...frequent features of the nation's history. In particular, movements to obtain civil rights for black Americans have had special historical significance. Such movements have not only secured citizenship rights for blacks but have also redefined prevailing conceptions of the nature of civil rights and the role of government in protecting these rights. The most important achievements of African-American civil rights movements have been the post-Civil War constitutional amendments that abolished slavery and established the citizenship status of blacks and the judicial decisions and legislation based on these amendments, notably the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision of 1954, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Moreover, these legal changes greatly affected the opportunities available to women, nonblack minorities, disabled individuals, and other victims of discrimination. The modern period of civil rights reform can be divided into several phases, each beginning with isolated, small-scale protests and ultimately resulting in the emergence of new, more militant movements, leaders, and organizations. The Brown decision demonstrated that the litigation strategy of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) could undermine the legal foundations of southern segregationist practices, but the strategy worked only when blacks, acting individually or in small groups, assumed the risks associated with crossing racial...
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...The Butler The Butler is based loosely off of a true story. Eugene Allen was an African American who worked for the White House for 34 years. He started at the bottom and worked his way up the ranks until he became Maître d'hôtel, which is the highest position of butlers. He retired as head butler in 1986 after serving eight different presidents. This film follows Cecil Gaines through his life on the plantation to the serving in the White House. The film starts in 1926 Macon, Georgia. Cecil Gaines was a young boy working on a cotton plantation with his parents. The son of the household took his mother and raped her and when his father confronted him, he was shot and killed. It was at this time that Ms. Annabeth, the mother of the household, took Cecil in and raised him to be a house servant. Cecil grew up and left the plantation once he was older. He got a job at a hotel and was taught by a fellow butler, Maynard. Maynard turned down a job at the White House and recommended Cecil for it, and Cecil ultimately received the job. He started during Dwight Eisenhower’s term, just as the Civil Rights Movement was getting started. From there the film follows Cecil witnessing notable events of the twentieth century during his time at the White House. The Butler ends with Cecil waiting to meet the first African American president, Barack Obama. The Butler’s depiction of history is mostly accurate. It follows the historical timeline and touches on every civil rights action that took...
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...X, Andrew Goodman and others. They risked—and sometimes lost—their lives in the name of freedom and equality. Advertisement Freedom MarchPlay video Freedom March Bet You Didn't Know: Rosa ParksPlay video Bet You Didn't Know: Rosa Parks Condoleezza Rice: Memories of Dr. KingPlay video Condoleezza Rice: Memories of Dr. King BACKGROUND Because large segments of the populace–particularly African-Americans, women, and men without property–have not always been accorded full citizenship rights in the American Republic, civil rights movements, or “freedom struggles,” have been a frequent feature of the nation’s history. In particular, movements to obtain civil rights for black Americans have had special historical significance. Such movements have not only secured citizenship rights for blacks but have also redefined prevailing...
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...experiences to overcome this ever pressing issue that has plagued the U.S. for so long? The answers might very well be a combination of understanding our past, while educating and changing the mentality of our nation. In this paper, I will focus on the racial discrimination and segregation the African American population suffered from, and fought to abolish throughout our history to the present day. I will cover events dating back to 1865, such as the “Black Codes”, and the “Colfax Massacre”, leading into events such as the Chicago Race Riots, to more current events that dated around the mid to late 1900’s such as the “Harlem Renaissance”, “The Freedom Flyers”, otherwise known as the Tuskegee Airmen of the 1940’s, and the “Civil Rights Act”. The chain of events that took place that helped shape the society that we live in today, was not always pleasant. Throughout the years from 1865 to 1895, African-Americans that lived in this period went through arguably the most horrific chain of events in African American history. Many blacks in the south were met with prejudice, bondage, and slavery. In 1864, after the Union Army occupied the state of Louisiana, only a small population of African-Americans were allowed to vote in the state, based on their service in the Union...
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...Affirmative Action Jackie Carter COM/220 May 18, 2011 Staci Weaver CheckPoint - Introduction and Conclusion Are affirmative action policies and programs still necessary in this day and age, even if it creates reverse discrimination? One of the country’s top debated issues is affirmative action. Affirmative Action came about when President John F. Kennedy signed Executive Order 10925 that created the President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity whose purpose was to ensure all employees are treated fairly, without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin (Elliott & Ewoh, 2000). Since its inception, Affirmative Action program and policies have taken on a life of their own. Affirmative action is a term that refers to mandatory and voluntary programs intended to affirm the civil rights of designated classes of individuals. Affirmative action or Executive Order 11246 (EO11246) was created, after the civil rights movement, by the federal courts to ensure companies were not using discriminatory hiring practices. Affirmative action is similar but different from equal opportunity. Equal opportunity is an attempt to avoid discrimination by applying the performance related criteria to all applicants, in other words, each individual should be given the same treatment as all other individuals. Unequal treatment of minority groups is considered discriminatory and illegal. This process ignores the past history of discrimination of an employer and also...
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...Sixties I 1. A Movement in Motion a. Turning Trend i. On 1960, students from North Carolina A&T State University, entered a department store, sat at the counter and refused to leave the white’s only section 1. Names: Joseph McNeil, Ezell Blair Jr., Franklin McCain, and David Richmond – members of CORE, Congress of Racial Equality (1942) ii. They utilized sit in agitation, and did so for five months iii. Other Protests 1. A Phillip Randolph – march on Washington 1941 2. Ruth Powell, Marianne Musgrave and Juanita Marrow arrest caused the formation of a Civil Rights Committee from campus organization leaders a. Organized sit ins on April 1943 at Little Palace Cafeteria on 14th U b. April 1944 a sit in took place at Thompsons Restaurant at 11th and Pennsylvania Ave – 2 weeks i. 56 students sat in, while representatives negotiated with the management 3. But these events did not become common knowledge within the media 4. In 1943, Core had started with sit-ins in The Jack Spratt Coffee House, in Chicago a. This was settled within a day by police officers b. This event also was viewed as regional – moment vs. movement b. Moment to Movement i. What does this mean? 1. Moments to Movements a. Irene Morgan vs. Rosa Parks i. Morgan refused to give up her seat in 1944 and was arrested ii. She went to the Supreme Court, and won iii. Morgan vs. Commonwealth of Virginia...
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...culture of Hip Hop is. Some view the culture of Hip Hop as a door into a different culture, something one has never experienced first hand. While others claim that “…hip hop is primarily responsible for every decline and crisis world-wide except the war in Iraq and global warming…” (Rose) because of the negative influences it has on many people. Numerous parents believe their children shouldn’t be listening to this type of music due to the explicit lyrics. There are countless opinions of what Hip Hop means, but no one really converses about one actual definition. To me, Hip Hop is a way for people to express their opinions and experiences within their music. Hip Hop is distorted throughout history. It originated in the streets of New York City during the late 60’s early 70’s, specifically in the Bronx. Back then it was just a style of poetry, like a type of freestyle that young black men performed. Quickly this style started to become popular and the black youth began “…engaging in verbal duels with contenders like a linguistic match…” (Gates). Due to the geographic location of this formation of Hip Hop, it is considered a “black art form”. Other ethnicities such as the Caribbean and Latin peoples probably had some contribution towards Hip Hop, but it’s still considered black music. For example, Perry talks about the Afro-Atlantic theory which talks about how migrating patterns over the Atlantic Ocean led to the conception of Hip Hop, but states that it’s just “…a fantastic aspiration...
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...Yurok) is an instructor and PhD candidate in Native American Studies. Her research is interdisciplinary (feminist and literary theory, politics and California Indian theory and methodology). Author of “Why We Gather: traditional gathering in native Northwest California and the future of bio-cultural sovereignty” and numerous related publications. Her dissertation (translated) is “To Grow Old in a Good Way” is about the revitalization of the Hupa Women’s Coming of Age Ceremony. Ms. Risling Baldy founded the Native Women’s Collective. 12:30-1:50pm in the Fireside Room: “Louder than Words” by Billy X Jennings Join Billy X Jennings, the founder of “It’s About Time,” an organization and archive dedicated to preserving the legacy of the Black Panther Party and editor of a newsletter by the same name, as he presents the “Louder Than Words” art exhibit of thirty 11”x17” prints of artwork created by various Bay Area artists, and printed in the BPP Newspaper. Included in the presentation will also be a...
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...Action for America's Black Youth By Carl L. Young An Alternative Plan Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science In Sociology: Corrections Minnesota State University, Mankato Mankato, Minnesota Spring 2013 Final Draft 4/20/2013 1 This Alternative Plan Paper has been examined and approved by the following members of the Examining Committee. _____________________ Dr. Leah Rogne, Advisor _____________________ Dr. William Wagner _____________________ Dr. Penny Jo Rosenthal _____________________ Dr. Nadarajan Sethuraju ________________ Date 2 Abstract This alternative plan paper examines the circumstances that have evolved as a result of the Reagan Administration’s War on Drugs and the increase of mass incarceration of the Black community. In the last thirty years, the federal government of the United States of America has engaged in campaign known as the “War on Drugs,” which has involved a variety of policies to stop the production, distribution and sale of illegal narcotics. Hundreds of billions of dollars have been spent in a war that has targeted the most vulnerable in our society, impacting its youth for generations to come. This alternative plan paper addresses the impact of the War on Drugs and the criminal justice policies that have impacted the life chances of Black youth nationwide and calls for a new social movement, introducing a 21st century Black Youth Manifesto to ask the youth of the Black community to pick up...
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...America's Black Youth By Carl L. Young An Alternative Plan Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science In Sociology: Corrections Minnesota State University, Mankato Mankato, Minnesota Spring 2013 Final Draft 4/20/2013 1 This Alternative Plan Paper has been examined and approved by the following members of the Examining Committee. _____________________ Dr. Leah Rogne, Advisor _____________________ Dr. William Wagner _____________________ Dr. Penny Jo Rosenthal _____________________ Dr. Nadarajan Sethuraju ________________ Date 2 A bstract This alternative plan paper examines the circumstances that have evolved as a incarceration of the Black community. In the last thirty years, the federal government of the United States of America has engaged in camp which has involved a variety of policies to stop the production, distribution and sale of illegal narcotics. Hundreds of billions of dollars have been spent in a war that has targeted the most vulnerable in our society, impacting its youth for generations to come. This alternative plan paper addresses the impact of the War on Drugs and the criminal justice policies that have impacted the life chances of Black youth...
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...Topic: The world at the beginning of the 20th century Notes Timeline: 1871: Germany wins the Franco-Prussian war, and takes the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. 1882: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy form an alliance called the ‘Triple Alliance’. 1889: ‘The second international’, an international congress meets in Paris. 1898: The Spanish-American war, the Philippines, Guam and Porto-Rico are transferred to the USA. 1899: Boer, settler’s rebel against British rule is South Africa. 1900: The boxer rebellion in China against foreign influence. 1901: President Mc Kindy is assassinated by an anarchist. 1906: The British battleship the dreadnaught is launched, naval race with Germany begins. 1907: The triple Entente is formed between Britain, Russia and France. 1908: A commission uncovers abuses and maltreatment of tribe’s people in the Belgian Congo. 1910: Japan annexes Korea. 1914: 28th June: The heir to the Austro-Hungarian is assassinated. 28th July: Austria bombards Belgrade, with the opening shots of WW1. 4th August: All major European powers at war. Political Ideologies: Socialism: • Developed in the 19th century as a result of industrial revolution. • Based on enlightenment assumptions: 1. Mankind was basically good. 2. Problems of society could be remedied. 3. A gov’t owes a duty to its citizens. • Marxism was the most important form of socialism • Means of producing...
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...STRAWBERRY GIN FOREVER & STRAWBERRY GIN FOREVER SLIM Oriana Paolillo D’Andria Carlos Fernandez Maria Barambio Itziar Benedicto Alonso Bertrand Mazeaud 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION We have chosen Beefeater Gin, a spirit brand of Pernod Ricard due to its brand recognition and in the industry, being a market leader in Premium Gin in Spain as well as the over 100 countries that it is exported to. The product is distributed by the James Burrough company. Beefeater Gin is known for its fresh, clean and crisp taste with a subtle citrus and fruit edge. The gin brand takes pride on its multi-dimensional character, without losing its balance and robustness. The high demand for dietetic, non-sugary, low calorie alcoholic drinks in today’s society generates an opportunity to enter an exponentially growing market while focusing on a healthy product that satisfies our potential customers’ needs. We will also introduce a mix strawberry gin drink that is not of low caloric intake but readily mixed to take wherever. COMPANY OVERVIEW Beefeater’s roots go back to the 1820s, when John Taylor and his wife decided to open a small distillery in London’s Chelsea district. Beefeater Gin is a company originated in London offering the world’s most awarded gin, with its product bring a type of distilled gin made by redistilling spirit...
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...Chapter 1: Understanding Sociology Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following was the main concern of Kelsey Timmerman in his book Where Am I Wearing? A. why people wear different styles in different locales B. differences in fashion across cultures C. the people who make our clothing D. pirating in the fashion industry Answer: C Type: I 2. The scientific study of social behavior and human groups is known as A. psychology. B. political science. C. anthropology. D. sociology. Answer: D Type: D 3. Sociology A. is the scientific study of social behavior and human groups. B. focuses primarily on how social relationships influence people’s behavior. C. focuses on how societies develop and change. D. all of these Answer: D Type: D 4. The awareness that allows people to comprehend the link between their immediate, personal social settings and the remote, impersonal social world is called A. the sociological imagination. B. anthropology. C. a theory. D. verstehen. Answer: A Type: D 5. ____________ is most closely associated with the concept of the sociological imagination. A. Émile Durkheim B. Max Weber C. Karl Marx D. C. Wright Mills Answer: D Type: S 6. A key element in the sociological imagination is the ability to view one’s own society ...
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...FORD FOCUS Visionary. Ingenious. Remarkable. Every car bears his signature. Unlock extra content online. Use an appropriate app on your smartphone or tablet to scan the QR codes in this brochure. The world s best-selling name plate just got even better. The new Focus has a sleek exterior, an elegant new grille, and new state-of-the-art headlights and rear lights. Sit inside and you ll appreciate the enhanced instrument panel and a new-design steering wheel. But it is the new technology such as a parking system that gets you in and out of tight spaces that ensures the most technologically advanced car in its class stays that way. Control Blade independent rear suspension The Ford Focus offers you an addictive driving experience. A key element is the Control Blade independent rear suspension that absorbs both horizontal and vertical rear-wheel movement and provides passive rear wheel steering for increased cornering stability. 6 7 EcoBoost.The story of LESS FUEL MORE POWER. With its turbocharger, direct injection and diamond-like coating on the piston rings, the Ford EcoBoost engine produces the same performance as a larger engine, but with superior fuel economy and lower emissions. The new Ford Focus gives you a choice of three EcoBoost engine sizes: ■ ■ The 1.0-litre EcoBoost The 1.5-litre EcoBoost The 2.0-litre EcoBoost three times winner of International Engine of the Year. all the power and performance of the 1.6-litre ultimate power, available...
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...references, including Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Evelyn Brooks Higgingbotham, ed., Harvard Guide to African American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E. Weems, Jr., eds., The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001); and Randall M. Miller and John David Smith, eds., Dictionary of Afro- American Slavery (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1988), provide informative narratives along with expansive bibliographies. General texts covering major historical events with attention to chronology include John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2000), considered a classic; along with Joe William Trotter, Jr., The African American 1  Experience (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001); and, Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold, The African American Odyssey (Upper Saddle River: Printice-Hall, Inc., 2000). Other general texts not to be overlooked are Colin A. Palmer’s Passageways: An Interpretive History of Black America Vol. I: 1619-1863 and Vol. II (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998), which emphasizes culture; and, Darlene Clark Hine and Kathleen Thompson’s Shining Thread of Hope: The History of Black...
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