...The history of invention in Canada has followed a long and noble path. Believe it or not, Canadian Inventors have designed, created and patented more than one million inventions, yet only few people can name more than one or two Canadian inventors or any Canadian accomplishments. Canadian author Roy Mayer states in his book Inventing Canada: "Our innovators have given novelty, variety, and colour to our lives with their great practical gifts, and the world would be an exceedingly boring and grey place without their vitality."(1, Mayer). Firstly, Dr. Frederick Banting revolutionized the medical industry by his co-invention of injectable insulin. Then, Alexander Graham Bell had the ingenious invention of a telephone. All into consideration these...
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...Chuck Lee paid a $500 head tax to enter Canada in 1906. However, sometime after 1926, he went back to China to get married. After his marriage, his wife continued to live in China due to the immigration laws of Canada which at the time, were prohibiting Chinese immigration. The Chinese Immigration Act was a law to keep Chinese from entering Canada. However, for the Chinese already in Canada, they were allowed to take trips back home for a maximum of 2 years, no more. b. I think. describe the topic from your viewpoint. Be an actor...
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...CANADIAN IDENTITY” The Canadian Identity The Canadian identity is composed of characteristics which define a Canadian and consequently Canada’s national structure. Canada is a strong independent country with a wide range of different ethnic backgrounds who stand united under the values of peace and prosperity. Over the course of history, the Canadian identity has maturely shaped into a unique character promoting elite and law abiding citizens. It has made vital contributions to the North American identity as a more multicultural and disciplined society. Canada has also been successful in building upon this identity closely tied to prominent figures displaying high reputations. The Canadian identity is a set of unique characteristics which are centered on all Canadians who value peace, unity, multiculturalism and take pride in their countries achievements in embracing various number of distinct people into themselves under one law and government. The Canadian identity’s background consists of the Aboriginal, British and French who helped to create an independent Canada and a unique identity which values freedom, peace and prosperity. Canada has the image of a strong and free country. The name “Canada” comes from an aboriginal word meaning “village”. There has been three main founders of this country we call Canada today, namely the Aboriginal, British and French. The aboriginal were believed to have migrated from Asia thousands of years ago before any settlement of the Europeans...
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...beneficial products." Bio-technology has its roots in the distant past and has a large, highly profitable, modern industrial outlets of great value to society for e.g. the fermentation, bio-pharmaceutical and food industries. The main reasons must be associated with the rapid advances in molecular biology, in particular, recombinant DNA technology, which is now giving bio-scientists a remarkable understanding and control over biological processes. Some Technologies used in Biotechnology: 1. Bioprocessing technology * The use of bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells and/or enzymes to manufacture products * Large scale fermentation and cell cultures, carried out in huge bioreactors, manufacture useful products * Products: Insulin, vaccines, vitamins, antibiotics, amino acids, etc. 2. Monoclonal antibodies (MCAb) * Definition: Producing antibodies for medicine by cloning a single cell * MCAb are used for Home Pregnancy tests * Used to detect cancer (they bind to tumor cells) * Used to detect diseases in plants and animals and environmental pollutants 3. CELL CULTURE TECHNOLOGIES * Growing cells in containers or large bioreactors * Plant cell cultures are used to grow genetically engineered plants that contain useful traits, such as resistance to insect pests. 4. Tissue engineering technology * A combination of cell biology and materials science * Creates semi synthetic tissues in...
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...VENTURE STRATEGY Abhay Kishore – 01 Abhishek Kunal – 05 Anil Kumar Jadli – 11 J.Harish – 25 Khushal Malik – 28 Sharad Singh – 49 PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY – Global Trend • • • • Mainly concentrated in the United States, Europe, and Japan Developing a drug from discovery to launch took 10 to 12 years. Cost of development of drug is between $500-$800 million. Drugs were strictly controlled by government agencies: o o o o Food and Drug Administration (FDA) – USA, CPMP – Europe 12% 8% North America Europe 38% 18% Asia Japan MHW – Japan DPCO & Indian Patent Act - India • • Size of industry : USD 960 billion in 2012. Few Firms control entire market (Oligopoly). 24% ROW • 4 Firms – Control 20% , • 20 Firms – 50-60%, • 50 Firms – 65-75% PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY – Global Trend • Covered the chemical substance itself • Offered typically 20 years of protection • Usually a lag time of 1012 years by the time the patent was obtained and the launch date • Covered the method of processing or manufacturing the product • Very little protection because it was easy to slightly modify the process Global Issues in Pharma Sector • Prices in of the drugs varied in developed countries • US & Canada by factor 1.2 to 2.5. • Europe by factor 1.1 to 2.5. Parallel Trade: an outside company sells a patented product in a market not designated to sell the drug. o • Independent firm exploited parallel trade by using the differentials in price across various countries...
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...this case under the supervision of Elizabeth M.A. Grasby solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain names and other identifying information to protect confidentiality. Ivey Management Services prohibits any form of reproduction, storage or transmittal without its written permission. This material is not covered under authorization from CanCopy or any reproduction rights organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Management Services, c/o Richard Ivey School of Business, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7; phone (519) 661-3208; fax (519) 661-3882; e-mail cases@ivey.uwo.ca. Copyright © 2009, Ivey Management Services Version: (A) 2009-04-22 It was January 2007. Pat Tulloch, senior director of marketing at SaskTel, was in her Regina, Saskatchewan, office reviewing product information for the LifeStateTM health monitoring system. SaskTel’s executive committee had recently approved a proposal to launch this system into the Canadian marketplace. In preparation for the proposed July 1, 2007, product launch, Tulloch had been given the task of developing a marketing plan, which she would have to present to the executive committee in two weeks’ time. To create this plan, Tulloch would need to quickly make some distribution and...
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...Biotechnology Insulin crystals Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity).[1] Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of bioengineering and biomedical engineering. For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production and medicine.[2] The term itself is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian engineer Karl Ereky. In the late 20th and early 21st century, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences such as genomics, recombinant gene technologies, applied immunology, and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests.[3] Definitions of biotechnology The concept of 'biotech' or 'biotechnology' encompasses a wide range of procedures (and history) for modifying living organisms according to human purposes — going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies. Biotechnology is defined by the American Chemical Society as the application of biological organisms, systems, or processes by various...
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...for hours while “scientists” burn their skin off or drill into their skull. Not only are these tests cruel, they are often inefficient and unpredictable. While many of these experiments often prove successful in animals like mice, they frequently do not work on humans. Testing on animals should be illegal because it is cruel to the animal and the studies done can cure an animal but not cure humans. Too many animals die each year after living an awful life as a test subject. Around one million animals, excluding rats, mice, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and agricultural animals used in agricultural experiments, are used in experiments every year in just the United Sates. Another one hundred million mice and rats are tested on, as well. In Canada, 3.2 million animals are used in experiments. In addition, around 80,000 animals are subjected to “severe pain near, at, or above the pain tolerance threshold of unanesthetized conscious animals” (Peta). It is heartbreaking to think about the pain that these animals endure every day. Performing these tests on the animals most of the time has no good outcome in humans, anyway. Humans and animals are very different, biologically. Humans contract diseases that animals cannot contract. Also, since humans and animals are genetically different, what could be safe in an animal may have a serious side effect in humans. For...
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...Allison M. Czapracki University of Richmond Summer Quest July 20, 2004 Cereal on the breakfast table. Corn chips as a midmorning snack. A glass of milk with lunch. What do all of these scenarios have in common? Chances are fairly high that these foods contain some sort of genetically modified ingredients. Americans’ lack of knowledge about genetically modified foods was clear when a survey was conducted by the Pew Initiative on whether they had eaten them: just 24% believe they have consumed genetically modified foods (“Pew Initiative”). In the United States, an estimated 60% of processed foods now contain genetically engineered ingredients (Fox 12). With such ubiquity of genetically modified foods, there is much to be discovered about the risks and consequences of their entrance into our food supply. How do we know we are asking the right questions regarding genetically modified foods and crops? The honest answer: we don’t! To fully understand the issue at stake, we must take a look at what questions are currently being asked by delving deeply into the realm of genetically modified foods. The typical American now eats up to 34% of calories away from home; most often in the form of fast food, which is notorious for being high in fat, calories, and sugar (Spake 1). Busy Americans often do not have time to consider the specific ingredients being used in food, and most are not even aware of how widespread genetically engineered ingredients are in society...
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...MII INVESTMENT MEMO TO: FROM: SUBJECT: DATE: McIntire Investment Institute Michael Nugent, COMM 2010 Election Memo – BDX December 1, 2008 Becton, Dickinson and Company Sector: Healthcare | Industry: Medical Equipment and Supplies | NYSE: BDX Thesis: A global leader in medical devices, Becton, Dickinson and Company presents a long-term investment opportunity for the McIntire Investment Institute because of the resilience of the firm’s sales in economic downturns, the solid performance of the company driven by innovation, the boon that healthcare reform in the United States should provide, and strategic acquisitions. I. Financial Summary Share Price 11/28/08 Shares Outstanding Market Cap LT Debt P/E (forward) 52 Week Range Float Short Interest Avg Daily Volume (3m) Beta $63.53 243.57 million $15.47 billion $955.7 million 11.74 $58.14 - $93.24 241.22 million 1.12 million 1,963,240 0.73 II. Business Overview Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD) manufactures and sells a host of medical devices, diagnostic equipment, and cell analysis products to healthcare institutions, clinical laboratories, and private consumers. Incorporated in New Jersey in 1906, the company is divided into the BD Medical, BD Diagnostic, and BD Bioscience product segments. BD Medical comprises the majority of the firm’s revenues and includes Medical Surgical Systems, Diabetes Care, Ophthalmic Systems, and Pharmaceutical Systems. As the secondary sales-generating division of the company, BD...
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...MII INVESTMENT MEMO TO: FROM: SUBJECT: DATE: McIntire Investment Institute Michael Nugent, COMM 2010 Election Memo – BDX December 1, 2008 Becton, Dickinson and Company Sector: Healthcare | Industry: Medical Equipment and Supplies | NYSE: BDX Thesis: A global leader in medical devices, Becton, Dickinson and Company presents a long-term investment opportunity for the McIntire Investment Institute because of the resilience of the firm’s sales in economic downturns, the solid performance of the company driven by innovation, the boon that healthcare reform in the United States should provide, and strategic acquisitions. I. Financial Summary Share Price 11/28/08 Shares Outstanding Market Cap LT Debt P/E (forward) 52 Week Range Float Short Interest Avg Daily Volume (3m) Beta $63.53 243.57 million $15.47 billion $955.7 million 11.74 $58.14 - $93.24 241.22 million 1.12 million 1,963,240 0.73 II. Business Overview Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD) manufactures and sells a host of medical devices, diagnostic equipment, and cell analysis products to healthcare institutions, clinical laboratories, and private consumers. Incorporated in New Jersey in 1906, the company is divided into the BD Medical, BD Diagnostic, and BD Bioscience product segments. BD Medical comprises the majority of the firm’s revenues and includes Medical Surgical Systems, Diabetes Care, Ophthalmic Systems, and Pharmaceutical Systems. As the secondary sales-generating division of the company, BD...
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...Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Global pharma looks to India: Prospects for growth Table of contents Introduction 03 Background 04 A fast growing economy An expanding pharmaceutical market Government-provided healthcare improving, but private healthcare dominates Domestic market overview 09 Background Consolidation underway, despite challenges Contract manufacturing Vaccines Over the counter market holds significant potential Reaching the untapped rural market Growing Research & Development 15 Overview Clinical trials Biotech and biosimilars on track for growth Other growth areas Bioinformatics 20 Stem cell research Medical devices Global Pharma’s evolving business models and options in India 23 Background Export-oriented business (Contract Research and Manufacturing Services) Licensing Franchising Joint ventures Wholly-owned subsidiaries Practical concerns 27 Infrastructure Tax environment Counterfeiting Intellectual property Conclusion 30 Related reading: Pharma 2020 31 References 32 Acronyms 38 Introduction The pharmaceutical industry’s main markets are under serious pressure. North America, Europe and Japan jointly account for 82% of audited and unaudited drug sales; total sales reached US$773 billion in 2008, according to IMS Health. Annual growth in the European Union (EU) has slowed to 5.8%, and sales are increasing at an even more sluggish rate...
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...EFSA Scientific Report (2009) 231, 1-107 SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION AND ASSISTANCE SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA Review of the potential health impact of β-casomorphins and related peptides 1 Report of the DATEX Working Group on β-casomorphins (Question N° EFSA-Q-2008-379) Issued on 29 January 2009 WORKING GROUP MEMBERS Ivano De Noni, Richard J. FitzGerald, Hannu J. T. Korhonen, Yves Le Roux, Chris T. Livesey, Inga Thorsdottir, Daniel Tomé, Renger Witkamp. 1 For citation purposes: Scientific Report of EFSA prepared by a DATEX Working Group on the potential health impact of β-casomorphins and related peptides. EFSA Scientific Report (2009) 231, 1-107 © European Food Safety Authority, 2009 Review of the potential health impact of β-casomorphins and related peptides SUMMARY Proteins are a very diverse family of large organic compounds involved in many important biological processes. Following their enzymatic hydrolysis during food processing or digestion, proteins may release fragments from their primary amino acid sequence. These fragments are called peptides, and many of them are known to be physiologically active. The possible beneficial effects of bioactive peptides have attracted increasing interest in recent years. On the other hand, there are also reports suggesting that some food-derived peptides might adversely affect human health. Among these, β-casomorphin-7 (BCM7), a peptide sequence present in the milk protein β-casein, has been suggested to...
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...corporate-level strategies that attempts to make use of the firm’s unique competencies by accepting a portfolio to the business management by developing long term plans. And the middle is the decision-making hierarchy at business-level that translates the statement’s direction and generates corporate-level strategies for business units or SBUs. And the bottom hierarchy is functional-level that develops short term strategies and annual objectives in different areas of organisation. (David, 2003) II. ORGANIZATION & BUSINESS SEGMENTS Company Profile Johnson & Johnson- A most comprehensive health-care firms in the world and most diversified. J&J manufactures health care products for consumer & personal care, pharmaceutical, medical devices and diagnostics markets. It is operating its firms in 57 countries and nearly 200 companies around the world. J&J generates nearly half of its revenues from outside US; through its operating networks and marketing organizations that sells products in 175 countries. (Web 1) Key Facts- Johnson & Johnson Incorporated | 1887, Public Company | Employees | 114,000 | Sales | US $63.7 billion | Net earnings | US $12.9 billion | Stock Exchanges | New York Toronto | Operating locations | 57 Countries | Ticker Symbol | JNJ | Mission- To improve the quality of life for, people at everywhere. Vision- Bringing science to the art of healthy living life. The mission and vision statement shows that J&J gives...
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...Bacteria |I | |INTRODUCTION | Bacteria, one-celled organisms visible only through a microscope. Bacteria live all around us and within us. The air is filled with bacteria, and they have even entered outer space in spacecraft. Bacteria live in the deepest parts of the ocean and deep within Earth. They are in the soil, in our food, and on plants and animals. Even our bodies are home to many different kinds of bacteria. Our lives are closely intertwined with theirs, and the health of our planet depends very much on their activities. Bacterial cells are so small that scientists measure them in units called micrometers (µm). One micrometer equals a millionth of a meter (0.0000001 m or about 0.000039 in), and an average bacterium is about one micrometer long. Hundreds of thousands of bacteria would fit on a rounded dot made by a pencil. Bacteria lack a true nucleus, a feature that distinguishes them from plant and animal cells. In plants and animals the saclike nucleus carries genetic material in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Bacteria also have DNA but it floats within the cell, usually in a loop or coil. A tough but resilient protective shell surrounds the bacterial cell. Biologists classify all life forms as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria. They lack a defined nucleus of the sort found in plant and animal cells. More complex organisms, including all plants and animals, whose cells have a...
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