...Stages of Cognitive Development AED202 October 12, 2013 Lisa Miller Infancy: Ages birth to two years of age From the time a baby is born they have the ability to learn. A remarkable sense of hearing is one of the same as will be for their entire life. The attention span is drawn to any source of stimulation. As they mature into the later stages of infancy, the skills of classifying becomes a concept that is basic at the start but becomes more complex as maturity and brain development occur. Placing basic items such as toys in one area while their articles of clothing go completely in another area is mastered. The visual compression becomes more precise after age one year to which exploring their world becomes very interesting and curious. Early Childhood: Ages two to six years of age. Within this stage children have a very short attention span. This short span causes distraction mainly discovered in the early academic years. Instructors know they only have a limited time to capture the students’ attention so changing activities often can have the students succeed. Children’s prior knowledge differs markedly depending on their cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds (Child development: Educating and Working With Children and Adolescents, 2004). Middle Childhood: Ages six to ten years of age These children develop longer attention spans and distractibility is reduced. The knowledge base increases as exposure to outside stimuli is...
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...Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. Piaget believed that children play an active role in the growth of intelligence. He regarded children as philosophers who perceive the world as he or she experiences it (ICELS). Therefore in Piaget’s most prominent work, his theory on the four stages of cognitive development, much of his inspiration came from observations of children. The theory of cognitive development focuses on mental processes such as perceiving, remembering, believing, and reasoning. Through his work, Piaget showed that children think in considerably different ways than adults do and as such he saw cognitive development as a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from maturation and experience (1973). To explain this theory, Piaget used the concept of stages to describe his development as a sequence of the four following stages: sensory – motor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. There are three elements however to understanding his theory of cognitive development. They are schema, the fours process that enable transition from on stage to another, and finally the four stages themselves. He began his studies by making naturalistic observations. Piaget made careful, detailed observations of children, typically his own children or their friends, from these he wrote diary descriptions charting their development...
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...Stages of Cognitive 1 Jean Piaget: Stages of Cognitive of Development Stages of Cognitive Development Nelson Caldero Lifespan human Development Gwen Zegestowsky, PsyD Drexel University January 12, 2013 Stages of Cognitive 2 Stages of Cognitive Development Pre-operational (2-7 yrs.) Children in this stage can use language, symbols, and words to refer to things, people and events that are not physically present (Sigelman & Rider, 2012, p. 217). However, their understanding of the world is limited. This stage involves egocentrism: the child believes that everyone sees the world the way they do. The child will have difficulty understanding the idea of another person’s perspective (Todd, Jean Piaget on Development). A child in this stage will also have trouble understanding conservation: the idea that the quantity of something may remain the same even though the appearance has changed (Sigelman & Rider, 2012, p. 217). For example, they would not comprehend that a tall, slim glass could hold as much water as a short, wide glass. A parenting example would be when a child leaves the door open in winter time. It does not do any good to tell the child that he is leaving the heat go outside. A parent should only teach the child to close the door. Concrete operational (7-11 yrs.) Children in this stage use operation in logical thinking in concrete situation. They become less egocentric and can see things from other’s perspectives. They also develop a concrete...
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...The sensorimotor stage is the first stage of Piaget’s cognitive development and occurs from birth to about age two. It focuses on infants with their use of their senses, hearing and seeing, including motor skills, such as sucking, hand-mouth coordination, and holding bottles to understand and learn their environment around them. Children in this stage will develop object permanence. Object permanence is the knowledge and Cognitive Development of Infancy and Childhood understanding that objects still exist even if the object cannot be seen, heard or touched. An adult may hide a stuff toy inside a basket from a 5-month–old baby. The baby will believe that the stuff toy no longer exists because it cannot be seen or touched by the baby due to the baby not having the knowledge of object permanence. The knowledge of object permanence will soon develop around the age of nine months. The baby will develop simple logical solutions and understand that the toy still exists inside the basket. Understanding of object permanence and gaining senses and motor skills indentifies progress to the next stage of preoperational. Preoperational The preoperational stage occurs from age two to seven years...
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...#1) According to the text, cognitive change is the development of individuals’ skills that enable them to process information and solve problems they face throughout their life. However, every day we face a different kind of problems that we are required to solve to survive, but solving these problems requires developing some kind of skills and abilities. Recently, at an age of 26, I was preparing for the medical school’s placement exam (MCAT). However, after covering and studying all the material required for the exam, I thought I was ready to ace my practice exams. After I was done with my first practice exam, I was surprised with my low score. At that moment, I realized that memorizing the material was not enough to pass my MCAT exam. Thus, I knew I had to develop some type of strategy that will increase my chances of guessing correctly the multiple-choice problems on the MCAT exam....
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...disabilities and cognitive development Effects of learning disabilities on cognitive development Within our society today people are forced to realize that others learn in a variety of different methods. One aspect that many people do not take into account however is the impact of learning disabilities have on the cognitive development of an individual. According to the National Center for Learning Disabilities, there are around 2.4 million students that have diagnosed learning disabilities that are receiving special education services [ (Team, 2014) ]. This accounts for approximately 4-5% of the total number of students being taught in schools today. With such a significant amount of children in schools today with some form of learning disability, there is definitely an impact on their cognitive development as well. In order to better understand what types of cognitive developmental effects can be had on a person with a learning disability, it is first important to understand what cognitive development is. Jean Piaget developed a theory that cognitive development consisted of four key stages; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operation. Piaget proposed that a person, or child more specifically, will progress through the first three stages earlier in life, then finally coming to rest in the fourth and final stage for much of the lifespan of that individual. According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development consists of using...
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...Child development is a process every child goes through. This process involves learning and mastering skills like sitting, walking, talking, skipping, and tying shoes. Children learn these skills called developmental milestones, during predictable time periods. There are five main areas of development: Cognitive, Socio-emotional, Language, Fine motor skill, and Gross motor skill development. All of these areas correlates to each other. However, the differences of cognitive and language development on a child’s growth is the main focus of this paper. What is Cognitive Development? “Cognitive development is the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision-making, from childhood through adolescence to...
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...research child development. These perspectives include psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive, contextual, and evolutionary/sociobiological perspectives (Papalia, Olds, & Feldman, 2008). Researchers use theories to explain child development. The theories are important because they propose ideas or explanations to describe development and to predict kinds of behaviors. In this paper, I will discuss and describe three theories of development, their key concepts, their similarities, their differences, how the domains of development influence each other, and how understanding development helps those who work with developing children. Three Theories of Development: Some important theories of child development include Freud’s psychosexual theory, Erickson’s psychosocial theory, and Piaget’s cognitive-stage theory. “Sigmund Freud believed that people are born with biological drives that must be redirected to make it possible to live in society” (Papalia et. al, 2008). He proposed that development happens throughout five stages in a child’s life. The first stage is referred to as the oral stage. It occurs between birth and 18 months. During this stage, the baby’s chief source of pleasure involves mouth-oriented activities (Papalia et. al, 2008). The second stage is referred to as the anal stage. It occurs between one year and three years of age. During this stage, the child derives sensual gratification from withholding and expelling feces (Papalia et. al, 2008). The third stage is referred...
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...Cognitive Theory: An Annotated Bibliography History of Education in America Pamela Allen November 12, 2007 INTRODUCTION The study of child development has inspired many theories. Psychologists have tried to understand why there is a difference between a child’s level of intelligence, motivation, social skills, and mannerisms. The cognitive theory helps explain each step of a child’s development with different aspects of each. The study of development of children is important to help parents, teachers and caregivers’ insight in the different ways children grow and learn. Cognitive theory helps explain how senses, environment, and an individual’s brain effect how and what kind of personality develops and possibly predicting a future. If parents believe that intelligence can be strongly influenced by experience, they make special efforts to help them learn, if believed inborn and unchangeable, they are less likely to make any effort. Children have their own internal drives and needs as well as heredity endowments that influence development. The cognitive theory is only a stepladder and there may be different equations added in either direction but we are given a building block foundation. Cognitive theories emphasize the mental aspect of development like logic and memory and focus on Jean Piaget’s theory children are born with an inborn ability to adapt to their environment. STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE TO BE INVESTIGATED ...
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...Jessica Odessa Shepherd Human Development and Learning - FHT4 Western Governors University Student ID 259630 FHT4 - Task 1 Cognitive Development refers to the construction of the thought process that includes problem solving, remembering and the ability to make decisions, from childhood up to the adulthood stage. Cognitive/Intellectual Development is the ability to learn, reason, and analyze the fact that a process begins from infancy and progresses as the individual (Educational Psychology). Cognitive Development contains events that are logical, like thinking and remembering. Some factors remain the same throughout many of the theories on cognitive development. All theorists agree that people go through specific steps and/or stages of learning and understanding. Along with the fact that there are certain principles must be meet before learning can occur. There are many ideas and opinions that cognitive theorist have about the development of a person’s cognition. Two theorists that are commonly known in the field of cognitive development are Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. These two theorists agree on the several concepts of cognitive development but differ on others, the most commonly agreed difference among all theorists involved in cognitive development is the simple yet complex question of how cognitive development occurs. Jean Piaget, born 1896 and died 1980, was a Swiss psychologist; his focused was on the way an individual child acts upon an object in their environment...
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...future. As rightfully said, it is the things you do in the present that shape your future. Basic premises of cognitive development theory It is properly established that the field of cognitive development primarily tackles the mental faculties of individuals in the pursuit of understanding their mental undertakings. It goes as far as the extent of realizing and assessing their mental abilities in order to aid the individual concerned in making used of his mental faculties to the fullest extent for his own benefit so that such individual can achieve its maximum potential. The study of cognitive development covers a wide array of endeavors in the form of theoretical and actual practice applications. It is theoretical and practical in the aspect of concept understanding and problem solving wherein a child is placed in a situation to determine if projected theories based on studies are effective and efficient given the predicament of the child concerned. (Bjorklund, 2004) Cognitive development also covers the study of the thinking process, language development, and information processing that a child undergoes in order to determine the factors and triggers that influence the same so as to come up with means and ways that would enhance better the thinking and speaking skills of the child. As a whole, it can be rightfully said that in general cognitive development seeks to uncover the root cause of intelligence. It aims to understand how...
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...Cognitive Theorist – Jean Piaget Terry Cross University of Phoenix 10/17/2014 Contribution of the theorist in the field of learning Jean Piaget was one of the pioneer psychologists who concentrated on the systematic analysis of cognitive development. Jean Piaget contributed in the field of learning by developing a theory of cognitive development in children. His detailed and close observational studies of children’s cognition in addition to administering ingenious tests to children revealed varying cognitive abilities. Piaget’s drive to study the cognitive development in children was informed by the psychological assumption that children have reduced or less thinking competency that adults. As such, Piaget made observations that children have a different mode of thinking compared to adult members of the society. Piaget established that children have innate and basic genetically inherited and evolved mental structures upon which later knowledge and learning stems from (Piaget, 1936). The cognitive theory developed by Piaget contributes to the understanding of cognitive development in children. Cognitive development theory by Piaget concentrates more on the cognitive development and does not argue about learning and acquiring information on given behaviors. Cognitive theory details elaborate stages of cognitive development that differ from one another. As such, the cognitive theory contributes to the field of cognition by explaining processes and systems by...
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...Introduction Over the years there have been a countless number of theorists developing their own models on Cognitive Development, with the two most recognised being the theories of Jean Piaget and Lev Semenovich Vygotsky. Although it is difficult to present the title of ‘superior theory’ to either one of these theorists, the merging of certain aspects of each scheme provides teachers with an ability to devise effective learning strategies that cater for individual students. As a direct result of these Piagetian and Vygotskian concepts, students possess the ability to develop and learn at a rate more specified to their learning ability. Review of Literature Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, the assimilation-accommodation model, is composed of four stages, sensorimotor (0 - 2 years), preoperational (2 – 7 years), concrete operational (7 – 11 years) and formal operational (11 – adult). Candida Peterson (2004) claims that within Piaget’s theory, each stage must be sufficiently achieved by the individual in order to advance to the next stage, although there is debate about whether we all do reach the final stage. Piaget believes that the most significant aspect of a child's cognitive development is the interaction between peers, rather than elders, the outside environment, as illustrated by Youniss (1982). Piaget recognised that the rate of cognitive development is determined by four factors, biological maturation, activity, social interaction and equilibration, as illustrated...
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...Children’s Literature and Cognitive Development Children’s literature is an important part of a child’s development. “We are born with the ability to organize, classify, and impose order on our environment, resulting in the construction of our own unique theory of the world. Very little of the content and order of our theory is the result of direct instruction; rather , it is the interaction of biological, cultural and life experiences that greatly affects the substance of our theory and the way we organize our experience” (Johnson, 2003, para. 2). It is critical that children are provided with a range of experiences in order to develop cognitively. Literature provides children with experiences that help to strengthen their cognitive skills. Piaget’s Theory of cognitive development identifies four stages of development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. At each stage of development, children’s literature can provide support to that can encourage cognitive development in children. At the sensorimotor stage of development, children begin to understand how things work using their five senses and motor activity (SNHU, 2014). Children’s books that offer tactile illustrations and interactive activities are essential to developing the cognitive skills of children. Because children in this stage of development have an increased interest in play, books that require participation and touch tend to be appealing to them and help to...
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...Lifespan Development and Personality Marie A. Hines PSY/103 March 12, 2012 Colleen Donald Lifespan Development and Personality Early childhood development can be affected by a number of factors, and it is impossible to underestimate the immense importance of the early development of children. Erik Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development contributed to the understanding of personality development throughout the lifespan. The lifespan development of human being involves the psychological and genetic alterations from the birth and end of the life. The progress of life is highly influenced by the hereditary and environmental factors involving the different aspects related to physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development (Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000). Erik Erikson felt as if middle age children between the ages of six and twelve is where they begin to develop the mental skills needed in later years.“Elementary school-aged children, who succeed in learning new, productive life skills, develop a sense of pride and competence (industry). Those who fail to develop these skills feel inadequate and unproductive (inferior)” (Carpenter & Huffman, 2010). The phase of physical development of a child is classified as gross motor skills development and fine motor skills development. Hereditary factors play an important role in the physical growth and characteristics development of the child in the middle...
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