...Subject Terms: *NONNUTRITIVE sweeteners *ASPARTAME *SUGAR substitutes *DEGENERATION (Pathology) *FOOD additives *CARCINOGENICITY RISK factors Author-Supplied Keywords: Artifi cial sweetener aspartame sugar substitute Abstract: Sugar is an inseparable part of the food we consume. But too much sugar is not ideal for our teeth and waistline. There have been some controversial suggestions that excessive sugar may play an important role in certain degenerative diseases. So artificial sweeteners or artificially sweetened products continue to attract consumers. A sugar substitute (artificial sweetener) is a food additive that duplicates the effect of sugar in taste, but usually has less food energy. Besides its benefits, animal studies have convincingly proven that artificial sweeteners cause weight gain, brain tumors, bladder cancer and many other health hazards. Some kind of health related side effects including carcinogenicity are also noted in humans. A large number of studies have been carried out on these substances with conclusions ranging from "safe under all conditions" to "unsafe at any dose". Scientists are divided in their views on the issue of artificial sweetener safety. In scientific as well as in lay publications, supporting studies are often widely referenced while the opposing results are de-emphasized or dismissed. So this review aims to explore the health controversy over perceived benefits of sugar substitutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal...
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...What that Sugar Rush Really Does When I started to read this article, I was literally blown away by the statistics and studies that they had to back up their findings. A large amount of sugar can actually damage the brain, causing you to stop producing memories, and stunts your ability to learn new things. My first question to this was why does it do this? Well the article kept on explaining to me! Sugar slows the creation of a specific chemical in the brain, and this slowly can eventually stop the production, forcing you to head into a permanent stupor. The creation of this chemical is crucial in the continual development in the brain, and in some cases can harm your current memories. Continuing to read that I began wondering if this could stop people with sugar from learning new things, and remembering certain things, like what they can and can’t eat, what pills they need to take when, and how to properly use a new item. Could it be that the consistent diet of sugar through the years could be a cause of Alzheimer’s, their memories deteriorating because they no longer produce that chemical, or have stunted it to a point that it doesn’t produce enough to keep up with new things. A fine example is an older man or woman with an iPod, or smart phone. These could be causes and reasons, but what is the effect. My sugar intake has dropped considerably since reading this article, and it’s something that I don’t believe will help him in the long run besides teasing and tempting...
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...Are you willing to lose your kidneys because of an excessive amount of sugar? Everyone eats sugar, but when someone consumes an excessive amount of it could cause a serious amount of damage to your kidneys. When a person consumes an abnormal amount of sugar it causes damage to your kidneys. For instance an inordinate amount of sugar can cause sugar to spill in your urine. Also the kidneys filtration system can be greatly damaged. When a person has high blood sugar it can cause damage to the kidneys blood vessels. Having an uncontrolled amount of sugar causes your kidneys to leak which leads to sugar in your urine. According to an article titled “Health Grads” it states “ Abnormally high amounts of sugar in the urine, known as glycosuria, are usually the result of high blood sugar levels.” The same author also stated “When the blood sugar is high, there is too much sugar in the fluid leaving the kidney to be reabsorbed, so some sugar passes into the urine.” These pieces of evidence show that sugar can affect the way your kidneys are suppose to function....
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...The Effect of Different Types of Sugar on Respiration in Yeast INTRODUCTION: Yeast is living bacteria that uses in baking to make dough rise through the process of fermentation. For fermentation to occur yeast requires fuel in the form of sugar. The yeast reaction varies depending upon the type of sugar use. AIM: To determine the effect of different types of sugar (Maltose, Lactose and Glucose) have on the respiration rate of yeast. HYPOTHESIS If the type of sugar changed (Maltose, Lactose and Glucose), the amount of carbon dioxide created (bubbles) will then increase because sugar needed for respiration to occur. But, I think Maltose + Yeast will produce more bubbles than other two types of sugar because maltose is the largest sugar in all types of sugar which I am going to do on. Glucose will come into a second place and the least will be Lactose. VARIABLES * INDEPENDENT VARIABLE The independent is type of sugar. I will change it by putting different types of sugar into the water which the yeast would be placed in. * DEPENTDENT VARIABLE The dependent is the amount of bubbles collected from the over a certain amount of time. Rate = CO2/Time * CONTROL VARIABLE 1. Amount of yeast(5 grams) 2. Temperature (50C) 3. Amount of time (1 minute) 4. Amount of sugar (100ml) 5. Concentration (5%) MATERIALS: -Yeast (5 grams) -Sugar (Maltose, Lactose and Glucose 100ml each) -Hot water (50C) -Water bath -Beaker (2) -Delivery Tube -Tissue ...
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...Dopaminergic Pathways’ Role in Addiction: Sugar and Drugs of Abuse Researchers are hesitant to claim sugar to be addictive, however, many studies have been performed showing how sugar has the ability to produce addictive symptoms similar to those of addictive drugs (1). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2004) does not define addiction, but rather, has criteria for substance dependence. The first two criteria relate to the “physiological dependence” of drugs of abuse- tolerance: a need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect, and withdrawal: the removal of the drug of choice and its subsequent feelings of anxiety and depression. Often the same (or a closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid these symptoms. Sugar consumption has increased because it is ubiquitous- it’s everywhere and in everything. Popular literature claims sugar to be addictive, and mounting scientific evidence is substantiating this concept (2). Research has shown that addiction emerges in the part of the brain known as the Mesolimbic pathway, referred to as the “Reward Center”, which is one part of the dopaminergic pathway (3). This brain system, which reinforces natural behaviors such as sex and feeding, has adapted to synthetic reinforcement (4). Drugs of abuse activate neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Neurons originating in the VTA project axons into multiple areas of the limbic system including...
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...More Sugar Make Lemon Sauce Runny? Project Design Plan Cornstarch is a common thickening agent in cooking. Plant starch is made of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin. When heated in a water-based solution, the starch molecules can unwind and then form new hydrogen bonds with other starch molecules, making a network of long molecular filaments that can hold water molecules in a gel (Holmes, 2012). The Argo Cornstarch website warns that too much sugar can interfere with thickening (Argo, 2012). Literature Review There are many different ways to thicken liquids and thickening liquids has many applications. Many experiments have been done to test different thickening methods. GVSoapCo tested 4 different substances to thicken homemade liquid hand soap: Xanthan Gum, Borax, Salt or Crothix. This experiment used the same soap recipe, substituting the different thickening agents. The experimenter then tested the thickness or runniness of the finished soap by spooning it up and drizzling it. This showed that the Crothix thickener made the thickest, smoothest soap, whereas the salt made the thinnest, runniest soap. While the spooning method was effective at showing the qualitative difference the thickening agent made, it didn’t produce quantitative measurements of the relative thickness (GVSoapCo, 2013). Foy compared low sugar pectin with traditional pectin in making grape jelly. She reported that the traditional pectin made firmer jelly than the low sugar pectin...
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...fructose is 25. Sucrose (Ordinary sugar) which is made up of a combination of these two has a GI of 65. The search for a low GI natural sugar based sweetener is somewhat futile as they all contain combinations of the above, or similar sugars. Although fructose has a fairly low GI , it has other harmful effects and must be considered unsafe to take in large quantities. Agave Syrup has a low GI because it is mainly fructose. Agave has been delisted and banned by theGlycemic Research Institute of Washington DC because serious side effects were observed in clinical trials. Coconut Palm Sugar contains mainly sucrose and one would expect a GI of about 65. However it scores well in the glycemic index for sweeteners list. Tests have indicated a GI of only about 35. This may be partly because of other substances in it such as soluble fiber. However, the testing was very limited. More testing may well produce a higher GI. Yacon Syrup, scores best in the Glycemic Index for Sweeteners that are sugar based. It derives it's sweetness from Fructo-oligosaccharides, a type of sugar with a very low GI. It is probably the only truly raw, organic, natural, low calorie, and low glycemic sweetener available. Sugar alcohols tend to have very low GIs. In particular Erythritol has a GI of only 1, and it is a safe low calorie sweetener that occurs naturally in some fruits and mushrooms. While many of the other sugar alcohols also have low GIs they can have side effects such as abdominal cramping if taken...
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...Sugar Momma As Americans there is a common addiction to a white substance known as sugar, and with this addiction comes an assortment of complications and diseases. The reason why Americans are addicted to sugar is because when sugar is absorbed into the human bloodstream sugar is sent to the brain , which according to Dr. Lustig, a specialist in Neuroendocrinology “stimulates the same areas as cocaine or heroin” (Rose). When sugar is digested, it makes one want to eat more and more of it, because the body naturally craves sugar. If sugar affects the same areas of the brain as cocaine or heroin, then why is sugar, so widely available in society and why is sugar so readily given to children? Dr. Lustig has also studied the effects of sugar in the human body, and states that “seventy-five percent of diseases Americans face” can be prevented by simply changing one's diet (Rose).One of the diseases caused by sugar is diabetes, a disease in which the body’s ability to produce and to respond to the hormone insulin is debilitated, which is caused by high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood (Mayo Clinic). “Diabetes affects one in three Americans born after 2000,”(Food Inc) which means that America’s children are more at risk to develop diabetes in their adult years. Diabetes also has its own set of complications such as cardiovascular disease, nerve damage, kidney damage, eye damage and loss of...
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...HFCS is used worldwide and a cheap replacement for natural sugar in which was found to be contaminated with Mercury. Mercury has been known to attack the nervous systems and cause life threating health problems in adult and young children that consume these product with HFCS. The problem lies in restaurants, fast food places and grocery stores that welcomes unnatural ingredients knowing that manufactures doubled the portion of corn syrup and fructose in the products we eat because it is a cheap. Manufactures such as General Mills don’t want Americans to know how much they convert 90 percent HFCS in their products. Corn Refiners Association’s (CRA) sneaky way of changing the name so that HFCS can be applied more into what we eat. CRA...
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...He who conquers sugar is the real master above all of this because if he can control sugar cravings, he can control almost anything. A sugar addiction is a mental addiction. Sugar cravings are a major issue not just for ketogenic eating, but any diet program. These cravings are often what throw people out of ketosis because they give into them. Sugar causes a natural production of opioids in the brain that produces a drug-like high. Many people with addiction type of personalities who choose not to abuse illegal substances may opt for sugar because of its strong pleasurable effects. Since it is a legal substance, there are no real risks in consuming it. Sugar is ok. Sugar releases that "ahh" feeling that most of us like. Who would have ever...
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...Does More Sugar Make Lemon Sauce Runny? By N. Shane Cutler Project Design Plan Cornstarch is a common thickening agent in cooking. Plant starch is made of a mixture of amylose and amylopectin. When heated in a water-based solution, the starch molecules can unwind and then form new hydrogen bonds with other starch molecules, making a network of long molecular filaments that can hold water molecules in a gel (Holmes, 2012). The Argo Cornstarch website warns that too much sugar can interfere with thickening (Argo, 2012). Literature Review There are many different ways to thicken liquids and thickening liquids has many applications. Many experiments have been done to test different thickening methods. GVSoapCo tested 4 different substances to thicken homemade liquid hand soap: Xanthan Gum, Borax, Salt or Crothix. This experiment used the same soap recipe, substituting the different thickening agents. The experimenter then tested the thickness or runniness of the finished soap by spooning it up and drizzling it. This showed that the Crothix thickener made the thickest, smoothest soap, whereas the salt made the thinnest, runniest soap. While the spooning method was effective at showing the qualitative difference the thickening agent made, it didn’t produce quantitative measurements of the relative thickness (GVSoapCo, 2013). Foy compared low sugar pectin with traditional pectin in making grape jelly. She reported that the traditional pectin made firmer jelly than the low sugar pectin....
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...approved in Canada in 1991. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Splenda as a non-nutritive sweetener in 1998 and as a general-purpose sweetener in 1999. It is now approved in more than 80 countries and is used worldwide in over 4,000 commercial products such as no-sugar added fruit, diet soft drinks, and reduced-sugar juices. Splenda is a mixture of dextrose, malt dextrin, and sucralose. Ten grams of Splenda contains 9.00 g of carbohydrates. This consists of 8.03 g of sugars (dextrose) and 0.96 grams of starch (malt dextrin). 10 grams of Splenda has 33 Calories compared to 39 Calories for an equal amount of sugar. The calories in Splenda come from the carbohydrates in it. Studies of a component in Splenda (sucralose) concluded that "there is no indication that adverse effects on human health would occur from frequent or long-term exposure to sucralose at the maximum anticipated levels of intake". However, a Duke University study conducted on rats (funded by The Sugar Association) shows that at sucralose consumption throughout a 12-week administration of Splenda exerted numerous adverse effects; which are known to limit the absorption of nutrients and oral medications. These effects have not been tested in humans and so the study has been the subject of some controversy, with experts disagreeing over its conclusions. There is strong evidence supporting the relationship between Splenda and obesity. Obesity however is not the only serious illness associated with...
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...with it, and type 2 (also known as diabetes mellitus) is developed over one’s lifetime (Type 2 Diabetes - Causes). Diabetes causes a disruption in the inner body balance therefore affecting homeostasis. People with diabetes have issues with blood sugar level. Either their body doesn’t react to insulin or their body doesn’t produce insulin. However, there are a few ways of treating this disease. It not only has an effect on the health of the population, but it also causes a great expense to the economy (General Diabetes Facts and Information). Diabetes is a permanent illness, which causes the diabetic’s blood sugar level to become too high (Type 2 Diabetes - Causes). So there is no cure for it can only be treated. People suffering from type 2 diabetes have insulin resistance, which means that their pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, or the body doesn’t produce enough insulin. As shown in Figure 1 (General Diabetes Facts and Information). The pancreas is large gland behind the stomach and its job is to produce the hormone insulin. The job of insulin is to move glucose from the blood into the cells, where it gets converted into energy (Type 2 Diabetes - Causes). In the UK, 1 in 16 people have diabetes. The high level of sugar in the blood causes the person to feel thirsty and urinate more than usual, especially at nighttime, and feel tired for most of the day. Type 2 diabetes is a lot more common than type 1, is usually associated with obesity and it usually diagnosed...
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...Research Project for Sport and Exercise Science Research Proposal (1 of 2) EDSE Elen Moyo S0073212 Tom Raynor Assessment due in: 21/10/15 In this project I will be attempting to figure out the effects of eating jelly babies in a 30m sprint, if consuming the substrate will improve speed to the subjects or contradict. The reason why I want to conduct this is that Jelly babies are common taken for boosting energy as it contains a great amount of sugar so by doing this project will gather enough research to prove if jelly babies affects speed on a 30m sprint. Does sugar intake have an effect on speed in a 30m sprint? Aims My aim is to establish the human consumption of sugar intake, if it has an effect of sprinting 30m. Objectives * Booking facilities such as the rubber crumb * Finding equipment’s * To film the 30m sprints, to calculate velocity * Subjects will complete 30m sprint without taking the substrate to start off with * Time of speed will decrease * Results recorded down on a table with each subjects score. Hypothesis * The use of consuming Jelly babies will have no significant difference on the subjects speed as it will not differ. * Subjects speed score will decrease when taking the substrate, compared to when consuming the substrate. Recourses Physical Resources- For my project I will need a stop timer to time the speed the subjects are sprinting. Tape measure that gives the correct distance...
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...The Negative Effects of Processed Foods Food is one of life’s main essentials to sustain viability. The ongoing growth, maintenance and repair of the body depends deeply on the energy and nutrients supplied to the body through foods. The nutrients that food delivers to the human body is an amazingly, dynamic process that keeps people alive and well. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that over 25 million people in America have diabetes; 215,000 of those are children and over 69 percent of all Americans are overweight and obese. This includes childhood obesity, which has more than doubled in children and tripled in adolescents in the past 30 years. There is also the deadly threat of food intolerances, which according to the CDC, has increased approximately 50 percent between 1997 and 2011. That means 1 in every 13 children under the age of 18 have a food allergy, according to statistics. These diseases cause many complications and are responsible for a reduced quality of life. These startling statistics reveal that Americans, especially children, are not getting the proper nutrients their body needs. America has taken technological innovations in food production to the next level and has an abundant food supply. So why are so many Americans sick with food related diseases? Taking a closer look at America’s diet holds the answer. A typical American diet consists of 70 percent processed foods. This includes packaged foods, fast foods, and foods that could...
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