...Anatomy and Physiology II 25 April 2013 Ebola According to Aubrey Stimola, author of Ebola, it all started in the town of Yambuku, Zaire, which is now known as the Democratic Republic of Congo. A two week trip to a northern, African jungle had led forty-four year old Mabalo Lokela. All of a sudden, he began experiencing a headache. He stopped by a mission hospital, which was run by nuns. After examining him, they concluded it to be malaria, gave him a quinine injection with one of their five needles, and sent him on his way. Two days later, another man came in with bizarre symptoms, including diarrhea and a heavily bleeding nose, which no amount of anti-biotic would cure. Little did the nuns know, this was the start of a viral epidemic (Stimola 22). Unfortunately for Mabalo, he was the index case for the Ebola Zaire Hemorrhagic Fever (Stimola 27). Since its discovery in 1976, the medical world has been trying to discover what the natural reservoir of this virus is. Some research, reported by Baylor College of Medicine (DMVM,) states that Ebola naturally occurs in fruit bats. In some cases, the three species of bats showed no symptoms of the fever (DMVM). This would, in turn, cause it to become the perfect reservoir for the virus. Incubation of the virus happens within 2-21 days. Initial symptoms of the virus are simple, and seemingly non-life threatening; a mild headache and high fever accompanied by nausea and vomiting cause it to be mistaken for malaria. ...
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...EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA: AN APPRAISAL INTRODUCTION 1. Governments worldwide desire an epidemic free and healthy nation. The outbreak of the highly contagious Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) with fatality rate of up to 90 per cent could become an epidemic if not contained. It is a serious concern to governments since it threatens the health and Well-being of the Citizens (WC) and invariably the National Security (NS) of countries. 2. In the United States of America (USA), the infection of 2 missionaries with EVD while working in Liberia, prompted President Obama to stress that EVD is a threat to the NS of USA. The current EVD outbreak in West Africa has reached an epidemic level and has spread across Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea. By 25 Oct 14, World Health Organization (WHO) reported 10,141 cases. The fatalities have negative effect on human resource and businesses, restrict movement and cause general panic thereby affecting the NS of these countries. 3. In Nigeria, there were confirmed cases of EVD in Lagos and Rivers States. The Federal Government of Nigeria’s (FGN) efforts at isolating, treating and monitoring EVD cases led to its containment and thereby made WHO to declare Nigeria EVD free on 20 Oct 14. Despite these efforts, EVD could re-occur as seen in other countries and could threaten NS of Nigeria. The purpose of this paper therefore is to discuss EVD as it affects NS in Nigeria. The paper will cover conceptual...
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...The Ebola Virus Kimberly A. Murphy SC246- Unit 7 Assignment January 6, 2015 Professor Robert Black The Ebola Virus The Ebola virus which was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in Africa is a deadly and rare disease that is caused by an infection of one of any of the five known strains of the Ebola virus. The genus Ebolavirus belongs in the family Filoviridae, a group of several related viruses that form virions also known as filamentous infectious viral particles and encode their genome in a single stranded RNA. Filoviruses are the viruses responsible for causing viral hemorrhagic fevers. Symptoms of a viral hemorrhagic fever begin with fever and muscle aches. Four of these ebolavirus strains can cause the disease in humans and all five can cause disease in primates such as chimpanzees, gorillas, and monkeys (CDC, 2014). The strains have been named for the areas in Africa where they have been found and are as follows: Budibugyo ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus, and the Zaire ebolavirus (WHO, 2014). The Zaire strain has the highest mortality rate and has been the cause of the most outbreaks. The Reston strain has been linked to causing EBV in other primates. Scientists believe the original virus originated from the African fruit bat. The Ebola virus is spread by direct contact with the bodily fluids or blood of an individual infected with the virus. Bodily fluids can include; blood, sweat, urine, saliva, and semen. The...
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...more popular than it someday and here I am now. This time recently, I attacked in Western Africa , remember my plan? I just continue it and guess what ? 15,400 are reported infected and 5,100 killed. I am now so powerful . Lately people do anything just to ignore me, but don’t they see that they’re the only one making way to let me in into their weak body? Now, they’re trying to kill me . but that’s a do or die game. Injecting what so ever medicines and liquids around their body with me let me do job more hard but I still have to try that’s why it results in their internal bleeding also some of my branches are transmitted through their bodily fluids like saliva, teardrops ,vomit and others. Honestly, I may just be a virus for them but I also have feelings , feelings cannot be understood by them .They do not believe to it ‘couz they’re not like me. Its just kind of abuse, abuse that neither rich or poor people do. Something that will remind them right now how hard it is to be poor. Not in material things but environmental and habitat. I might not be with them right now if they’re just like their foster-father of early days. They’re trying their best to kill me. The copies of fluid samples in laboratories, chemicals packed in medicines, formulas of what they are doing keeps them busy while me having such a hard time of enjoying what they’re doing is. Maybe I just have to continue my legacy and do watching how the body systems of the person where...
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...Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a rare, deadly, viral and often-fatal infection. It is caused by infection with a virus of the family Filoviridae, genus Ebolavirus, by one of the five strains of the Ebola virus. The five Ebola virus species, four of which are known to cause disease in humans: Ebola virus, Sudan virus, Taï Forest virus, and Bundibugyo virus. The fifth, Reston virus, has caused disease in nonhuman primates, but not in humans. Ebola was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Since then, outbreaks have appeared sporadically in Africa. Researchers believe that "the virus is animal-borne and that bats are the most likely reservoir", however, the natural reservoir host of Ebola...
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...Ebola virus disease Key facts * Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. * The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. * The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks. * The first EVD outbreaks occurred in remote villages in Central Africa, near tropical rainforests, but the most recent outbreak in west Africa has involved major urban as well as rural areas. * Community engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks. Good outbreak control relies on applying a package of interventions, namely case management, surveillance and contact tracing, a good laboratory service, safe burials and social mobilisation. * Early supportive care with rehydration, symptomatic treatment improves survival. There is as yet no licensed treatment proven to neutralise the virus but a range of blood, immunological and drug therapies are under development. * There are currently no licensed Ebola vaccines but 2 potential candidates are undergoing evaluation. Background The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in a village near...
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...Ebola Virus In, Guinea on March 10,2014 hospitals and public health service alerted “Ministry of Health”. Guinea medical response was alerted to a disease characterized by fever, severe diarrhea, vomiting and a high fatality rate. The disease was spread from small town of Guinea to West Africa, which resulted in major outbreak in African continent. The outbreak is caused by genus Ebola virus, with cases fatality rate of 30 to 90 percent. Ebola virus is an aggressive pathogen that causes hemorrhagic fever syndrome in human and non-human primates. The virus originally has been identified during an “outbreak in Zaire in 1976 near the river Ebola were it got its name”(Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2003). Normally, the Ebola virus progress infection...
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...To illustrate, a speaker wants to talk about the Ebola Virus spreading in Africa. The speaker should choose words that have a powerful meaning to make the speech more meaningful, like describing the symptoms of the Ebola Virus and why it is important for individuals to be aware of the virus. If the speaker wants to talk about the best tourist attraction, like Paris, then the speaker should use strong descriptive words to bring the place alive within the speech, like describing the scenery. The types of words still play a role and makes the speech more engaging with the audience. If the audience are business people, then formal language should be used to be presented in a professional manner. Informal language can be used when speaking to people who are close to you, like family and friends. Word choice in a speech makes the speech more...
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...2013 and 2016, West Africa was plagued by an Ebola virus epidemic that resulted in the deaths of thousands of people, on top of damaging the region’s economy to near-crippling levels (World Health Organization 2018). The outbreak began in the areas of Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia, with the first documented incident occurring in December of 2013 (World Health Organization 2018). The disease was extremely dangerous, with a fatality rate of just under 60% for hospitalized patients, and above 70% in cases where the individual was not hospitalized (World Health Organization 2018). The World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and did not revoke this until March...
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...Research Proposal on Ebola Virus Disease Arvaya Y. Corbins Bryant & Stratton College Research and Writing III 11/17/2014 Abstract America may not be totally prepared for what the Center for Disease Control (CDC) is currently encountering. The author examines the pandemic of diseases such as Ebola, Enterovirus, and MRSA suggesting possible ways of containment to prevent further spreading in hospitals, as well as proper diagnosis, and handling. This information was obtained through interviews with the Infection Prevention Director of Columbia St. Mary’s via Fox 6 News. Information was also obtained, evaluated, and studied from media outlets such as the Journal Sentinel, research website, Center for Disease Control and Prevention and an Ebola symposium. Lastly, the author expresses the importance of clear and concise communication between all Administration and Staff at Columbia St. Mary’s. This communication stems anywhere from clear and plain signage on doors, and entry ways of Emergency Departments, Urgent Care facilities, and Physicians’ offices. This signage communication will help an individual detect any flu like symptoms associated with the Ebola virus disease (EVD), so the proper steps can be taken immediately to isolate the disease itself. Introduction This research proposal is intended to make clear to the reader the signs, symptoms, and severity of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). In addition to this, incorporating...
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...The Ebola virus and the problem it created in the world The sudden and unexpected outbreak of Ebola has left the world population realise that they are not yet even close to understanding the mystery of mother nature. Even though there are secret whispers by conspiracy theorists that the virus was spread by some big world power to serve their purpose, there allegations are only blank sheets of paper without any proof. According to WHO, Ebola has the record of having the most complex outbreak in the history of such diseases. The virus is widespread in under developed African countries such as Liberia, Nigeria etc. Originating from Guinea in late 2013, the virus has been giving those poor African nations a really hard time. Especially as they are already suffering from bad economy, such outbreaks mean that other countries will practically boycott those countries making it even harder for them to deal with their ever prolonging list of problems. According to CDC, Ebola virus was first spread to human kind through a host bat. And then it spread from human to human. Until mid-2014, the pharmaceutical companies were not in a hurry to develop a vaccine for Ebola. This is understandable from a business perspective as there is little profit for the capitalist corporations by investing in such poor countries. But when the virus was threatening to become a true epidemic, the companies took Ebola vaccine as high priority and are now undergoing drug trials. With this rate, one can hope...
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...What Are the Causes of Ebola? There is only one cause of Ebola. The cause of Ebola is an infection with the Ebola virus. There are no other causes of Ebola. Causes of Ebola: The Ebola Virus The Ebola virus got its name from a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (previously Zaire), in Africa, where the disease was first acknowledged. Ebola virus is one of two members of a family of RNA viruses known as Filoviridae. There are four identified subtypes of Ebola virus. Three of the four have caused disease in humans: Ebola-Zaire Ebola-Sudan Ebola-Ivory Coast. The fourth Ebola virus subtype, Ebola-Reston, it has caused disease in nonhuman primates (gorillas, chimps ect) but not in humans. The exact origin, locations, and natural habitat of Ebola virus remain unknown; however, on the basis of available evidence, and the nature of similar viruses, researchers believe that the Ebola virus lives in an animal host that is native to the African continent. They continue to search for the exact animal. Just as scientists are unsure of the animal host for the Ebola virus, they are also unsure how an outbreak of Ebola virus occurs. Researchers have hypothesized that the first patient becomes infected with Ebola virus through contact with an infected animal. Causes of Ebola: Transmission Once Ebola virus infects the first human, scientists do know how Ebola virus is spread from human to human. Transmission of Ebola occurs through direct...
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...Student’s name Professor’s name Course Date Ebola The disease was first reported in Zaire (present Democratic Republic of Congo), thus its former Zaire Ebola virus. Many people have succumbed to the Ebola virus as a result of Ebola virus disease. Just like other Ebola viruses, the Ebola virus (EBOV), result in serious hemorrhagic fever in humans and it has been the cause of thousands of deaths especially in West Africa. But compared to other viruses, the Ebola virus has the highest mortality rate with an average of more than 80%. The fact that there have been numerous outbreak cases of the Ebola viruses explains the high levels. As a result of confusing it with malaria, Ebola cases were frequently treated with quinine. The first verified case of Ebola was reported on August, 1976 in Yambuku. (Team, p.223). The virus can also be transmitted through body fluids. The paper seeks to analyze Ebola in terms of origin, causes, symptoms and the preventive measures that should be taken. Apart from humans, Ebola has been found in other nonhuman primates such as monkeys and chimpanzees especially in Africa. But in other places such as the Philippines, the virus has been found in pigs. It, therefore, means that, on some occasions, the viruses is transmitted to humans from animals. People who butcher and eat infected animals in are at high risks of contracting the virus. Experts who have worked on infected animals have also been affected due to contact with the animal’s blood. Person...
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...ETHICAL DILEMMA CJS/211 September 1, 2014 Michael Raneses ETHICAL DILEMMA EBOLA VIRUS Ebola virus appeared in Sudan, Zaire in 1976. The very first outbreak of the Ebola virus was named Sudan Ebola virus and it infected over 284 people, killing 53% of its victims. Another strain of the infection came infecting 318 people; this strain was called the Zaire Ebola virus. It had the highest mortality rate of 88%, and at this time the researchers were not able to pin point where the Ebola virus had originated from. The third subtype of the virus is known as Reston-Ebola and was identified in1989 when it infected monkeys that were being imported to Reston, Virginia from Philippines. The virus also has infected some of the patients, but the patients did not develop the Ebola hemorrhagic fever. The fourth subtype had occurred during 1994 when an ethnologist was during a necropsy on a dead chimpanzee. The ethnologist accidentally infected herself while she was performing the necropsy on the chimpanzee. Ebola has become more prevalent in Africa, where there is an outbreak. The Ebola virus is worsening in West Africa and the director of the Center of Disease Control and Prevention urge traveling warning to any person that may be going any of the three West Africa countries that have been hit by the outbreak. Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone the disease have killed all together more than 700 individuals this year alone. This outbreak can become a “global pandemic”...
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...world. Ebola has affected many countries in the world including United States of America. It has brought about many sociological factors that influenced the world to come together and work together and work together to fight the pandemic disease. United States and Britain come together raised money and funded my research institutions in America and in Africa to fight the disease. Therefore, I will take you into a journey and explain what Ebola is and how it is affected the world according to my research based on this disease. I hope you will learn how it affected the social factors in the society, for example, fatality rates and how the world society was affected in terms of health, financial constraints. This research paper is dedicated to the restless efforts of scientists, and government in the United States and Britain for their great contribution to fight Ebola. To the courageous doctors who flew to Africa and risked their lives in order to help the people in West Africa. Ebola virus disease (EVD) was also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, it is severe, often fatal illness in humans. It is transmitted from wild animals and spreads to human population via direct human transmission. For example, it can also be transmitted through body fluids, objects and fruits from primates Also, Ebola firstly appeared in Sudan, Nzara and in the Republic of Congo in a village near Ebola River, thus its name evolved. Currently, it is rated as a dangerous virus severely...
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