Free Essay

The Chinese Military a United States Peer Threat

In: Other Topics

Submitted By Orrd
Words 1982
Pages 8
The Chinese Military a United States Peer Threat
United States Army Sergeants Major Academy
Class 39
June 04, 2013

Abstract
The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has developed into a modern capable force making them a peer threat in capabilities, assets, and economic resources. China in the world’s largest communist regime and has the political stance of growth at any cost. China possesses a strong economy which provides them the financial stability to increase spending on military and technology advancement. The United States has taken notice and has reassessed their regional priority forcing them to implement additional security measures.

The Chinese Military a United States Peer Threat
The People’s Liberation Army
The Chinese military, also known as the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), has become a focal point for the U.S. National Security Strategy. The PLA is the U.S.’s closest adversary in size, capability, and technology, making them a peer threat.
History
The PLA traces its origins to the August, 1927 Nanchang Uprising of the communists and the nationalists ("People’s Liberation Army History," 2011). The combination of land, sea, and air forces from the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was initially called the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army. Between 1934 and 1935 the Red Army encountered multiple conflicts against Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek (CPC) and took part in the Long March. The Long March (1934-1936) was a 6,000 mile march that relocated the communist revolutionaries’ from Southeast China to the Northeast. The second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) lasted through the thirties and into the mid forties. After the end of the Sino-Japanese War between 1945 and 1949 the Communist Party merged its two military forces, renaming it the Peoples Liberation Army. The merging of the two forces brought an end to the Chinese Civil War.
During the 1950’s the Soviet Union heavily influenced the Chinese Military. With Soviet assistance the PLA transformed itself from an Army of peasants to a modern capable force. The PLA entered the Korean War and engaged General Douglas Macarthur’s forces throughout North Korea for control of Seoul. The 1960’s brought the Cultural Revolution and the country’s scientists successfully developed and tested a hydrogen bomb (Lay JR, 1969). Relations with the Soviet Union became tense in 1969. The territorial dispute over the Zhenbao Island located on the Ussuri River led to large scale conflict between Soviet and PLA troops.
During the 1970’s and 1980’s the PLAs military progression slowed due to multiple border conflicts and engagements. Through the early 1970’s China’s relationship with Vietnam began to deteriorate and violent incidents occurred along the Sino-Vietnamese border. Culminating in February 1979, the PLA invaded Vietnam for a 29 day conflict after the Vietnamese defeated the pro-Beijing Pol-Pot regime in Cambodia. The push to modernize the PLA became a priority; in early 1992 China ratified the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. By 1996 the PLA had acquired and tested ballistic-missile technology, and in 1999 China developed the neutron bomb. (http://www.china-profile.com/intro/intro_2.htm)
The primary focus was to expand capability and technology during the 2000’s. Three satellites (communications, GPS, navigation) were launched in 2000 and 2003. The CPC renewed ties with Russia and conducted joint military maneuvers to strengthen bi-lateral relations in 2005. Tensions mounted in 2006 between the U.S. and China, relations took a turn for the worst when the PLA shot down a satellite in an attempt to demonstrate its long range missile capabilities ("China confirms satellite downed," 2007).
Structure
The People’s Liberation Army is divided into four branches of service: The PLA Army (850,000 Officers) consists of 18 combined corps spread over seven area commands; the PLA Navy (235,000 Officers) consists of the Northern, Eastern, and Southern sea fleets; the PLA Air Force (398,000 Officers); and the PLA Second Artillery Force which includes the People’s Armed Police Force (Krishnan, 2013).
Assets and Capabilities
The PLA is engaged in an aggressive modernization program. China revealed in early 2011 the existence of an advanced fighter technology the J-20. China has also upgraded their unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV’s) to resemble the U.S. Military’s Predator and Global Hawk UAVs. The PLA Navy has added stealthy destroyers, nuclear submarines, amphibious assault ships, and aircraft carriers, capable of carrying more than 50 aircraft to include the J-15 flying shark which is comparable to the U.S. Air Force’s F-18. The PLA has acquired mobile truck launched anti-ship ballistic radar evading missiles, ramjet powered sunburn cruise missiles, which eliminates defensive reaction time to mere seconds. The CPC is also making great strides toward becoming a space superpower; the goal is to launch more than 100 civilian and military satellites into orbit within the next decade. China’s most potent newly developed asset is their cyber warfare program. The PLA has resourced this by providing more than 130,000 personal to this program (Stinger, 2012).
US Military Refocused Attention Toward China
In November 2011 the United States Government veiled a challenged to China’s ambitions and desire for supremacy in Asia. The U.S. identified itself as a Pacific nation and has begun maneuvering to play a larger and longer role in shaping the region’s future. The U.S. has deployed 250 marines to Australia and has promised another 2,200 by 2016. This will increase the U.S. troop deployment population to more than 320,000 in the pacific region. The U.S. has increased its military exercises and constituted the world’s largest international maritime exercise that included India and Russia for the first time. The exercise and inclusion of two other superpowers sent a powerful message to China that the U.S. is dedicated to improving the capabilities of militaries and governments in its strategic backyard. Regional stability has become a priority in the U.S. National Security Strategy. The U.S. Government states they are not trying to contain China but to strengthen the United States’ defensive relationships with their allies and partners in the Asian-Pacific region (Bumiller, 2012, p. A6).

PLA as a Peer Threat
The United States and Chinese Governments have both made public statements regarding increased influence in the Asia-Pacific Region. “The Pacific Ocean is wide enough to accommodate us both,” said Fang Fenghui, the Chief of the People’s Liberation Army, General Staff. “We should be cooperating partners regardless of the circumstances” (Ingersoll, 2013, p. 4). The CPC has dedicated economic resources by increasing their budget by 17.8 percent in 2007 and again by 18 percent in 2008 clearly demonstrating their aspiration to compete and establish a modern fighting force. As example, Chinese military shipyards have increased production of newer more combat effective ships, thus increasing their naval capability from 172 warships in 2005 to an estimated 221 in late 2012. At the current pace with in the next ten years China will become second to only the U.S. in total ships built since 1990. The Chinese Military’s primary focus in their ship yards is the development of modern submarine technology and they have obtained nuclear submarine capability (Collins & Erickson, 2012). The PLA is also improving current missile technology to combat its deficiency in sea and air power. These missile batteries have become the corner stone of the PLA capabilities. Additionally China is building the DF-21D a carrier-killer missile that uses satellites and aerial drones for precision targeting (Axe, 2011). The PLA Navy currently lacks the expertise and fine tuning technology to make them a viable threat (Farrar & Canberra, 2012).
Counterpoints
The Chinese economy is stable and has continually grown since 1980, but economists have predicted a negative transition with far reaching implications. The areas projected to feel the effects are political institutions, demography and export markets which have been vital to their current growth. China, the largest communist regime in the world, promotes a growth at any cost mind set which has led to an extreme disregard for human rights. With its population growing older and wages increasing, the period of cheap labor for companies is ending and will eventually elevate Chinese product prices internationally affecting not only the Chinese economy but global economies as well. This will in turn have a damaging effect on their export markets (Moghe, 2012). The U.S. and China are tied through economic and financial means with both heavily invested in one another’s economies. The United States has announced that it has 3.4 billion in bi-lateral cross-border investment with China. Chinese Government and private firm investments in the U.S. rose 12 percent in 2012 and may hit a new record in 2013 (Pieler & Laurson, 2013). If the two superpowers were to meet in combat; inevitable financial and economic devastation could result. For both countries the financial and political direction has been to work out differences and come to a peaceful economic resolution.

Conclusion
The PLA is intent on becoming a military and space superpower through the development of its air, naval, and cyber warfare capabilities. The PLA’s acquisition of missile and satellite technology sends a strong message to not only their regional neighbors but globally. The Chinese economy has been stable becoming the second largest in the world allowing the financial maneuverability to increase defense spending at alarming rates. However time maybe this burgeoning economy’s enemy. The aging Chinese population and increased cost of living will force the eventual rise in product price. Increased product price will challenge Chinese export markets and will slow their economy affecting the ability to pour money into the military. The U.S. and China have shared economic investments though they have separate political, economic, and global goals. The United States has reassessed its Asia-Pacific regional security plan and is focused on having more of a prolific role in regional security, development, and partnerships.

References
Axe, D. (2011). China’s Plan to Beat U.S.: Missiles, Missiles and More Missiles. Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/07/china-plan-to-beat-u-s/
Bumiller, E. Words and Deeds Show Focus of the American Military on Asia. (2012, November 11). [New York Times]. Copy in possession of New York Times.
China confirms satellite downed. (2007, January 23). [BBC NEWS]. Copy in possession of BBC 2013.
Collins, G., & Erickson, A. U.S. Navy take notice; China is becoming a world class military shipbuilder. (2012, November 01). [The Diplomat]. Copy in possession of The Diplomat.
Farrar, M., & Canberra (2012). MODERNISATION OF THE PLA (N) SUBMARINE FLEET-GAPS IN THE CAPABILITY. Retrieved from http://www.defencereviewasia.com/articles/159/modernisation-of-the-PLA-N-Submarine-Fleet-Gaps-in-the-Capability
Global Security. (2011). Retrieved November 7, 2011, from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/pla-history.htm
Ingersoll, G. (2013, April 22). Top US General to China: We can work together in the pacific. BUSINESS INSIDER. http://dx.doi.org/
Krishnan, A. China defense white paper lifts veil on PLA structure, priorities. (2013, April 16). [THE HINDU]. Copy in possession of The Hindu.
Lay JR, J. D. (Ed.). (1969). Communist China’s Strategic Weapons Program (Central Intelligence Agency). NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATE 13-8-69). Retrieved from http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_000198205.pdf
Moghe, G. (2012). China Economy Will Collapse Eventually: The Gloriuos Days of the Dragon Are Over. Policymic. Retrieved from http://www.policymic.com/articles/10871/china-economy-will-collapse-eventually-the-glorious-days-of-the-dragon-are-over
Pieler, G. A., & Laurson, J. F. (2013, January 16). U.S. And China: Perfect Together in 2013? Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/laursonpieler/2013/01/16/u-s-and-china-perfect-together-in-2013
Stinger, P. W. (2012, December 20). INSIDE CHINA’S SECRET ARSENAL. Popular Science, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/2012-12/inside-china-secret-arsenal

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Peer Competitors Come Second to Terrorism

...Peer Competitors Come Second To Terrorism There are many carefully calculated decisions that dictate whether or not a state will gain or lose power. Diplomacy, policy, economic capabilities, and nationalism are some of the many tools we use to measure when states gain or lose power. One major element seen when talking about the possibility of China and Russia being peer competitors towards the United States in the international realm is in fact competition or rivalry. When nations see competition, they start acting and responding differently internationally and nationally in an attempt to combat this competition. Additionally, the choices a state makes when looking at state competition can lead to issues that can easily threaten the organization of power within the international realm. Russia is a prime example of a state that is attempting to challenge the United States’ quest for power. The actions Russia (or the U.S.) takes or does not take will be the direct result to something more serious such as embargos, alliances, a plethora of international policies and/or full scale war. Russia’s bold international moves to support the annexation of Crimea and blatant violation of arms treaty against the U.S. are signs of Russia challenging not only the United States’ power but the global balance of power as it is understood in today’s modern world. Blatantly lashing out and cheating treaties aren’t the only ways a nation can come to be a potential threat to the United States’ security...

Words: 3791 - Pages: 16

Premium Essay

American Involvment in Vietnam

...To what extent was America's involvement in the Vietnam Conflict the result of the wrong judgments of American policymakers? Abstract In this paper, I will discuss the policy of America during the Vietnam conflict and how this resulted in the unnecessary Vietnam War. I will discuss why the U.S. thought the domino theory would suit the American policies during this time period. Also, I will analyze why the domino effect was not suited well for America. America thought that if communism were to takeover Vietnam, then it would eventually leak out into the surrounding region. This was incorrect and in this paper, I will discuss why it was invalid information. This paper will also examine why American policymakers exaggerated the stakes of the Vietnam War and why this led to unnecessary involvement in the Vietnam conflict. Even as the US realized that the stakes had been exaggerated and that the domino theory was implausible, they continued their involvement in the war. As for sources, I will utilize the sources provided for us by the teacher. These sources are Chapter 10 from LeFeber and History in Dispute: Was US intervention in Vietnam justified? These sources will help me explain why the US’ tried to base their policies off of the domino theory and why this was not the best policy. Also, I will conduct my own research using the online database JSTOR. I will also utilize the Pentagon Papers, a source I found online. Together, all these sources will help me formulate and discuss...

Words: 2177 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Strategy

...The Grand Strategy of the United States by R.D. Hooker, Jr. INSS Strategic Monograph Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University The Grand Strategy of the United States R.D. Hooker, Jr. INSS Strategic Monograph National Defense University Press Washington, D.C. October 2014 Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Defense Department or any other agency of the Federal Government. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Portions of this work may be quoted or reprinted without permission, provided that a standard source credit line is included. NDU Press would appreciate a courtesy copy of reprints or reviews. Cover: President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden meet with members of the National Security Council in the Situation Room of the White House hours before his national address, September 10, 2014 (The White House/Pete Souza) First printing, October 2014 Contents The Roots of American Grand Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A Century Like No Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The Ends of Grand Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Means of Grand Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

Words: 14241 - Pages: 57

Free Essay

China Fragile Superpower

...system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shirk, Susan L. China: fragile superpower / by Susan L. Shirk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-530609-5 1. Nationalism—China. 2. China—Politics and government—2002– I. Title. JC311.S525 2007 320.951—dc22 2006027998 135798642 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For Sam, Lucy, and David Popkin This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Strong Abroad but Fragile at Home China’s Economic Miracle Domestic Threats 35 13 The Echo Chamber of Nationalism: Media and the Internet 79 The Responsible Power 105 Japan: “When the Chinese People Get Angry, the Result Is Always Big Trouble” 140 Taiwan: “A Question of Regime Survival” 181 The United States:...

Words: 135807 - Pages: 544

Premium Essay

Maritime Power of Chaina

...international system. Generally, China is an ancient continental land power with an incomplete oceanic awareness. With the transformation after the Cold War of China’s grand strategy from landward security to seaward security, maritime security interests have gradually become the most essential part of China’s strategic rationale. Undoubtedly, the quest for sea power and sea rights has become Beijing’s main maritime strategic issue. Given China’s escalating maritime politico-economic-military leverage in the Asia-Pacific region, its desire to become a leading sea power embodying global strategic thinking means that it must expand its maritime strategy by developing its navy and preparing for armed confrontation in terms of international relations realism. Conversely, Beijing’s maritime policy leads at the same time towards globalization, which involves multilateralism and strategic coexistence of a more pragmatic kind. This research analyses Chinese maritime strategy in the Asia-Pacific by asking: ‘Whither the Chinese maritime strategy in the ever changing Asia-Pacific security environment since the PRC was established in 1949?’ In general, contemporary China’s national security strategy is closely connected with its maritime strategy and with its comprehensive security plan for its economy, its energy supplies and its...

Words: 115996 - Pages: 464

Free Essay

2009-Report to Congress of the Us-China E and S Review Commission

...2009 REPORT TO CONGRESS of the U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION NOVEMBER 2009 Printed for the use of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.uscc.gov dkrause on GSDDPC29 with K1 VerDate Nov 24 2008 08:23 Nov 10, 2009 Jkt 052771 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 6012 Sfmt 6602 M:\USCC\2009\52771.XXX APPS06 PsN: 52771 M:\USCC\USChina.eps Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 3. DATES COVERED 2. REPORT TYPE 01 NOV 2009 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 00-00-2009 to 00-00-2009 ...

Words: 185166 - Pages: 741

Free Essay

Asian Americans Paper

...out the truth and seldom express sincerely their real feeling. The simple truth is that these opinion on such thing as racism are traditions, which are nothing more than a “formula” laid down by these elder people's experience. As we progress together and time changes, is is necessary to reform this formula. We must all look at it this wasy no matter if your color is black or white, red, or blue, we can still make friends each other without any barrier. I personally believe that Bruce Lee brought they barrier down for many Asian Americans. In one of Bruce Lee's films Fist of Fury, Lee was simply just going to walk into a park but the man at the gate said he couldn't. The man then point to a sign above their heads which read “'No Dogs And Chinese Allowed.' Lee then fights off a couple of guys then he ultimately ends up kicking to sing in half. Though this was a movie the message it is coveying is very really. The message behind this scene was regarding one race as 'inferior' to another is stupid. Which I could not...

Words: 3717 - Pages: 15

Free Essay

Gen 200

...often characterized by unmatched excellence...promote! - Clearly a superior Element Leader--his sought after abilities greatly impact beyond his career field! - Stellar performer, whose duty performance and job knowledge continually set the example for his peers! - Dynamic, take-charge leader who motivates subordinates to achieve their highest levels of performance - Natural leader who inspires his subordinates to excel--can be relied on to execute any mission flawlessly! - Superb NCO whose advanced expertise and myriad accomplishments are an invaluable asset to the wing! - SSgt Dribble is a first-rate patrol leader who can be relied upon to execute any mission flawlessly - Superior Airman in a class of her own; her many accomplishments sets the example for others to emulate - Competence and professionalism highlight this Airman’s character, duty performance and drive to excel - Top performer; duty performance and job knowledge continually set the example for his peers - Stellar performer for whom not task is too difficult--simply give him a goal or a challenge and get out of his way! - Talented professional for whom no task is too difficult, she sets the tone for excellence amongst her peers! - Exemplifies leadership--demonstrates the ability to handle the most difficult and challenging tasks - Dynamic, take-charge NCO inspiring and empowering his subordinates to realize their fullest potential -- Place his personnel in the path of inspectors...

Words: 6763 - Pages: 28

Premium Essay

R in Brics

...The ‘R’ in BRICs: is Russia an emerging power? S. NEIL MACFARLANE * The notion of emerging powers presupposes a number of characteristics shared by the states in question.1 These include regional preponderance, aspiration to a global role, and the contesting of US hegemony. These characteristics arguably make the group as a whole a useful category in analysis and policy formulation. In particular, cooperation among these states, and possibly with more established powers seemingly equally unhappy with the unipolar configuration of international politics (e.g. France), may create a basis for a coalition having the potential to balance American power.2 There is ample evidence from all of the emerging powers of unhappiness with the existing structure of international politics. There has also been substantial consideration of the potential for cooperation among them and with certain European states to constrain the hegemon—from the suggestion of entente between France, Germany and Russia to the repeated examination of prospects for a SinoRussian–Indian triangle, and the growing Chinese and Russian interest in bilateral cooperation over shared security concerns.3 This article assesses the role of Russia as an ‘emerging power’. How do Russians interpret the international system in which they operate? What kind of system would they prefer? What are they trying to do in the current system and why? How do these considerations affect their relations with the hegemon, with other centres...

Words: 8446 - Pages: 34

Free Essay

Concepts of Organizational Behavior

...able to effectively lead their employees. Motivation, workplace stress and leadership are issues that when properly managed can lead to a wonderful work environment for all employees and lead to the success of any company. I am going to examine these key concepts and their interaction with one another in the work place. Motivation Motivation has taken on many forms over time and place. In china, motivation is driven by honor and pride. Historically, the Chinese were born into a class that they could not escape and honor meant more than money. In other countries, motivational techniques took on more of a brutal look. Even in the US, our history shows us that motivation could be boiled down to slavery and the will to survive. Although slavery is now history, motivation both positive and negative still exists. Late President John f. Kennedy once said, "If not us, who? If not now, when?" One could say that this could be the motivation behind the US people now. Atkinson’s Theory of Achievement Motivation states that, “the need to achieve is always tempered by another fundamental need, the need to avoid failure.” (Franken) I believe that this is the foremost reason for motivation today. With social laws and human...

Words: 1449 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Accountancy

...is generally seen that India’s partnership with ASEAN have had an impact on India’s economic, political, and security related involvement ‘in these larger, concentric coalitions around ASEAN…in East Asia and in the Asian Pacific’ (Gujral, 1996, p. 12). The look east policy has integrated a larger regionalization framework and strategy encompassing the Asia Pacific issues (Scott, 2007). WE ARE TECHNOLOGY THESIS EXPERTS! ORDER NOW! WWW.UKESSAYHUB.COM The Indians-ASEAN links do not only have economic frameworks but strategic underpinnings as well. As Scot (2007) has indicated, china has been a factor in all of the India’s initiatives albeit blurred in economic progressions. Some analysts have argued that the growing Chinese economic and military influence in Asia has been the anchorage on the basis of which the strategic molding of ‘look East Policy’ was structured. India’s continued influence has therefore been viewed as providing ‘a balance’ to Chinas growing influence in the region. India’s aspiration to be a major global power is indisputable. For many years, India took pride in its role as leader of...

Words: 30557 - Pages: 123

Premium Essay

Army Writting

...Foreword The Army is the primary landpower arm of our Nation’s Armed Forces. It exists to serve the American people, protect enduring national interests, and fulfill the Nation’s military responsibilities. FM 1 is one of the Army’s two capstone field manuals. It contains our vision for the Army. While the entire manual is important, I would direct your attention to four particular items. FM 1 establishes the fundamental principles for employing landpower. The most important of these are the Army’s operational concept and the fundamentals that support it. They form the foundation for all Army doctrine. All Soldiers should understand and internalize them. FM 1 describes the American profession of arms, the Army’s place in it, and what it means to be a professional Soldier. Central to this discussion are the Soldier’s Creed, Warrior Ethos, and Army Values. These three statements establish the guiding values and standards of the Army profession. To understand Soldiers, you must know about them. To be a Soldier, you must live them. FM 1 discusses Army contributions to the joint force. As the Armed Forces achieve even greater joint interdependence, the Army will depend more on the other Services and vice versa. For this reason, the Army is currently transforming its units and institutions to enhance our campaign qualities for sustained operations and to achieve greater expeditionary and joint capabilities. It is important for Soldiers and all who support or are associated with the...

Words: 27577 - Pages: 111

Premium Essay

Accounting

...Final Paper Project due 8/24/14 11:59 pm EST Topic: APPLE IN CHINA Apple Inc. is a Multinational American company with its headquarters in Cupertino, California was established in 1977.It is a much revered multinational company that designs and sells desktops, laptops, Smart phones, Tablets, software and accessories. Apple was the first major novel entrant to the evolving mobile Internet market otherwise known as smartphone which in 2007 introduced the Apple iPhone. ``It catalyzed a shift in the architecture of the mobile phone industry and set the standard in two ways. First, it provided a fully functional web browser that allowed users to escape previous operator-specific silos of mobile content by linking them directly to the infinitely larger and more diverse Internet value networks.Ineffect, it collapsed the boundaries between the mobile device and the Internet with its enormous content. Secondly, leveraging the iPod ecosystem, but going far beyond it, the iPhone created a platform sufficiently open and attractive to create an ecosystem of application providers with 250,000 iPhone-specific applications that encouraged billions of downloads``( Kenney,M. & Pon,B.2011). Apple designs, markets and manufactures portable communication digital media devices like personal computers (pc`s), digital musical players, and interrelated software products. Among the Company’s products and services are the iPhone, IPod, iPad, Mac Pc, Apple TV, ICloud, iTunes, iBook, the iOS...

Words: 7970 - Pages: 32

Free Essay

India and China- Prospects and Challenges

...This paper seeks to assess the future prospects and challenges of the relationship between the two rising giants of Asia namely China and India. As they both are rising as great powers, their mutual relationship will have a significant impact not only on Asia, but on the whole world. At present, the nature of their relationship is something mixed i.e., growing cooperation in the field of trade and commerce along with distrust and mutual suspicions in the strategic fields whether political or geographical. For these apparent factors, the future relationship between India and China can be characterised by the cooperation in those fields whether mutual, regional or international which may be beneficial for the peaceful rise of both these states and confrontation, competition, and even hostility in some other areas where the respective interests of both the giants clash with each other, for example, the border issue, relationship with other countries particularly US and Pakistan, their encirclement policies, competition for energy resources, nuclear arms race, etc. However, at the international level, both countries would find convergence of interests by cooperating with each other on the issues like international terrorism, climate change, restructuring of international institutions, reducing dependence of developing countries on developed countries, taking joint stand on human rights issues, promoting multipolar world order, and on some...

Words: 5602 - Pages: 23

Premium Essay

The Man of Steel and the Dragon: Australia’s Relationship with China During the Howard Era Proposal

...THE MAN OF STEEL AND THE DRAGON: AUSTRALIA’S RELATIONSHIP WITH CHINA DURING THE HOWARD ERA PROPOSAL INTRODUCTION On consecutive days in October 2003, President George W Bush of the United States of America and President Hu Jintao of People’s Republic of China addressed joint sittings of both houses of the Australian Parliament. This historic occasion symbolises how Australia conducted its foreign relations with ‘East’ and ‘West’ during the Howard Era. The pragmatic decision to allow Hu Jintao to become the first non-American foreigner to address both houses demonstrates how Howard viewed Sino-Australian relations. It showed the world that it was possible to have warm relations with both the United States and China. By the end of the Howard Era in 2007, China had become Australia’s major trading partner. This was a far cry from 1996, when in the first months of the newly elected Howard Government a series of events caused severe tensions in Sino-Australian relations, as described below. This culminated in the Chinese response of banning visits to China by Australian ministers, a serious manoeuvre in the nuanced world of diplomacy. From these frosty beginnings, the relationship between the two nations strengthened considerably, for a variety of reasons, some of them outside Australia’s control. Paul Keating may have sown the seeds to Australia’s ‘pivot’ to Asia, but it was the Howard Government that undertook the most significant shift in orientation, cumulating in...

Words: 5401 - Pages: 22