...Ebola virus disease Key facts * Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. * The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. * The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks. * The first EVD outbreaks occurred in remote villages in Central Africa, near tropical rainforests, but the most recent outbreak in west Africa has involved major urban as well as rural areas. * Community engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks. Good outbreak control relies on applying a package of interventions, namely case management, surveillance and contact tracing, a good laboratory service, safe burials and social mobilisation. * Early supportive care with rehydration, symptomatic treatment improves survival. There is as yet no licensed treatment proven to neutralise the virus but a range of blood, immunological and drug therapies are under development. * There are currently no licensed Ebola vaccines but 2 potential candidates are undergoing evaluation. Background The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in a village near...
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...Research Proposal on Ebola Virus Disease Arvaya Y. Corbins Bryant & Stratton College Research and Writing III 11/17/2014 Abstract America may not be totally prepared for what the Center for Disease Control (CDC) is currently encountering. The author examines the pandemic of diseases such as Ebola, Enterovirus, and MRSA suggesting possible ways of containment to prevent further spreading in hospitals, as well as proper diagnosis, and handling. This information was obtained through interviews with the Infection Prevention Director of Columbia St. Mary’s via Fox 6 News. Information was also obtained, evaluated, and studied from media outlets such as the Journal Sentinel, research website, Center for Disease Control and Prevention and an Ebola symposium. Lastly, the author expresses the importance of clear and concise communication between all Administration and Staff at Columbia St. Mary’s. This communication stems anywhere from clear and plain signage on doors, and entry ways of Emergency Departments, Urgent Care facilities, and Physicians’ offices. This signage communication will help an individual detect any flu like symptoms associated with the Ebola virus disease (EVD), so the proper steps can be taken immediately to isolate the disease itself. Introduction This research proposal is intended to make clear to the reader the signs, symptoms, and severity of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). In addition to this, incorporating...
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...First outbreak of Ebola virus disease was in 1976. This uncommon disease was reported in Central Africa in Zaire (WHO, 2014)? Since the discovery of Ebola virus in 1976 the outbreak of Ebola virus was reported in West Africa in March 2014. (WHO 2014). Ebola virus was named after Ebola River which traversed through the affected region. Studies showed that there are five spices of Ebola virus, each single-stranded RNA virus in the filoviridae family. The Bundibugyo, Zaire, and Sudan species have been responsible for the entire known Ebola outbreak’s, with current outbreak in West Africa (K.Pritish. el, al. 2014, p. 1712). Centres for Disease Control reported that the other two Ebola virus species are the Reston Ebola virus, which seems like is limited to Philippines and has not reported that cause any human disease to date, whereas, Tai Forest Ebola virus, which did infect to a scientist, who was performing an autopsy on a chimpanzee (CDC, 2014). The World Health Organisation (2015) stated that fruit bats were the host of Ebola Virus. (WHO, 2014). Monkeys and other nonhuman primates may serve as intermediate hosts. Therefore increased human-animal interface in parts of Africa and the black market bush meat trade have been implicated in bringing the disease into human populations. (K.Pritish. et. al p. 1713). One of the researchers who first identified Ebola virus, Dr Peter Piot 1976 stated, “In general, it is an infection that causes epidemics only if basic hospital hygiene is...
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...EBOLA VIRUS (EBOV)1 Ebola Virus (EBOV) Alaina White Microbiology 11/04/2014 EBOLA VIRUS (EBOV)2 Ebola Virus (EBOV) The Ebola virus causes a serious illness, that causes haemorrhagic fever in humans and animals which, if it is not treated in time is often fatal. Diseases that are fatal like Ebola, affect the body's vascular system, which makes it hard for the blood to circulte through the body. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the first notification of the ebola virus was mentioned in the Ebola River valley in Zaire for the time of an outburst in 1976 (Olival et al., 2013). Researchers claim that the virus is zoonotic (animal-borne), with 4 out of 5 subtypes that happen in animal hosts close to Africa (MacNeil et al., 2010). Literature Review It has been proven by scientists that the Ebola virus can be transferred from one human beng to another by means of bodily contact. The common geographic territory that ia mostly influenced by divergent subtypes of the Ebola virus is Central Africa, especially the cities of Zaire, Sudan, and Gabon (Chepurnov, Bakulina, Dadaeva, Ustinova, & Chepurnova, 2009). Ebola virus infection runs its course from 14 to 21 days. Firstly, the infection can be identified with symptoms that are uncommon for the flu, including malaise, fever, and muscles pain. With the progress of infection, patients experience acute bleeding and coagulation abnormalities such as a rash, gastrointestinal bleeding (Chepurnov, Bakulina, Dadaeva...
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...research paper is about an emergent disease facing the world. Ebola has affected many countries in the world including United States of America. It has brought about many sociological factors that influenced the world to come together and work together and work together to fight the pandemic disease. United States and Britain come together raised money and funded my research institutions in America and in Africa to fight the disease. Therefore, I will take you into a journey and explain what Ebola is and how it is affected the world according to my research based on this disease. I hope you will learn how it affected the social factors in the society, for example, fatality rates and how the world society was affected in terms of health, financial constraints. This research paper is dedicated to the restless efforts of scientists, and government in the United States and Britain for their great contribution to fight Ebola. To the courageous doctors who flew to Africa and risked their lives in order to help the people in West Africa. Ebola virus disease (EVD) was also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, it is severe, often fatal illness in humans. It is transmitted from wild animals and spreads to human population via direct human transmission. For example, it can also be transmitted through body fluids, objects and fruits from primates Also, Ebola firstly appeared in Sudan, Nzara and in the Republic of Congo in a village near Ebola River, thus its name evolved. Currently...
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...Disease and Evolution The human body has been plagued with diseases since the beginning of time—pathogens like viruses and bacteria have made us privy to Mother Nature. As humans evolve, so do the diseases we are susceptible to. Some diseases that were once rare have become common, others have disappeared and newer, more daunting ones have emerged. Many of these changes have taken place in the wake of important transformations in human civilizations and ecology. It is therefore feasible to propose that diseases succeed and fail in response to humanity's advances. Natural selection is unable to provide us with perfect protection against all pathogens, because they tend to evolve much faster than humans do. E. coli, for example, with its rapid rates of reproduction, has as much opportunity for mutation and selection in one day as humanity gets in a millennium. And our defenses, whether natural or artificial, make for potent selection forces. Pathogens either quickly evolve a counter defense or become extinct. Diseases such as AIDS, Ebola, Polio have shown their wrath and humans have sought to find cures and treatment options. By definition, disease is essentially “a disorder of structure or function that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affect a specific location (not just from a physical injury)” (WHO, 2007). The true boundaries and limitations of disease remain elusive. Healthcare specialists and researchers use “normal” conditions as their basis in order to understand...
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...Student’s name Professor’s name Course Date Ebola The disease was first reported in Zaire (present Democratic Republic of Congo), thus its former Zaire Ebola virus. Many people have succumbed to the Ebola virus as a result of Ebola virus disease. Just like other Ebola viruses, the Ebola virus (EBOV), result in serious hemorrhagic fever in humans and it has been the cause of thousands of deaths especially in West Africa. But compared to other viruses, the Ebola virus has the highest mortality rate with an average of more than 80%. The fact that there have been numerous outbreak cases of the Ebola viruses explains the high levels. As a result of confusing it with malaria, Ebola cases were frequently treated with quinine. The first verified case of Ebola was reported on August, 1976 in Yambuku. (Team, p.223). The virus can also be transmitted through body fluids. The paper seeks to analyze Ebola in terms of origin, causes, symptoms and the preventive measures that should be taken. Apart from humans, Ebola has been found in other nonhuman primates such as monkeys and chimpanzees especially in Africa. But in other places such as the Philippines, the virus has been found in pigs. It, therefore, means that, on some occasions, the viruses is transmitted to humans from animals. People who butcher and eat infected animals in are at high risks of contracting the virus. Experts who have worked on infected animals have also been affected due to contact with the animal’s blood. Person...
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...the Congo. EBOV is considered the most deadly of the five known species of Ebola, holding true with approximately 11,000 deaths of approximately 28,000 reported cases from the start of the outbreak in March of 2014 to the present. Unfortunately there is no magic pill or cure that will destroy the Ebola virus, however with rapidly advancing technology a vaccine may be available within the year. The Ebola virus “was first identified in 1976 by Professor Peter Piot.” (Boulton, 2014, p. 988) Sudan cotton workers contracted the Ebola virus presumably from bats and when treated at the local hospital infecting many health care workers and then spreading the disease to nearby villages. This species was labeled the Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV). During the same year a few months later, in Zaire, a teacher was infected by eating bush meat, once treated at a neighboring hospital the disease spread due to re-using of contaminated needles. This species was labeled Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV). In 1989 another species was discovered, Reston ebolavirus (RESTV). Monkeys imported from the Philippines’ arrived in Virginia infected with the virus. Yet another species emerged in 1994. During a necropsy, an anthropologist was infected with Tai Forest ebolavirus (TAFV). The last species discovered was Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV). During a funeral ritual where visitors touch the corpse they became infected. Once hospitalized the virus spread to surrounding villages due to poor precautions of health care workers...
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...Ebola is in infectious and frequently fatal disease marked by fever and severe internal bleeding,spread through contact with infected body fluids by a filovirus. Ebola virus is an aggressive pathogen that causes a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever syndrome in humans and nonhuman primates. Maintaining oxygen status and blood pressure is the treatment for not getting ebola .Ebola infection develop antibodies that last for at least 10 years, possibly longer. It is not known if people who recover are immune for life or if they can become infected with a different species of Ebola.Peter piot discover pathogens and disease of ebola. EBOLA VIRUS To avoid Ebola avoid kissing or sharing food.you can get ebola through sex and could live in semen up...
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...Ebola viral disease: What is to be Done? On March 21, 2014, there was a report of a disease that was ripping through African countries. It was soon discovered that the disease was the Ebola viral disease also known as EVD. In a matter of a few short months, the Ebola virus was reported in three of Guinea’s Conakry city districts named Gueckedou, Macenta, and Kissidougou, in Liberia’s Foya district, and in Sierra Leone (Dixon, Meredith G., and Ilana J. Schafer). On October 23, 2014, there was the first recorded Ebola case in the United States. There would be three more confirmed cases before the news would declare that the United States was Ebola-free. Those that had been infected with the virus had picked them up while in Guinea and had been transported to the U.S. for treatment. There was a scare when two health care personnel tested positive with the virus while caring for others. However, due to Emory Hospital’s fantastic protocols, the virus was contained and eventually cleared from the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Nonetheless, the Ebola viral disease is a deadly virus most commonly found in African countries in which outbreaks have occurred throughout history; but through careful procedures, and a change in current ideals, it can be contained and even prevented on a broader scale. The first main concept is the Ebola is a deadly disease that has affected hundreds around the world and currently does not have a cure. According to...
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...Ebola Virus In, Guinea on March 10,2014 hospitals and public health service alerted “Ministry of Health”. Guinea medical response was alerted to a disease characterized by fever, severe diarrhea, vomiting and a high fatality rate. The disease was spread from small town of Guinea to West Africa, which resulted in major outbreak in African continent. The outbreak is caused by genus Ebola virus, with cases fatality rate of 30 to 90 percent. Ebola virus is an aggressive pathogen that causes hemorrhagic fever syndrome in human and non-human primates. The virus originally has been identified during an “outbreak in Zaire in 1976 near the river Ebola were it got its name”(Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). Normally, the Ebola virus progress infection...
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...of Contents Table of Contents Introduction Historical Occurrences of Ebola Countries Affected by the Current Outbreak How the Ebola Virus Spreads Current Level of Infection The Response to the Crisis i. Internally by the local government ii. The role of UN agencies iii. The role of Non governmental agencies iv. The role of the International community v. Canada’s role to date Canada’s Preparedness for a Mass Epidemic Conclusion Bibliography Page 1 of 16 2 3 3 6 8 9 11 13 14 15 EBOLA HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER Introduction This report will attempt to disseminate current and accurate information regarding the status of the Ebola Haemorrhagic fever. While western Africa is currently experiencing the largest outbreak of the Ebola virus in history, this severe and often fatal disease is also affecting thousands of innocent people across our world. Never has the medical community had to deal with such an outbreak. Not only do the medical professionals not know how to treat and handle afflicted patients, they are unable to contain this virus that is spreading at a violent speed. This report will discuss the following issues surrounding Ebola: Historical Occurences, Countries Currently Affected, How the Virus Spreads, Current Level of Infection, Response to the Crisis and Canada’s preparedness for a mass epidemic. Historical Occurrences of Ebola Ebola virus disease, or Ebola haemorrhagic fever first appeared in 1976, in Nzara, Sudan and Yambuku...
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...ETHICAL DILEMMA CJS/211 September 1, 2014 Michael Raneses ETHICAL DILEMMA EBOLA VIRUS Ebola virus appeared in Sudan, Zaire in 1976. The very first outbreak of the Ebola virus was named Sudan Ebola virus and it infected over 284 people, killing 53% of its victims. Another strain of the infection came infecting 318 people; this strain was called the Zaire Ebola virus. It had the highest mortality rate of 88%, and at this time the researchers were not able to pin point where the Ebola virus had originated from. The third subtype of the virus is known as Reston-Ebola and was identified in1989 when it infected monkeys that were being imported to Reston, Virginia from Philippines. The virus also has infected some of the patients, but the patients did not develop the Ebola hemorrhagic fever. The fourth subtype had occurred during 1994 when an ethnologist was during a necropsy on a dead chimpanzee. The ethnologist accidentally infected herself while she was performing the necropsy on the chimpanzee. Ebola has become more prevalent in Africa, where there is an outbreak. The Ebola virus is worsening in West Africa and the director of the Center of Disease Control and Prevention urge traveling warning to any person that may be going any of the three West Africa countries that have been hit by the outbreak. Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone the disease have killed all together more than 700 individuals this year alone. This outbreak can become a “global pandemic”...
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...Liberia suddenly ended up with the newly discovered Ebola virus. His name is Austin Jallah; Austin was at his day job working as a student nurse when the deadly virus hopped onto him. Austin stated, “‘I gave medication to a patient in the emergency room but I had no idea that he had the virus. I interacted with him, and later on I found out that he had died of Ebola.’” The hospital instantly put Austin into quarantine and watched him intensly, until a couple days later he began to vomit, and form a high fever. The doctors confirmed that he had Ebola. After going through many days of treatments and tests, Austin was told told he was being discharged....
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...The Ebola Virus Kimberly A. Murphy SC246- Unit 7 Assignment January 6, 2015 Professor Robert Black The Ebola Virus The Ebola virus which was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in Africa is a deadly and rare disease that is caused by an infection of one of any of the five known strains of the Ebola virus. The genus Ebolavirus belongs in the family Filoviridae, a group of several related viruses that form virions also known as filamentous infectious viral particles and encode their genome in a single stranded RNA. Filoviruses are the viruses responsible for causing viral hemorrhagic fevers. Symptoms of a viral hemorrhagic fever begin with fever and muscle aches. Four of these ebolavirus strains can cause the disease in humans and all five can cause disease in primates such as chimpanzees, gorillas, and monkeys (CDC, 2014). The strains have been named for the areas in Africa where they have been found and are as follows: Budibugyo ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus, and the Zaire ebolavirus (WHO, 2014). The Zaire strain has the highest mortality rate and has been the cause of the most outbreaks. The Reston strain has been linked to causing EBV in other primates. Scientists believe the original virus originated from the African fruit bat. The Ebola virus is spread by direct contact with the bodily fluids or blood of an individual infected with the virus. Bodily fluids can include; blood, sweat, urine, saliva, and semen. The...
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