to drive all foreigners out of China. It was a violent anti-foreigner and anti-Christian movement; it was motivated by proto-nationalists and backed by the empress dowager CIXI. In 1900 the Boxers besieged the foreign embassies in Beijing for two months until they were relieved by an international force. The rising was intervened by the Great Powers, which defeated the Chinese forces; because of this it further reduced the authority of the QING dynasty. The Boxer Risings changed China quite a lot: It made the leaders of China realise that they had to modernize and adopt European technology as well as this it also helped to opened the doors for Revolutionary movements such as the Communist Party and the to rise and to gain the support of China's people. Another factor that shows how revolutionary China was, was the End of the Chinese Empire. The Taiping Rebellion (1849-60) was the start of the end...
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...Qing dynasty in 1911-12 and the role played by nationalism and foreign interference in bringing about its collapse. Answers may refer to the failure of the Boxer Rising in 1900 and the subsequent development of a new nationalist movement devoted to the overthrow of the dynasty. In 1905 Sun Yat-sen formed the Revolutionary Alliance based in Tokyo which was strongly supported by students who had trained overseas. The Alliance carried out small and unsuccessful actions against the government over the next few years. In 1911 there was a backlash against the raising of foreign loans to pay for the nationalisation of trunk lines which led to the Wuchan uprising and the start of the revolution. Sun Yat-sen was elected President of the Chinese Republic but resigned in favour of Yuan Shikai in 1912. * failure of the Boxer Rising in 1900 yes The unequal treaties and the dependence in the wake of the boxer revolution are both factors responsible for the fall of the dynasty due to foreign interference. The war with Japan was followed by a series of treaties with the European powers and the USA. They obtained concessions from the Chinese government and China was often forced to pay indemnities to the western powers in exchange for loans. The efforts of reform that had been put in place in the wake of the boxer rebellion begin to stall out in 1908 when Guangxu and Cixi die within hours of each other. The result of this is that a little boy called Puyi came to the...
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...Opium Wars were two trading wars in the mid-19th century in which western nations gained commercial privileges in China. Internationally, these wars changed China’s position in the world. Before the failure of these wars, China was at the center of the world economy as Europeans and Americans sought Chinese goods. Under the influence of the Confucianism for thousands of years, China viewed itself as “the Center of Civilization” and carried out the Tribute System towards other countries who wanted to trade with it. The results of these two wars were that China was forced to sign a series of unequal treaties, which made China cede territory to the UK, pay a great amount of reparations, and opened 16 treaty ports and so on. China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society and its international status was severely threatened. These wars also mean the end of the Tribute System. Meiji Restoration was a series of events that restored imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under the Meiji Emperor. It brought about the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate and returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under the emperor Meiji and the beginning of Meiji Period. This revolution contributed to the build of a successful modern nation-state, the rapid modernization and westernization of Japan and also it meant the origin of Japan’s economic growth. Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) was the conflict between Japan and China. It marked the emergence of Japan as a major world...
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...Wanted a centralized state. Point of View Samurais in rebellious states Bias? Who? Yes. Biased because the samurais wanted to overthrow the Shogunate. Despite China’s imperial system, it was Japan that modernized its state first. What in this document helps explain why this happened? Use specific details/evidence. Japan was persistent on “not... [yielding] to the subordinate” nations. This goal drove them to undergo a mass political revolution. They decided to improve their own country before going to war with the West. China, went to war prematurely and lost many men and a lot of capital because of it. Document 10: Key Information: Japan (underdog) won a war against China Boxer Rebellion started from a troubled China. China’s government sided with the Boxers International force invaded to free the Boxers. Half of the troops were Japanese. Point of View Japanese Bias? Who? Yes this was biased. It sided with the Japanese...
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...began. 3) What was the primary motive of the Meiji Restoration in Japan? The primary motive of the Meiji Restoration in Japan was to make Japan superpower and equal competitor of European powers. Japan wanted to become strong, so it could defend itself. Japan remodeled into a significant industrial and military authority. All foreign ideas, practices, and techniques were embraced in an attempt to further strengthen Japan. For example, the government was modeled after Germany, the navy after Britain, and the army after Prussia. Japanese students were sent all over the world to learn foreign ways. The citizens of the “new” Japan were literate, educated, loyal, and compliant. 4) What was the Boxer Uprising and how did it encourage Japanese expansion in mainland Asia? The Boxer Uprising was a chain anti-foreign uproars in China. The riots were crushed by European and Japanese powers in Beijing. Because China was weakened, Japan and Russia fought for control of the mineral abundant Chinese region of Manchuria. Japan defeated Russia, which established its new strength, and became one of the world’s colonial powers. It had control over Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan. 5) What was the difference between Japan's and China's reaction to Western imperial interference, and what were the overall consequences for each country? China was totally against becoming Westernized and fought against the Europeans throughout the entire process. Japan, on the other hand, totally embraced the imperial...
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...of Russia) in the 1920s to early 1950s Characters: Mr. Jones, Old Major, Snowball, Napoleon, Squealer, Boxer, Clover, Benjamin, Mollie, Moses, Frederick, Pilkington, Mr. Whymper, Minimus, Pinkeye Summary: Old Major the pig calls the animals over to tell them that they should have an uprising against Mr. Jones. After this, Old Major dies but the other animals are inspired by him and want to conduct animalism. The pigs are smarter than the other animals and start to run the farm. They have a revolution and successfully remove Mr. Jones, from the farm. The pigs create the rules of no sleeping in beds, no wearing clothes, no alcohol, no killing other animals, all animals are equal, and whoever has four legs or wings is a friend. Napoleon and the pigs, being the rulers, are starting to use the fresh milk and eat the apples because they “need” it. Napoleon also employs Squealer to persuade the other farm animals that the pigs are doing nothing wrong. Jones returns and the animals win at the battle of Cowshed. Mollie leaves the farm due to her interest in sugar and ribbons and never comes back. Snowball draws up plans for a windmill and Napoleon denies them and runs Snowball off the farm forever with his pack of dogs. After Napoleon chases Snowball off, he says the windmill was his idea after all and uses Snowball as a scapegoat for all the farms troubles. The next year, Boxer proves to be the most useful animal as he practically leads the construction of the windmill. Napoleon...
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...China was originally ruled by Manchu.However,the inability of Qing government had aroused social discontent.As a result,more and more people chose to engage in the revolutionary activities.Dr Sun Yat Sin,one of the leader of the revolutionaries,had initiated 1911 Revolution.So was 1911 Revolution a turning point of modern China history?To a large extent,I agree with this statement. To commence with,1911 Revolution had contributed to the end of the monarchical form of Chinese government.Before 1911 Revolution,China had been ruled by the monarchical form of government for over two thousand years.Emperor possessed the highest power in the country and the general public must show absolute obedience on his demand.People were deprived of their political rights as most of them were never granted a chance to become a government official.In the 1911 Revolution,Yuan Shikai,with his military power,forced the Qing emperor Xuantong to abdicate.All the previous Qing officials soon lost their political powers.With the downfall of Qing dynasty,the monarchical form of government seemed to come to an end.On 12 February 1912,268 years of Manchu rule ended.After 1911 Revolution,the head of the country was called president rather than emperor.Instead of monarchism,republicanism was practiced.Every Chinese could have a chance to vote for their leaders.People could also have a chance to speak up for themselves.Electoral elements were introduced to the political system.Comparing with the autocratic...
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...- as Orwell criticises the blind following of faith, made paramount by his noun use of 'slaves'. Concurrently, the animals are being threatened by Napoleon - 'This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half' - as Napoleon constructs his own justice system to protect his reign. This absolutism from both Napoleon and the court is oppressive in the sense that it dictates whether someone is good or evil, thus making it extremely difficult to rebel when the majority is fearful of putting their lives in danger. For instance, Orwell's character Boxer holds a naïve trust in the rulings of Napoleon, as he lacks the ability to recognise the most blatant forms of corruption, and it is clear that Orwell condemns this as Boxer is met with an untimely death. Significantly, the alternate hierarchy established, that Boxer is a part of, is foreshadowed in Chapter I as the pigs and dogs sit in front of the other animals during Old Major's meeting, as a point of reference for readers to see how the existing class divisions continually got larger as the novella progressed. In this vein, both Orwell and Miller chose to write allegories to show that history is repeating itself: there may not have been witches, but Communists do exist. In this fashion, Anti-Soviet literature was often frowned upon by the majority of publishers, establishing an oppressive society for authors: as stated in Malcolm Bradbury's introduction, 'Orwell was...
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...Rationales for United States Imperialism When thinking of the word imperialism, one may think of it as forcefully taking independence away from a country for the benefit of a more powerful country. Imperialism can be seen either positively or negatively based on the reasons and or the outcome depending on the situation. The United States imperialism began in the late 1800’s and since then, has been influencing other countries in political, economic, and cultural ways. The effects of United States imperialism have been positive in countries like Panama because of the ideal of democracy has been spread; however, Puerto Rico might view it differently. Some foreign policies also developed as a result of America’s imperialism. The United States involvement in Panama has been both helpful and beneficial to both countries. United States initially went to Panama to build the Panama Canal because they saw it as vessel to traffic goods to build economic growth using the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. It was not that easy for the United States to do so due to Columbia’s involvement with Panama at that time. Panama was owned by Columbia and would not permit America to build much less use a canal in Panama. Panama was not pleased with Columbia ruling their country, so they allowed the United States to help them get from under Columbia’s rule in return for the passageway known today as the Panama Canal. The United States helped Panama escape the Columbian control and stayed...
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...relations 220-589 (Dark Ages) North-South division North ruled by non-Chinese invaders 589-618 Sui Dynasty Reunification of empire 618-907 Tang Dynasty Military expansion into Central Asia Civil service exams main path to government office 960-1270 Song Dynasty North ruled by non-Chinese invaders 1279-1368 Yuan Dynasty Mongol conquest and rule 1368-1644 Ming Dynasty Chinese restoration Great Wall built 1644-1911 Qing Dynasty Manchu conquest and rule 1839-42 1851-64 Opium War Taiping Rebellion 1860s-90s 1885 1894 1898 1900 1905 1911 Self-Strengthening Movement Sino-French War over Vietnam Sino-Japanese War over Korea Kang Youwei’s 100 Days Reform Boxer Uprising Sun Yat-sen forms Revolutionary Alliance Republican Revolution 1912-1949 Republic of China Yuan Shikai Presidency 1913 1915 1916 Yuan establishes military dictatorship Yuan imperial restoration Civil War 1916-26 1919 1921 1922 Warlord period May 4th Incident Founding of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Nationalist Party revitalization by Sun Yat-sen United Front with CCP Death of Sun Yat-sen (Succession by Chiang Kai-shek) 1925 1926-27 1931 1934 1936 Nationalist reunification Purge of CCP Japanese seize Manchuria CCP Long March to north China Kidnapping of Chiang...
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