...Abstract In this paper I will discuss a comparison of positive psychology and master resiliency training (MRT). They compare in that one’s life, to be successful whether in the civilian world or military it is essential that the mindset maintains a positive outlook, additionally they are different in content rather than context. Positive Psychology and Resilience Factor In a tactical shift from contemporary definition of psychology, positive psychology refers to the study of happiness. For a long time, psychology sought to define dysfunction among people with more focus on individuals who suffered mental illness and/ or psychological related problems. Psychologists always have the intention to help their patients, positive psychology regards it as one sided because it does not consider the positives of a psychologically tormented patient (Shatte & Reivich 2002). Therefore, this new field of psychology looks at how people can attain more happiness and life fulfillment. In this field, psychology researchers look at issues such as pleasure, strengths, and talents among others. The ability to carry on even when things are not going your way best defines resilience. When this happens, an individual is able to adapt to changes in situations. Resilience is a much needed ingredient to happiness and a happy life (2002). In this paper, analyses of positive psychology are discussed; furthermore, it will compare advocating a positive outcome, the development of self-esteem, and...
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...Question 1：Compare and contrast that Freud and James meant by religion. How does each feel that psychology illuminates the phenomenon of religion? a. Freud : “ The Future of an Illusion” * Oceanic feeling : In his opinion, there is not a strong enough need for it to be the source of all religious energy. Freud does not deny that this feeling may occur in people and offers a psychoanalytical explanation. Freud argues that the "oceanic feeling", if it exists, is the preserved "primitive ego-feeling" from infancy. The primitive ego-feeling precedes the creation of the ego and exists up until the mother ceases breastfeeding. Prior to this, the infant is regularly breastfed in response to its crying and has no concept that the breast does not belong to it. Therefore, the infant has no concept of a "self" or, rather, considers the breast to be part of itself. Freud argues that those experiencing an oceanic feeling as an adult are actually experiencing a preserved primitive ego-feeling. The ego, in contrast, comes into existence when the breast is taken away, and involves the infant's recognition that it is separate from the mother's breast, and therefore, that other persons exist. Freud argues that it would not necessarily contradict psychoanalytical theory for this primary ego-feeling to coexist along with the ego in some people. The main argument for this is that psychoanalytical theory holds that all thoughts are preserved in a conservation of psychic energy. Therefore...
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...Introduction “Criminology is the scientific study of the causation, correction and prevention of crime” (Legal Dictionary, 2015). Understanding crime and the events that happen leading up to the act help compare and contrast the causes, effects, and patterns of criminal behavior. The studies of such involve developing theories; this is the development of criminology. Scientific research is conducted to better understand individuals in societies. Criminology is the foundation of the justice system where crime is studied along with issues related to crime. This paper is intended to discuss the sociobiological theory that will explain the relationship between personality and criminal behavior, to compare key elements of sociobiological with biological and psychological theories, and finally, to identify the philosophical basis to each of these theories. The Relationship between Personality and Criminal Behavior Sociobiological theory is based on the combination of human behavior that occurs naturally with the effects of society. Researchers have thought of this theory by means of learning behaviors that are genetic compared to the environments that individuals are surrounded by. Founded by E.O. Wilson, the sociobiological theory used principles are Darwinism, in that human behaviors are evolutionary (Stanford, 2009). There are predisposition behaviors that will separate a criminal from an upstanding citizen. One example can be found among gang members as they have...
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...ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 682-684, September 2010 © 2010 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/jltr.1.5.682-684 Interlanguage Pragmatics Theory and Its Implications for Foreign Language Qian Huang Foreign Language Teaching Department, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China Email:qqh@dzu.edu.cn Abstract—The major purpose of college English teaching is to cultivate and develop student’s pragmatic competence. Interlanguage pragmatics is a new interdisciplinary branch of study based on the theories of pragmatics and second language acquisition which has direct guide significance for foreign language teaching. This paper firstly introduces the theoretical models of the two theories and then focuses on the implications for foreign language teaching. Index Terms— interlanguage pragmatics, pragmatics theory, SLA theory, implications I. INTRODUCTION In 1969, the psychological linguists Selinker in his paper "Language Transfer" pointed out that when people in different countries and regions have communicate in second Language, language often appears with some native Language and relevant, and with this two kinds of pragmatic styles of Interlanguage totally different, this is "the Interlanguage" (Interlanguage). In Selinker view, the former study of interlanguage study was just the grammar system study. Therefore, the study of interlanguage was only limited from speech phonemes, lexical, syntactic to semantic etc...
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...wrtg101 Writing Assignment 2 Comparison-Contrast Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/wrtg101-writing-assignment-2-comparison-contrast/ Writing Assignment #2: Comparison-Contrast Analysis Writing assignment #2 will be an essay in which you compare and contrast two objects, concepts, or ideas. You are encouraged to use your field of study to help in generating a topic for this essay. Some sample topics are listed below: If you are majoring in one of the Sciences programs in our SCIP unit, you might be majoring in one of the following: environmental management, biotechnology, laboratory management, social science, gerontology, psychology, or political science You might write a comparison-contrast essay on one of the following: green and non-green buildings two processes in building sustainable communities two countries’ approaches to a particular environmental issue archaeal viruses and bacterial viruses two gene lists in a particular animal community descriptive and prescriptive discriminant analysis in the social sciences two views of a particular field of study in the social sciences two methods of performance appraisal for an employee gender differences in a particular psychological phenomenon two frailty models two cultures’ methods or attitudes toward caring for the elderly If you are majoring in one of the disciplines in our Computer Information Systems and Technology (CITE) unit, you might be majoring in...
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...Seminar One Theories Comparison Essay Tammy J. Stratton Abnormal Psychology 311 Mike Taylor Baker Online Theories Comparison Essay The behavioral model is about the concept of learning. “The behavioral perspective is identified with the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1958), the, the discoverer of the conditioned reflex, and the American psychologist John B. Watson (1878–1958), the father of behaviorism”( Rathus, et al., 2006, p.52). Therefore, the way individuals learn can end up having a psychological problem. Individuals who are raised in a harsh, abused, or lack of praise for good behavior can manipulate a person’s behavior. The cognitive model describes the state an individual motion or behavior is in. Aaron T. Beck and Albert Ellis are the founding fathers for the cognitive model. An individual cognitive function is the process of knowing or perceiving in how an individual deals with information. The comparison between the behavioral and cognitive model are similar by the way of learning and how the information is processed. However, the behavioral model can be different depending on the way a person is raised. Therefore, a child raised in a loving environment, praised for good behavior can lead to have normal behavior and normal cognitive functions. In conclusion, the individual is able to process or perceive information better. The contrast is when a child raised in an abusive home, lack of praise and lack of loving parents, the child’s behavior...
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...The Content Theories of Motivation – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, Alderfer and McClleland’s Theories of Motivation – are all about the factors within a person and the needs that motivate people. Choose TWO of the above theories and answer the following questions: * First, compare and contrast the theories. What are the differences/similarities? * What are some of the criticisms of the two theories that you select? * Are these theories applicable today given that business today is so different from Maslow’s time (1940’s), Alderfer (1960’s), and Herberg and McClelland (1950’s)? Given the many changes in business from when these theories were first proposed, do these theories still provide us with the tools to be effective as managers? ------------------------ Motivational Theories explain how to stimulate people to reach their goals and objectives. There are two theories that I have chosen to analyze: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Alderfer’s ERG Theory. Both of them caught my attention because they were very similar in structure yet different in their overall approach. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is based on five motivational needs arranged in a pyramidal hierarchical level. The base contains physiological needs and the top self-actualization needs. Alderfer’s ERG Theory is similar to Maslow’s because it is also structured in a hierarchical level. The multi-level system of this theories makes them easy to organize and follow as...
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...Motivation Theory and Practice Analyze, compare, and contrast the two contemporary theories of motivation (a) equity theory and, (b) expectancy theory. Include in your discussion, an evaluation of each theory and the implications to managers in a global work environment. Your analysis should include identification of the strengths and weaknesses of each theory using scholarly references to defend your arguments. by Tassos Pericleous Student’s Number: 20153386 American College Semester 1 November 2015 Abstract The purpose of this paper was to analyze, compare, and contrast the two contemporary theories of motivation equity theory and, expectancy theory. Evaluate each theory and the implications of the theories to managers in a global work environment. Analysis should include identification of the strengths and weaknesses of each theory using scholarly references to defend your arguments. Motivation is the answer to the question “Why we do what we do?”. The motivation theories try to figure out what the “M” is in the equation: “M motivates P” (Motivator motivates the Person). It is one of most important duty of an entrepreneur to motivate people. Motivation theories can be classified broadly into two different perspectives: Content and Process theories. This paper explores the two contemporary theories of motivation process theories, equity (Adam’s) theory and expectancy (Vroom’s) theory. Analysis of equity theory (a) Equity Theory Equity Theory proposes...
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...The Diverse Nature of Psychology Paper Kristina Gonzalez August 01, 2013 Darin Browser-Anderson Psy/490 Diverse Nature of Psychology Fifty four divisions in the American Psychological Association are distinct within the diverse nature of psychology. Each division deals with a different appearance of human interactions and with a different outlook of psychology (Plante, 2011). Assumptions within psychology spread through human interactions along with sciences and additional disciplines. Through psychological science diverse analyzes and supports an assortment of perceptions and perspectives, recognizing and serving the character of human experience (Plante, 2011). Major concepts are influenced by psychological diversity and a different perspective is contributed to an individual’s behavior. Considering extended and diverse nature the complete psychology has a larger ability to enclose humanity’s complex (Plante, 2011). Diversity Influence on Psychology Major Concepts The cognitive behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic and perspectives, varied perceptions of human behavior, each offers an absolute theory on human nature, or a unfamiliar solution to a psychological challenge (Landrum, 2010). Different appearances of human behavior are maintained by each major concept, such as spiritual, unconscious factors, social, and cognitive. The diverse natures of reasonable thought between the human populations are reflected by the assortment...
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...approach can illuminate what has also been hidden, at least within an individualist culture; it makes visible the systems of meanings and practices- the language, the collective representations, the metaphors, the social scripts, the social structures, the policies; the institutions, the artifacts-within which people come to think and feel and act. For example, cross-cultural comparisons have show that Western theories of attribution processes do not apply well to non-Western populations, but distinctions between the sexes appear to be cultural universals. During the history of cross-cultural comparisons, the direction of “transport and test” process was one way: research based on Western theories was tested in non-Western cultures. Unfortunately, this approach yielded a distorted picture of human nature, particularly of the non-Western society. This research yielded inconsistent results and failed to shed much light on the psychological realities of the non-Western society. The articulation of a truly universally understanding of human nature and personality therefore also requires the development of theories of behavior originating in all non-Western societies. Cross-cultural research has shown that for many individuals, others are included in the self and the self system is much more interdependent, contextualized, or situation-specific than had previously been considered. These conceptions of an interdependent self-construal are now being used to more fully understand variation...
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...Group dynamics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Group dynamics refers to a system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group (intragroup dynamics), or between social groups (intergroup dynamics). The study of group dynamics can be useful in understanding decision-making behavior, tracking the spread of diseases in society, creating effective therapy techniques, and following the emergence and popularity of new ideas and technologies.[1] Group dynamics are at the core of understanding racism, sexism, and other forms of social prejudice and discrimination. These applications of the field are studied in psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, epidemiology, education, social work, business, and communication studies. Intragroup dynamics Intragroup dynamics (also referred to as ingroup-, within-group, or commonly just ‘group dynamics’) are the underlying processes that give rise to a set of norms, roles, relations, and common goals that characterize a particular social group. Examples of groups include religious, political, military, and environmental groups, sports teams, work groups, and therapy groups. Amongst the members of a group, there is a state of interdependence, through which the behaviors, attitudes, opinions, and experiences of each member are collectively influenced by the other group members.[10] In many fields of research, there is an interest in understanding how group dynamics influence individual behavior...
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...SUGENTHEERAN KOMANNAYAR (28380) GAYTHRI KUPUSAMY (26347) SELF PERCEPTION THEORY Self-perception theory is an account of attitude change developed by psychologist Daryl Bem. It asserts that people develop their attitudes by observing their behaviour and concluding what attitudes must have caused them. The theory is counterintuitive in nature, as the conventional wisdom is that attitudes come prior to behaviours. Furthermore, the theory suggests that a person induces attitudes without accessing internal cognition and mood states. The person reasons their own obvious behaviours rationally in the same way they attempt to explain others’ behaviours. The self perception theories is categories into three parts which is, Foot-In-The-Door technique There is both foot-in-the-door phenomenon and foot-in-the-door technique. As you can guess, the technique is used to get the phenomenon. The phenomenon is the tendency for people to comply with some large request after first agreeing to a small request. As you can then imagine, the technique is used to get compliance from others (to get them to behave in a way you want) in which a small request is made first in order to get compliance for a larger request. For example, someone might want you to give to give 5 hours of your time a week for the three months as a volunteer to a charity (a big request). But to get you to agree to this big request, they first ask you to volunteer for 1 hour one time and one time only. After hearing...
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...participants’ emotional cognition. After observing and analyzing the existing design samples, we had three findings: (a) For the trend of colors presented on beverage packaging in “color temperature of fluorescent white light”, “high color temperature” (61.65%) is in the majority; in “color scheme of packaging”, “analogous hue” (61.12%) is in the majority. (b) For the pilot tests of emotions for the colors presented on beverage packaging in “color temperature of LED white light”, “medium color temperature” can better create positive valence (medium color temperature > low color temperature > high color temperature). For those in “color scheme of packaging”, “analogous hue” can best create positive valence (analogous > contrast > complementary). (c) The comparison of current quantity and emotion survey shows that the color presentation of existing beverage packaging is roughly consistent to consumers’ emotional reactions. “Color temperature of LED white light” and...
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...Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Psychology T-ata DeHart-Williams PSY/250 August 23, 2012 Dr. Wendy Conaway Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Psychology Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler influenced psychology and psychiatry with their psychoanalytic theories that continue to impact modern psychology. This paper will compare and contrast their theories and reveal those with which I agree and disagree. I will also discuss Freud’s psychosexual theory and explain the effects on the characteristics of personality, in addition to the concept of id, ego, and superego. Freudism Freud’s theory maintained that the unconscious mind is driven by psychosexual urges and can best be accessed through one’s dreams. Manifest content is the part of the dreams or psychological experiences that is easily remembered. Latent content is the parts that contain hidden messages or a deeper meaning than what the manifest content yields. Freud’s theory categorized the structure of the mind into 3 parts. Id represents the primitive core of personality, present at birth that contains the source of all psychic energy and operates on the pleasure principle. Id seeks instant gratification of needs and desires and if there is not instant gratification, tension and anxiety surface. Individuals absent of a properly functioning id often act on impulse and are self-centered. “Throughout life the pleasure seeking id constantly struggles with the reality checking ego.” (Friedman & Schustack, 2012...
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...A Comparison of Theorists Many of the greatest theorists of the past decade have helped form the foundation of knowledge. In this paper, this writer will compare two of the most talented theorists of the time. Abraham Maslow and B.F. Skinner are just two of the many theorists that have formed the organization in today’s classrooms. This paper will address the differences in the theories and the similarities. It will describe how each theory can be implemented in the learning environment of an early childhood classroom. Lastly, it will describe each theory that will be compared supported by research. Comparison of two Theories Operant Behavior Conditioning of Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) BF Skinner renowned for his theory of Operant Behavior (Maslow and Skinner: n.d.). He is known for, his leadership in the field behavior modification through conditioning. This states that behavior is affected by the consequence that follows the behavior. This is a practice teachers, utilize in the classrooms every day as part of the classroom management process: if the behavior of the child or children is unacceptable, the consequence will not be favorable. If the behavior is positive, the consequences will also be positive. Really, Skinner's theory states that good behavior is reinforced while bad behavior is reprimanded (Maslow and Skinner, n.d.). Ultimately, Skinner believed that in order to change behavior there had to be a positive stimulus to reinforce that behavior. Added...
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