...Interventions to Decrease the HIV/STI Risk Behaviors of African American Youth: Can We Control Future Trends? Beatrice Simiyu Capstone Project Dr. Bruce Johnson Abstract As a result of the need to recognize successful human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) interventions tailored for African American youth, a literature review of six HIV/STI randomized controlled trials interventions targeting African American youth conducted in the United States were evaluated. A comparative analysis was used; the settings, procedures and outcomes of the different interventions targeting African American youth were compared, contrasted and combined to ultimately identify trends that are likely to initiate and possibly sustain change in HIV/STI risk behaviors among African American youth who are a vulnerable group. Variables were evaluated by the various intervention impacts on reducing sexual risk behaviors by an indication of a delay in first sexual intercourse, a decline in the number of sex partners and frequency of sex, and increase in condom use and a reduction in positive STI outcomes. Outcomes were used to facilitate identification of public health strategies that might be most beneficial in targeting African American youth and pinpoint what manner current public health strategies neglects to focus on their needs. The research and practice implications of the findings imply that enhancing future HIV/STI targeting African American youth necessitates...
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...raised in a sexual time period without any guidance which has led us to be very confused about topics that are often considered taboo. The most important of which is sexually transmitted infections, also known as STIs. Besides the horrible picture that they plagued us with when they crammed 40 pubescent kids for a quick STI seminar in high school, what do we really know about them? III. STIs are caused...
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...The Effect of Social Networking Sites to the Academic Performance of Students of STI College Muñoz EDSA By: Alice Zandra Louisa R. Parilla AB Psychology PSY201A Presented to: Mr. Ralph Amoroso Communication Arts II, Professor STI College Muñoz-EDSA In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Psychology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my professor in Communication Arts II, Mr. Ralph Amoroso, who made me make this thesis paper for as a final requirement, which stands as a stepping stone for me to be ready for the future of making more formal thesis papers for my future courses that I would have to take. I would like to thank the participants and respondents that conducted the survey on, without you I wouldn't have done this thesis paper. Thank you for participating, cooperating, and being very patient with me in the process of making this thesis. In addition, I would like to thank my fellow colleagues and my family members for their support, encouragement, and assistance. This study would not have been successful without all of you. CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction The Internet is more than just a means of seeking information. People discovered that the Internet could be used to connect with other people, whether for business, making new friends, reawaken old friends and long lost relatives. The emergence of social networking sites simplifies the whole process as they are easier...
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...of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) among Secondary School students in Owerri Municipal Area of Imo State, Nigeria. By A.M. Adewale. Department of Biology, Alvan Ikoku Federal University of Education, Owerri. Imo State, Nigeria. Email: mosesremimec@yahoo.com And M.O. Ayodele. Kwara State College of Education (T), Lafiagi. Kwara State, Nigeria. Email: oluoyedele@yahoo.com. Introduction. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are transmitted through sexul contacts and the most common ones are hepatitis B, genital herpes, syphilis, chlamydia, gornorrhea, genital warts, pubic lice and HIV/AIDS (WHO, 2006). STDs are diseases that you get by having sex (intercourse, oral or anal) with someone who already has a sexually transmitted disease (Dehne and Riedner, 2005). Although there are diversity in culture and practices of different practices among different nations of the world, hthe attitude to human sexual relationships seems to be almost similar among all men. Moreover geographical barrier does no longer effectively separate interactions among the diverse people of the world. THe prevalence and pattern of infections are not different among all men who have similar diposition to acquiring diseases. Sexually transmitted infections and the causative agents are commonly prevalent prevalent in all parts of the world. According to Child Trends (2013), there are more than 25 kinds of STIs, acquired primarily through sexual activity...
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...or moist objects such as towels, wet clothing, or toilet seats, although it is more commonly spread by sexual contact. Anyone who has had sexual contact can get an STI. Men and women of all ages, regions, ethnic backgrounds, and economic levels can get STI. One out of four Americans between ages 15 and 55 will catch at least one STI. STIs are most common among teens and young adults, with about two-thirds of all STIs occurring in people under age 25. Young people are more likely to take more risks and have sex with more partners. Additionally, teen girls are more likely to become infected by Chlamydia than adult women are. Effects: If left untreated in women, the infection can cause Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, which can lead to long term pain, infertility, or even death. In men Chlamydia can cause pain, fever and sterility. Ways to prevent Chlamydia: * Use condoms: Condoms reduce the risk of becoming infected with an STI. A condom must be put on before any sexual contact begins. Use condoms with a new partner until you are certain he or she does not have an STI. * Practice Safer Sex: Talk with your partner about STIs before beginning a sexual relationship. Find out whether he or she is...
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...sexual behavior is not socially accepted because people with STI’s are unwanted in relationships. Anonymous Sex Partners One of the most common ways of obtaining an STI is via sex with multiple anonymous partners. With one partner you are more likely to know their sexual information. It is commonly known that having numerous sexual partners are more frequent on college campuses or areas in which alcohol is being consumed. That being said, nationwide one out of six people aged 14 to 49 have genital herpes. When having multiple anonymous sex partners you are at a 16 percent chance of acquiring the infection and that number increases the more you continue to do so. In conclusion, the more people you have sexual contact with, the greater you’re overall exposure risks. Contraceptive and Condom Usage In America more than half of the population is sexually active. For example, almost half of all high school students have already had a sexual encounter by the 11th grade according to the “Introduction to Community Health 2011”. With so many people being sexually active contraceptives and condom usage is growing increasingly important for both young and old people alike. It is deemed risky behavior when a person chooses not to use a condom or other contraceptives. They are not only more likely to contract an STI but may face a slew of unplanned pregnancies. According to the Introduction of Community Health...
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...Sexually transmitted infections (STI), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and venereal diseases (VD), are infections that are commonly spread by sex, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex. Most STIs initially do not cause symptoms.[1] This results in a greater risk of passing the disease on to others.[2][3] Symptoms and signs of disease may include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic pain. STIs acquired before or during birth may result in poor outcomes for the baby. Some STIs may cause problems with the ability to get pregnant.[1] More than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites can cause STIs.[1] Bacterial STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis among others. Viral STIs include genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, and genital warts among others. Parasitic STIs include trichomoniasis among others. While usually spread by sex, some STIs can also be spread by non-sexual contact with contaminated blood and tissues, breastfeeding, or during childbirth.[1] STI diagnostic tests are easily available in the developed world, but this is often not the case in the developing world.[1] The most effective way of preventing STIs is by not having sex.[4] Some vaccinations may also decrease the risk of certain infections including hepatitis B and some types of HPV.[4] Safer sex practices such as use of condoms, having a smaller number of sexual partners, and being in a relationship where each person only has...
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...other types of medicines. Those that are caused by viruses are untreatable; currently there is no cure for them (Markos, 2003). Drugs sometimes control STDs caused by viruses. Also correct and consistent use of latex condoms significantly reduces chances of contracting an STD even though they are not a hundred percent effective (Pattman, 2010). Initially, most genitourinary infections do not have symptoms. This fact poses a greater risk of infecting others. Some symptoms of these diseases might include; discharges both vaginal and penile, pelvic pain and pimple like ulcers around the genitals (Miller, 2003). In women, STIs acquired before conception may result in serious health implications for the baby. Sometimes it is hard for women who had STIs to become pregnant (Rogstad, 2011). Approximately 30 different parasites, bacteria and viruses can cause STIs. A perfect example of genitourinary infection caused by parasites is Trichomoniasis, those caused by bacteria include; Chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea and others...
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...Advantages Evaluation of Disadvantages Final Evaluation Pill (COCP) Over 99% effective when taken correctly. Can improve periods. Fertility returns to normal with cessation. No STI protection. Possible temporary side effects eg, headache. Low risk of thrombosis or some cancers. Effectiveness reduced by vomiting, diarrhoea and some medications. Highly effective method for healthy non-smokers. Suitable for those who remember to take medication, not on medications that interact with the COCP and not requiring STI protection. Male Condom 98% effective if used correctly. STI protection. No serious side effects. No advanced preparation required. Can slip off or split if not used correctly. Usually contain latex but alternatives are available. Can interrupt sex. Highly effective method suitable for most as it requires no preparation, has no serious side effects or interactions, and is simple to use. Intrauterine Device Over 99% effective. Works immediately once fitted. Lasts 5 – 10 years. No advanced preparation. Doesn’t interrupt sex. Normal fertility returns immediately when removed. Not affected by other medications. No STI protection. Periods may worsen. Small chance of infection after fitting. Highly effective method for longer term contraception. Suitable for those taking other medications and not requiring STI protection. Implant Over 99% effective. Lasts 3 years. No advanced preparation. Doesn’t interrupt sex. Fertility returns immediately after removal. Option for those who cannot...
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...DHS WORKING PAPERS Utilization of HIV-Related Services from the Private Health Sector: A Multi-Country Analysis Wenjuan Wang Sara Sulzbach Susna De 2010 No. 67 February 2010 This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH RESEARCH The DHS Working Papers series is an unreviewed and unedited prepublication series of papers reporting on research in progress based on Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data. This research was carried out with support provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the MEASURE DHS project (#GPO-C-00-03-00002-00). The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United States Government, or the organizations to which the authors belong. MEASURE DHS assists countries worldwide in the collection and use of data to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programs. Additional information about the MEASURE DHS project can be obtained by contacting ICF Macro, Demographic and Health Research Division, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Suite 300, Calverton, MD 20705 (telephone: 301-572-0200; fax: 301-572-0999; e-mail: reports@macrointernational.com; internet: www.measuredhs.com). Utilization of HIV-Related Services from the Private Health Sector: A Multi-Country Analysis Wenjuan Wang1 Sara Sulzbach2 Susna De3 February 2010 Corresponding authors: Wenjuan Wang, International...
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...Accounting Theory Market Efficiency Project Report 1.0 Objective An analysis of the 30 components in the Straits Times Index (STI) is conducted to ascertain whether the Singapore stock market is weak-form efficient. If the hypothesis holds, the stock prices should reflect all available information in historical prices. In order words, it is expected that the stock returns would demonstrate unpredictability and follow random walk given an efficient market. 2.0 Methodology The data used for this analysis are the stock prices of the 30 components in STI for the period of 1 Jan 2001 to 31 Dec 2012 extractedfrom Yahoo Finance. For each stock, the daily, weekly and monthly stock returns are calculated. Weekly returns are derivedfrom the closing price on each Friday, while monthly returns are based on the closing price at each month-end. The STI is a capitalization weighted stock market index that tracks the performance of the top 30 companies listed on the Singapore Exchange. As such, the composition of STI is not fixed. As at Feb 2013, subject to availability of data from Yahoo Finance, it is observed that majority of the 30 stocks on STI have been included since Year 2000, while some are included in the period of Year 2004 to 2010. However, one of the current components of STI—IHH Healthcare Berhad—was only included on 26 Jul 2012 which is less than a year as of analysis date. Considering that a big portion of this analysis focuses on the comparison between the 30 stocks...
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...The challenge of working with young people relating to promoting positive sexual health Teenage pregnancies and early parenthood have been recognised to be associated with poor health and social exclusion. There have been debates on whether teen mothers and their children are the consequences of the teen mother’s age or socially disadvantaged circumstances Sexual health is a subject that’s affects many counries, especially when young people are being infected with STIs, it a subject of amusement, fear, embarrassment and complexity. unplanned pregnancies that will force most young girls out of school and being lone parents or which is a burden to health services and the economy, most of these young women end-up having more than one child, living in poverty relying on state hand-outs and most of them end up being unemployed and creating other generations of deprived children, some prostitute themselves to support themselves and their children resulting in them getting sexually transmitted infections such the ones mentioned above. The cases of young people is worrying the governments, local authorities and even families because the of the age these young people are experiencing their first sexual intercourse are getting younger despite the fact that in great Britain the age to consent sex is 16 years, young people as young as 11 year are sexually active, example of this is the case of Alffie an 11 year old year boy who believed to have fathered a15year old school’s child...
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...Health Belief Model History and Orientation The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors. This is done by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals. The HBM was first developed in the 1950s by social psychologists Hochbaum, Rosenstock and Kegels working in the U.S. Public Health Services. The model was developed in response to the failure of a free tuberculosis (TB) health screening program. Since then, the HBM has been adapted to explore a variety of long- and short-term health behaviors, including sexual risk behaviors and the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Core Assumptions and Statements The HBM is based on the understanding that a person will take a health-related action (i.e., use condoms) if that person: 1. feels that a negative health condition (i.e., HIV) can be avoided, 2. has a positive expectation that by taking a recommended action, he/she will avoid a negative health condition (i.e., using condoms will be effective at preventing HIV), and 3. believes that he/she can successfully take a recommended health action (i.e., he/she can use condoms comfortably and with confidence). The HBM was spelled out in terms of four constructs representing the perceived threat and net benefits: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. These concepts were proposed as accounting for people's "readiness to act." An added concept, cues to action, would activate...
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...estimated that the use of effective contraception could avert 90% of abortion-related and more than 20% of obstetric-related mortality globally. Abortion incidence is inversely associated with the level of contraceptive use, especially where the fertility rates are stable. In addition, comprehensive sex education has the potential to prevent unintended pregnancies that lead to unsafe abortions. In order to meet the increasing demand for contraceptives and to ensure the sexual and reproductive health and rights of women, including the right to Planned Parenthood, intensified efforts are urgently needed. CONTRACEPTIVES METHODS Protection against STIs, It is important to practice safer sex, as well as to prevent an unplanned pregnancy. Not all methods of contraception provide protection against STIs. The best way to reduce your risk of STIs is to use barriers such as male and female condoms Implants and injections – hormonal contraception Hormonal contraception for women is also available as implants and injections. Male inject able contraceptives are currently being trial led. Implants. There is a hormonal, rod-shaped implant that is inserted under the skin at the inner side of the upper arm. It contains etonogestrel, a progesterone-like hormone that prevents ovulation and stops sperm from entering the cervix by changing cervical mucus. The contraceptive implant lasts for three years. Injections (Depo). There is a hormonal injection containing progesterone that is administered...
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...Physical needs include, chronically ill, high-risk mothers and infants, disabled, HIV-infected individuals. The Psychological domain includes those who are chronically mentally ill and suffer from schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, ADHD, or have a history of substance abuse, alcohol abuse, or suicidal. The social realm includes individuals who are living in an abusive environment with abusive families, immigrants, refugees, the homeless. A large vulnerable population is sexually active adolescents. There are many risks and an increasing need for education. Demographics The vulnerable populations are increasing. American teenage sexual activity and risks associated with it are growing. These risks include STDs, STIs, HIV, teenage pregnancy, low birth weight infants, date rape, sexual and physical abuse, and for females; an immature cervix is easily infected. An average adolescents has had sex for the first time by the age of 17, but do not marry...
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