...Oge Otiji Bio 1108-04 Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placental mammals are the 3 major groups of modern mammals. These mammals have a few things in common, for example, they are all warm blooded vertebrates with a covering of fur, skin or hair. They all have four-chambered hearts. They also have full circulatory, respiratory and digestive systems. Their limbs are oriented vertically and they produce sound via the larynx. They also feed on their young mother’s milk. Although they share many similarities there are a few characteristics that differentiate them. The major difference between these three mammals are their gestation and lactation methods. Monotremes are mammals that lay egg unlike the marsupials and placental mammals that give birth to live young offspring. Monotremes have one opening for excretion and reproduction called the cloaca. They fertilize internally after the sperm of the male enters the cloaca of the female. They hold the eggs internally for several weeks, providing nutrients and when they lay them, they cover them up like birds. After a gestation period of 23 days, they usually lay 1 egg into a temporary pouch formed by abdominal muscles, developed only during breeding season. The egg hatches in 9 days by tearing the shell with a temporary egg tooth on its snout. Monotremes also lack nipple to feed their young ones, instead they have glands that secrete milk on their skin and the younger ones suck it off their bodies. The young then continues suckling on...
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...Footprint Trap: A Measure of Abundance, Species Richness, and ANOVA Between Mammal Species in Townhouses and Woodland Areas at Saint Michael’s College Dana DiPinto Community Ecology 10-30-12 Lab Abstract In this experiment we hypothesized that the woodland area would have a higher abundance and species richness than the townhouses at Saint Michael’s College due to effects of human interaction. Our testing sites were the woodland area across the street from Saint Michael’s College and the townhouses on the campus. Baited footprint tracking stations were used to record mammal footprints and were collected and replaced daily for two weeks. When the observation period ended all footprints were identified and analyzed. The mammal diversity was measure through abundance, species richness, and a one-way ANOVA test for analysis of variance. After analyzing all data we concluded that there was in fact a higher abundance and species diversity at the woodland site. Also our p-value showed a significant difference in variance at both sites. Our hypothesis that the woodland site would have a higher abundance and species richness was supported by this experiment and the main factor was human interaction...
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...home to either of these animals is a huge responsibility an owner may undertake. It’s an honor and a pleasure to possess either one. Cats and dogs are the two most popular domestic animals for companionship. Cats and dogs offer their owners different amounts of companionship and personal fulfillment. When you show them love they will unconditional return that love back. Even though cats and dogs share some of the same similarities, they are truly different in many ways. The similarities, and the differences are countless between cats and dogs, however, let’s discuss what makes them similar. First, we shall examine the similarities these two beings have in common. It’s evidently that both are of the mammal kingdom and both have hair for coating. They mutually have sharp teeth, tail, four legs, and claws. Cats and Dogs give birth to multiple litters at one time; this may be demanding on the mother and may produce rivalry, malnourishment, infection or death among the members. Mammals give birth to their young and both cats and dogs drink milk from their mother as baby kitten and puppies. They share a common parasites know as fleas, especially...
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...Vertebrate 2 22. What are the teleostomi and why are they important? Is large group embracing the acanthodians , the bony fishes, and their tetrapod derivatives. Arising within these teleostomes are the teleosts, which today comprise most the living fishes. 32. Why are fishes major players in the vertebrate story? They outnumber all other vertebrates and one of the most successful groups of animals. Within the fish groups jaws and fins first appeared. Ray finned along with fleshy-finned fishes gave rise to land vertebrates, tetrapod's. Tetrapod's inherited paired appendages, jaws, backgrounds, and lungs from fishes. 33. Describe the features of early tetrapod's? First tetrapod's lives mostly in water but could use their formative limbs to navigate the shallow freshwater where they live and perhaps make and occasional sortie onto land. Tetrapod's underwent extensive radiation today's tetrapod's fully terrestrial vertebrates many amphibious, aquatic, and flying groups. 34. Describe labyrinthodonts? sckulls of juveniles carried the lateral line system, but absent in adults of the same species. And metamorphosis living terrestrial amphibians also lose the lateral line system of their aquatic larvae. Thus many ancient tetrapod's, like modern amphibians were probably aquatic as juveniles and terrestrial as adults. Ichthyostega, late Devonian, is a member of the ichtostedid amphibian group. The animal was about 1 cm long. Skelton of seymouria a later terrestrial anthracosaur...
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...Temporal evolution: is early mammal evolution best characterized by major long branches reaching deep into the Mesozoic and by the long evolutionary fuse that delayed diversification within long branches? short-lived branches with a short evolutionary fuse before diversification? .Ecological diversification: is lineage splitting of early mammals decoupled from, or correlated with ecological diversification? .Morphological transformation: are originations of key mammalian characters singular evolutionary events, or iterative convergences despite their complexity? Temporal pattern of early mammal evolution The evolution of early mammals occurred in successive diversifications or episodes of quick splitting of relatively short-lived clades. Diversification of premammalian mammaliaforms—the extinct relatives outside mammals—during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, the Middle Jurassic diversification of docodonts, theriiform mammals, and the australosphenidan mammals that are basal to monotremes, the Late Jurassic diversification within the extinct theriiform groups that are closer to marsupials and placentals than to monotremes, and the Early Cretaceous divergence of the marsupial lineage and the placental lineage. Cenozoic placentals and marsupials represent a new episode of diversification in succession to the Cretaceous stem eutherians and metatherians Successive diversification of Mesozoic mammaliaforms as a whole. It is uncommon for any Mesozoic group to maintain...
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...Kae Sclafani Ms. Johnson Biology 5 December 2012 Compare placental mammals, marsupials, and monotremes. Placental mammals, marsupials and monotremes are part of the phylum chordata. They are similar in some ways and different in others. These similarities and differences include their habitats, the way they reproduce, the food they eat, and adaptations they have. Placental mammals (humans, dogs, camels, etc.): Habitats: Placental mammals live in many different places around the world. Most of the time placental mammals will adapt to the environment they are in. Humans are an example of a placental mammal. They live all over the world and have adjusted their lifestyle based on the climate and resources available to them. Reproduction: Placental mammals reproduce through internal fertilization. The young are enclosed by a placenta. This placenta allows the young to remain in the uterus for a long time. The placenta connected to the uterus by an umbilical cord. The mother gives birth through her birth canal. After the young is born the mammal produces a new egg through the reproduction cycle. Food they eat: Placental mammals have to eat constantly to maintain their body temperature. When they are young they depend on their mother for food and drink. Some are herbivores and eat only plants. Examples of these animals are horses, pandas, and sloths. Some are carnivores and eat only meat. Examples of these animals are dolphins, tigers, and lions. Others are omnivores...
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...marine animals should not be held in captivity. Marine mammals are a part of nature and should not be bought, sold or thrown in an aquarium. I believe that they have the right to be kept in their natural environment. There are many convincing reasons to support this opinion. Captivity causes many health problems in marine mammals. Many tanks have water full of chemicals and bacteria; these results in blindness and many skin problems in dolphins and other marine mammals. Marine mammals in captivity die from pneumonia, ulcers and other stress related diseases. Most of these helpless creatures suffer from boredom. Dolphins in the wild can swim from 40-100 miles per day but in pools they go around swimming in repetitive patterns. Due to boredom and limited space many dolphins abuse themselves; they often bang their heads against tank and aquarium walls. Some of these poor innocent creatures face abusive treatment by their caretakers, thus shortening their lifespan. In fact Keiko, the killer whale, the star of Free Willy, was a victim of this type of abuse. Marine mammals breed very poorly in captivity with very high infant death rates. For this reason, when a baby dolphin is born into captivity its birth is usually kept a secret from its mother until it shows signs of survival. Marine mammals do breed in captivity, but the birth rate in captivity is not as successful as in the wild. Many people think that marine mammals should remain in captivity. I realize that some people...
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...the Clovis Culture was developed, played an important role in the success of this culture. It is known that the first human came to America crossing over the land bridge of the Bering Straight. This is a major event in human history, and it was possible only due to geography with a help of the climate in the region back then. The climate in the North American region was cold. We can find at the museums a lot of evidence of Ice-age giant animals that roamed the region long before the colonial era. Some historians and scientists argue about the reason why the big mammals disappeared from the region, but one of the theories appoint to an “over hunting” situation. This all means that the area was very good for hunting, leaving no need to plant or cultivate but just the basic vegetables and grains. The great plains of North America were a huge hunting area, full of game animals and facilitating the hunting of big mammals. Game animals in so much abundance leave no need for alternate sources of food, and this was one the reasons why the agriculture was not successful among the early human in the continent. It is not only until 6,000 to 7,000 years ago when the...
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...ts are mammals of the order Chiroptera (/kaɪˈrɒptərə/; from the Greek χείρ - cheir, "hand"[2] and πτερόν - pteron, "wing"[3]) whose forelimbs form webbed wings, making them the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight. By contrast, other mammals said to fly, such as flying squirrels, gliding possums, and colugos, can only glide for short distances. Bats do not flap their entire forelimbs, as birds do, but instead flap their spread-out digits,[4] which are very long and covered with a thin membrane or patagium. Bats are the second largest group of mammals, representing about 20% of all classified mammal species worldwide, with about 1,240 bat species divided into two suborders: the less specialized and largely fruit-eating megabats, or flying foxes, and the highly specialized and echolocating microbats.[5] About 70% of bat species are insectivores. Most of the rest are frugivores, or fruit eaters. A few species, such as the fish-eating bat, feed from animals other than insects, with the vampire bats being hematophagous, or feeding on blood. Bats are present throughout most of the world, performing vital ecological roles of pollinating flowers and dispersing fruit seeds. Many tropical plant species depend entirely on bats for the distribution of their seeds. Bats are important, as they consume insect pests, reducing the need for pesticides. The smallest bat is the Kitti's hog-nosed bat, measuring 29–34 mm (1.14–1.34 in) in length, 15 cm (5.91 in) across...
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...the species must be multi-celled, eukaryotic, rely on other organisms for nourishment, some type of skeletal support, show levels of some type of organization, cells made for particular functions, ingest and digest food, and reproduce sexually. Research will be done on two mammals, two insects, two birds and two fish. This research will show just how diverse the Earth is. Mammals: Zebras and Rabbits Zebras and rabbits belong to the Animal Kingdom; however, they belong to different orders. The zebra belongs to the Perissodactyla order because they have hooves. Horses and donkeys belong to the same order as the zebra. The rabbit belongs to the lagomorpha order because they have long ears and they have four teeth on the upper jaw. Hares and pikas also belong to the same order as the rabbit. There are some similarities and differences in characteristics when it comes to the zebra and the rabbit. The two things they have in common would be that they both graze on grass for food and they both reproduce sexually. One difference would be their appearance. Rabbits are small and come in other colors. Zebras are rather large and have black and white stripes all over their body. Another difference would be that rabbits move by hoping, whereas the zebra moves by walking. The two are so different, yet alike. Insects: Butterfly and Bumble Bees Both the...
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...Because the KR/KC ratio depends on the definition of radical and conservative changes in the classification of amino acids, we develop an amino acid classification that maximizes the correlation between KA/KS and KR/KC. An analysis of 3,375 orthologous gene groups among 5 mammalian species shows that our classification gives a significantly higher correlation coefficient between the 2 ratios than those of existing classifications. However, there are many orthologous gene groups with a low KA/KS but a high KR/KC ratio. Examining the functions of these genes, we found an overrepresentation of functional categories related to development. To determine if the overrepresentation is stage specific, we examined the expression patterns of these genes at different developmental stages of the mouse. Interestingly, these genes are highly expressed in the early middle stage of development (blastocyst to amnion). It is commonly thought that developmental genes tend to be conservative in evolution, but some molecular changes in developmental stages should have contributed to morphological divergence in adult mammals. Therefore, we propose that the relaxed pressures indicated by the KR/KC ratio but not by KA/KS in the early middle stage of development may be important for the morphological divergence of mammals at the adult stage, whereas purifying...
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...Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents… 1-2 Introduction… 3-4 Part I: Evolutionary History… 5 * Pakicetus… 5-7 * Ambulocetuss… 7-8 * Rodhocetus… 8-9 * Basilosaurus and Dorundontidae… 9-10 * Kentriodontidae… 10-11 Part II: Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Behavior… 11 * What is a Dolphin?... 11 * General Anatomy… 11-12 * Integumentary, Sensory and Urinary systems… 12-18 * Musculoskeletal system and Locomotion…...
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...One of the world’s greatest illegally trafficked rare mammals is one that borders on nobody has heard of, the pangolin or as others may know it as the “scaly anteater.” “The pangolin could go extinct before people realize it exists. Or, more to the point: It could go extinct because of that,” (Sutter). Due to being trafficked for their meat and scales, the overarching pangolin species are being driven to extinction slowly but surely starting in Asia and moving across Africa. This simple fact breeds the question of why pangolins are dying off and why exactly pangolins are hunted significantly worse in Asia in comparison to Africa. Looking at how pangolins are continuously surviving against the odds in the wild gives a spectacular overarching perspective on why pangolins are going extinct due to their scales being used in traditional medicines and their meat being considered by bountiful amounts of peoples in Asia as a...
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...* New world monkeys split around 38 to 40 * Old world monkeys and apes split around 25 * Chimpanzee split from human line around 10 Primate locomotion Four Main traits * Pentadactyly = five fingers and toes on each limb * High degree of prehesnsitlity (grasp)and opposability (Opposable thumb) * Retention of the clavicle ( allows shoulder to roll and arms to swing in circle) * Erect upper body Four types of locomotion patterns * Quadrupedalism ( walking on all fours) * Vertical Clinging and leaping * Knuckle walking * Brachiation ( swinging through trees) * Bipedalism us Diet Gerealized – almost anything All four tooth types (Incisors, canines, premolars, molars) Differences between primates and other mammals -Reduced emphasis on smell (humans have one third the sense of smell as a housecat) - Increased emphasis on vision ( primates see in 3d and have incredible depth perception) - Primates see in color - most pictures in 8-bit 16277216 million colors * Primates have nails not claws * Pads on hands and feet These changes have occurred in concert with brain...
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...that there are some things that it is morally wrong to do to animals. Human beings must not do those things, no matter what the cost to humanity of not doing them, or even if they do them in a humane way. For example: if animals have a right not to be bred and killed for food then animals must not be bred and killed for food. It makes no difference if the animals are given 5-star treatment throughout their lives and then killed humanely without any fear or pain - it's just plain wrong in principle, and nothing can make it right. Accepting animal rights means: • No experiments on animals • No breeding and killing animals for food or clothes or medicine • No use of animals for hard labour • No selective breeding for any reason other than the benefit of the animal • No hunting • No zoos or use of animals in entertainment the case for animal rights is usually derived from the case for human rights. The argument (grossly oversimplified) goes like this: • Human animals have rights • There is no morally relevant difference between human animals and adult mammals • Therefore adult mammals must have rights too Human beings and adult mammals have rights because they are both 'subjects-of-a-life'. This means that: • They have similar levels of biological complexity • They are conscious and aware that they exist • They know what is happening to them • They prefer some things and dislike others • They make conscious choices • They live in such a way as to give themselves...
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