...360 CRIME AND ALCOHOL MCGLOTHLIN, W., COHEN, S., & MCGLOTHLIN, M. S. (1967). Long-lasting effects of LSD on normals. Archives of General Psychiatry, 17, 521–532. NASH, H. (1962). Alcohol and caffeine: A study of their psychological effects, Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. ROE, A. (1946). Alcohol and creative work. Quarterly Journal of the Study of Alcohol, 415–467. TART, C. T. (1971). On being stoned. Palo Alto. CA: Science and Behavior Books. is complex (involving multiple factors in addition to alcohol), and that alcohol is often blamed without justification for criminal offenses. HOW OFTEN DOES DRINKING PRECEDE THE COMMISSION OF CRIMES? The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), an agency of the U.S. Department of Justice, reviewed the role alcohol played in crime by looking at convicted offender data from 1996 (Greenfield, 1998). On an average day in 1996, an estimated 5.3 million convicted offenders were under the supervision of criminal justice authorities. Nearly 40% of these offenders, about two million, had been using alcohol at the time of the offense for which they were convicted. Whether the offender was on probation or was incarcerated in a local jail or a state prison, offenders were about equally likely to have been drinking at the time of the crime. What they consumed was similar, with beer being the most commonly used alcoholic beverage: 30 percent of probationers, 32 percent of jail inmates, and 23 percent of state prisoners said that they had been drinking...
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...Alcohol Related Problems Introduction Alcohol related problems is one of today’s contemporary issues, as there are studies that suggest that due to alcohol related problems there are various impacts that it can have to an individual, and it can include social harms and any antisocial behaviour, such as alcohol fueled violence. This literature review will explore academic readings that can help assist identity key issues relating to a criminology perspective of alcohol related problems. Alcohol can have a huge impact on an individual lives which can also effect the community. Ergo, based on past research from the academic readings this literature review will explore prevention strategies that help reduce social harm to the individual and the community, and also the consequences that alcohol can lead to. Benefits of the Literature Review By analysing the academic sources, it can assist in gaining proper knowledge of the effects that alcohol can lead to and the prevention strategies that are able to prevent and reduce social harm to the individual and community from the misuse of alcohol. Ergo, this literature review will benefit ‘assignment three’ as it is able to give a proper understanding of ‘alcohol related problems’ within areas, such as Manly. Consequences of Alcohol Related Problems The Australian Medical Association (2012) mentions that most Australians, especially the youths within society are drinking in a way that puts their own health at risk, which...
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...Effects of Alcohol on Society Halyna Strembitska Submitted to: Tarisa Matsumoto-Maxfield In fulfillment of course requirements for English 205 It is 11.40 p.m. on a Monday night and Darren is doing something he has not done for a very, very long time: staying sober. Darren is exactly 17years and 3 months old and a senior high school student. According the law, Darren can only take his first legal bottle of beer when he is in his senior year of college (at least at 21). But he is not the only underage American who drinks. In deed, an estimated 63 percent of underage high school and college students drink for at least one night per week. This prevalence, of course, comes with an array of harms, both to the individual and society at large. Adults are not spared either. Adolescents and teenagers grow up witnessing their parents and other adult relatives make toasts of champagne and wine at special occasions. Adults also casually enjoy several beers, say, at picnics. As it is, today, alcoholic drinks are as regular at business lunches in the same way they are at college fraternity parties. However, in spite of the fun and prestige associated with alcohol, and forceful arguments to the contrary, both underage...
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...Alcohol: The Benefits of Moderate Drinking Drinking alcohol in moderate amounts can have positive influences on physical and mental health. While alcohol is one of the most widely abused substances on the market, it is also one that features certain benefits for drinkers who consume it in safe amounts. For individuals who consume low levels of alcohol, benefits like reduced stress, increased cardiovascular health and decreased risk of developing type 2 diabetes offer a wealth of reasons for consumers to drink in moderation. Reduce Stress, Anxiety and Tension Research shows that the consumption of alcohol in moderate amounts can lead to certain psychological benefits. Low levels of alcohol can trigger stress reduction, easy feelings of anxiety and help consumers to reduce tension. In addition, low levels of alcohol consumption can also cause the consumer to feel more pleasant and relaxed. Studies on sleep show that people who drink in moderation get more sleep on average than do those who indulge in excess. These psychological effects of moderate drinking are positive ones that can be beneficial to the consumer. A Longer Life The positive psychological effects of drinking in moderation can be associated with the studies that show moderate drinkers tend to love longer than people who don't drink at all or those who drink in excess. Studies from a number of different countries including China, theUnited States and England indicate that longevity is highest among groups of...
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...Drinking and related violence Abstract This study was designed to understand the beliefs people hold about binge drinking and related violence. 342 Males and 436 females who came from various cultures, backgrounds, education levels, and relationship status participated in a survey comprised of demographical and socio-demographic questions. The hypothesis for this study was partially upheld as it was hypothesized that age, gender, being European, how many times in the course of a typical month an individual would consume more than four standard drinks on a single occasion, and had the individual been a victim or know a victim of binge drinking related violence would show a positive correlation with the criterions ‘Frequency and Severity’, and ‘Interventions’. However, gender did not yield a positive correlation when examining ‘Frequency and Severity’. When ‘Interventions ‘were examined only age, gender, and drinking patterns showed a positive correlation. An individual’s age and drinking pattern appears to be the most significant predictors when considering binge drinking and related violence beliefs. Beliefs about Binge Drinking and Related Violence The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2004) has described binge drinking as the consumption of over four drinks for men and three drinks for women. Binge drinking, which is most common among adolescents and young adults, has been associated with violent acts such as domestic violence, death, rape and sexual...
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...suggest that the new lock out laws and police crackdowns are a misguided interpretation of the real issue at hand - and suggests the new system punishes not only the morally corrupt thugs on the streets, but rather the entire community drinking and socialising responsibly. The media has responded to this newly arisen debate with a variety of articles and opinions, some simply blaming the offenders themselves, while others attempt to appeal to the more conservative values bemoaning declining standards in public behaviour. b Mark Knight in his cartoon (Herald Sun, 11/01/2016) argues that the violence on our streets is the fault of an unintelligent and uncivilized few, not the fault of the majority of young people who enjoy a drink while out socializing. Using a mocking tone and appealing to both fear and reason, Knight positions readers to recognize that the response to alcohol fuelled violence must target the perpetrators, not punish the wider community. The cartoon is dominated by the stereotypical image of a drunken thug. He is clearly aggressive and intimidating with his fists raised ready to attack. This mocks those people in the community who tend to look for fights when intoxicated. The thug’s distorted face supports this attack because it suggests he is unintelligent and uncivilized. The thug’s gaze is directed at the viewer which invites the audience to see themselves as belonging to a different group, comprising people...
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...Conscious, and Behavioral Impact of Violent Video Gaming Experiences “Nonviolence means avoiding not only external physical violence but also internal violence of spirit. You not only refuse to shoot a man, but you refuse to hate him.” Martin Luther King, Jr. Brainy Quote (2011) Identifies Violence as: The quality or state of being violent; highly excited action, whether physical or moral; vehemence; impetuosity; force. Injury done to that which is entitled to respect, reverence, or observance; profanation; infringement; unjust force; outrage; assault. Ravishment; rape; constupration. To assault; to injure; also, to bring by violence; to compel. This statement gives insight to the ideology of violence being compelled or brought about in an individual through excited actions. The level of violence in video games is astounding not to mention the level of realism which can totally encapsulate you in the gaming experience leaving you feel like that experience was real on a conscious, cognitive, and behavioral level. Long gone are my days of Mario bouncing on mushrooms these days it is assault rifles, hand grenades and tactical missile strikes. Entertainment Software Rating Board (n.d.) provides a list of potential violent behaviors that may be found within our children’s gaming experience and it is as follows: ESRB Content Descriptors: Alcohol Reference - Reference to and/or images of alcoholic beverages Animated Blood - Discolored and/or unrealistic depictions of blood...
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...Anger rape:The aim of this rapist is to humiliate, debase and hurt their victim; they express their contempt for their victim through physical violence and profane language. For these rapists, sex is a weapon to defile and degrade the victim, rape constitutes the ultimate expression of their anger. This rapist considers rape the ultimate offense they can commit against the victim.Anger rape is characterized by physical brutality, much more physical force is used during the assault than would be necessary if the intent were simply to overpower the victim and achieve penetration. This type of offender attacks their victim by grabbing, striking and knocking the victim to the ground, beating them, tearing their clothes, and raping them.The experience for the offender is one that is of conscious anger and rage.[1] Power rape For these rapists, rape becomes a way to compensate for their underlying feelings of inadequacy and feeds their issues of mastery, control, dominance, strength, intimidation, authority and capability. The intent of the power rapist is to assert their competency. The power rapist relies upon verbal threats, intimidation with a weapon, and only uses the amount of force necessary to subdue the victim. The power rapists tends to have fantasies about sexual conquests and rape. They may believe that even though the victim initially resists them, that once they overpower their victim, the victim will eventually enjoy the rape. The rapist needs to believe that the victim...
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...dividends million a year , this is the game industry . Based on a series of scientific studies conducted by several universities , it is confirmed that there is a direct relationship between prolonged use of video games and aggressive behaviors in players . An immoderate exposure to this type of entertainment causes direct damage to the central nervous system, causing the individual to present a state of anxiety. There is a directly proportional correlation between the use of video games and an increase in the consumption of alcohol and drugs in young people aged 13-17 years. Additionally users become more frivolous in their interpersonal relationships , and although this type of entertainment does not promote isolation, if ideologically influence the player , making images witnessed remain in the subconscious and therefore intends to recreate them later. It is for this reason that it is intended to show the evidence that confirms the claims made above, to thereby create awareness in the reader about the impact of video games on human behavior through an increase in aggressive behavior Player . Therefore, the analysis performed below will focus on the negative effects of video games on the development of children and youth and connecting these with the social problems that occur today. Dozens of studies confirm that the...
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...The Effects of Mass Media on Adolescents Kelsey Wyatt Western Governors University Abstract This Paper contents reviews of several studies conducted on the effects of mass media on children and adolescents. Most of the research suggests that over exposure and unsupervised use of mass media outlets can alter the psychological development of children, as well as create anxieties in adolescents. All of the researched reviewed examines the effects of all media other than book content. Research has shown that consuming too much mass media at a young age can alter the social and psychological structure of adolescents. Mass media can even desensitize youth to unhealthy behavior and effect their education. One of the more noticeable changes in the 21st century has been the growing media consumption, availability and influence. A major consequence of this growing influence is the negative effect it can have on a children’s well-being. Parents no longer have to worry about the influence of “bad” friends but the “virtual” bad influence readily at the fingertips of their children. According to the U.S. census over 80% of adolescents own at least one form of media technology (Comer 2008). The use of this technology is increasing every year with text messages and social networking being an easy access to both youths and adults. A survey was conducted in 2010 by the Kaiser Family Foundation on daily media usage. The survey found that children 8 to 18 logged an average of 6 hour media...
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...A Community Health's Perspective for Disease Control & Prevention Abstract The paper is intended to ascertain research statistics, facts, policies and analysis of topics that contributes to the health and wellbeing of a community. The effects of injury prevention and the control of infectious diseases are discussed. The rationale of controlling the cost of healthcare through behavioral and lifestyle changes is discussed. How does the exploitation of drugs, alcohol and tobacco influence the health of the community? In a community health setting, the relationship between affordable housing and violence prevention is analyzed. The impact of obesity on the community and other forms of chronic illness is discussed. An analysis of proposed solutions to disease control and prevention is presented. Mental health issues and its demeaning consequences on the community are analyzed. The need to educate the community on the ethics of healthcare is emphasized. Finally, occupational and environmental health hazards and their effects on community health is reviewed. I PERSPECTIVE ON COMMUNITY HEALTH The health of the community is a vital building block of the economic, social and political framework of any vibrant society. Because health is considered wealth, a healthy community creates a cost effective environment where all citizens has equal access to primary care physicians and sustainable quality of care. A healthy community continuously...
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..."There are no recorded cases of overdose fatalities attributed to cannabis, and the estimated lethal dose for humans extrapolated from animal studies is so high that it cannot be achieved," stated in a 1995 report prepared by the World Health Organization. (Medical Marijuana Mall USA, 2013). Medical marijuana is safer than prescription drugs, alcohol, and spice. Marijuana is more beneficial to use than prescription drugs because of the lack of serious side effects. The most common side effects of marijuana are coughing, wheezing, and bronchitis. These side effects are easily taken care of by using a vaporizer or preparing foods with marijuana. Marijuana is less dependable than prescription medication such as pain killers. Prescription medications are now killing more people in the United States than illegal street drugs. Even more importantly the consumption of marijuana cannot result in a fatal overdose. (Medical Marijuana Mall USA, 2013). Someone can’t even take a Tylenol or Aspirin without there being serious side effects to the liver and other organs in the body. Medical marijuana is not lethal, prescription and even non-prescription pills, powders, liquids, and injections are. (Medical Marijuana Project, 2012). A CBS news editorial by Dr. Mitch Earleywine mentions that medical marijuana can be marked cheaper to use than certain prescription drugs. This is especially relevant to patients in chronic pain who do not have medical insurance and need to pay out of...
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...It has been researched that 47% of the inmate population for federal prisons are serving for an offense done during a period of time in which the individual was abusing illicit substances (“Consequences of addiction effects of substance abuse”, 2017). Substance abuse is the over consumption of illicit drugs for example heroin, methamphetamine, alcohol, etc. This consumption causes a neurocognitive deficit in individuals to the point they act out (Hiller, 2012). Examples of offenses committed while abusing drugs that impacted the community are: property damages, theft, homicide, and fatal car crashes. These events impact our community and we assume the person who committed the crime goes to prison for the actions they have done, but it’s what...
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...avoid consuming tobacco and alcohol. Additionally, they are instructed to eat fruit in season and meat sparingly. That grain is for the use of man. That by living this way they will find strength and knowledge. (D&C 89) In the last 100 years, reports from various government agencies and health organizations have promoted diet, exercise and clean living to improve longevity. The “Word of Wisdom”, as this passage came to be known, was first taught in 1833 and describes a lifestyle that promotes using herbs & fruit prudently and eating meat in time of famine. Also addressed is the use of alcohol; “strong drinks are…for the washing of your bodies.”, and tobacco as an item to be used medicinally for bruises and on sick cattle, with knowledge and skill. (D&C 89:7-9) Studies show that people may live longer and healthier by observing the “Word of Wisdom”. It is a lifestyle that includes fruits and grains in the diet, limiting meat, and avoiding the consumption of harmful chemicals, such as tobacco and alcohol. The benefits of the “Word of Wisdom” are within the capacity of the “weak and the weakest” (D&C 89:3), meaning that these changes are as hard to make as one makes them. Observing the “Word of Wisdom” can only benefit those who live by it. Making lifestyle changes can be difficult, however it has been proven that making a few lifestyle changes in diet and other areas can be useful indicators in predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other causes of premature death due to...
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...PSYCHOEUCATIONAL AND SUPPORTIVE APPROACHES TO CHILDREN WITNESSING FAMILY VIOLENCE Introduction Exposure to domestic violence, which can lead to significant health and developmental problems, is a common occurrence for many children. There is an ongoing need to develop and evaluate effective interventions for children exposed to domestic violence and disseminate information about best practices to domestic violence advocacy programs and other service providers Part A. Psycho educational or supportive approaches Safety first The first and the most key intervention for children is to address the issues of safety for the family. This usually involves working with the victim of violence to discuss the options he/she might consider to increase safety. Legal advocacy and domestic violence service agencies are good resources for addressing the challenges of safety. The first step toward helping the child is seeing that the abused parent is safe; another essential step is in assisting older children and adolescents in planning for their safety. Helping children and teens to develop specific strategies for keeping safe gives them a sense of control so that they feel less vulnerable. Counseling services There are a wide variety of counseling and mental health interventions available to families affected by domestic violence. Usually, families need more than therapy; they need case management and advocacy to assist the victim of violence in navigating the legal system, and in obtaining the resources...
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