...Prevalence of Zoonotic Diseases (T.B and Brucellosis) in Animals Domesticated in Pishin District Research Report submitted to & For the complete fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) In BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATICS By AEMAL TAREEN Supervisor Dr. DOST MUHAMMAD BALOCH Faculty of Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta Co-Supervisor PROFESSOR Dr. MUHAMMAD AZAM KHAN KAKAR Faculty of Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta PREVALENCE OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES (TUBERCULOSIS AND BRUCELLOSIS) IN ANIMALS DOMOISTICATED IN PISHIN DISTRICT (BALOCHISTAN) Abstract This report presents a combined epidemiological and economic framework for assessing zoonoses using a ‘‘one health’’ concept. The framework allows for an understanding of the cross-sector economic influence of zoonoses using improved risk analysis and listing a range of analytical tools. The goal of the framework is to link the check outputs of animal and human disease transmission models, economic influence models and assessment of risk management options to gain improved understanding of factors affecting the acceptance of risk management plans so that investment planning includes the most promising interventions (or sets of interventions in an integrated fashion). A more complete understanding of the costs of the disease and the costs and benefits of control measures would promote broader application of the most efficient and effective control...
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...Introduction Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases which can be transmitted from animals to man. Due to frequent contact and domestication of wildlife animals, zoonotic diseases are increasingly becoming more prevalent. Public parks and gardens are home to abundant populations of birds. One of the most frequent species known to thrive in such areas are feral pigeon (Columba livia). Although there are few reports of disease transmission between pigeons and humans, their close interaction with humans and ability to carry zoonotic pathogens make them a public health risk. In fact, these birds are present at very high densities (2,000 individuals per km2) and can cover a maximum distance of 5.29 km (Dickx et al., 2010). This may result in the increase risk of pathogen transmission among other birds and potentially to humans. Studies have shown that most infected pigeons do not show signs of clinical disease. These birds may therefore pose a public health risk to the human population. Pigeons, like many other bird species, can harbor diseases that can be zoonotic in nature. One of the pathogens most frequently carried by pigeons is Chlamydophila psittaci. C. psittaci is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes a disease in birds known as Psittacosis or Avian Chlamydiosis. Psittacosis is highly contagious and often causes influenza-like symptoms, severe pneumonia and non-respiratory health problems. Birds can shed this bacterium in the environment when they are...
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...Smallpox, a disease caused by variola virus, has been globally eradicated since the early 1980s due to the massive vaccination program conducted by the World Health Organization. However, there are concerns that the smallpox virus could be used as a biological weapon. In addition, the monkeypox virus, which resembles the smallpox virus, is an emerging virus that caused an outbreak of human monkeypox in Africa, and more recently in the United States. Therefore, the need for protection against these zoonotic viral infections remains [1-3]. Variola belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus, family Poxviridae, which also includes vaccinia, monkeypox, cowpox, and other viruses. Because the majority of orthopoxvirus DNA is highly conserved considerable cross-protection can be conferred, through infection or immunization, within this family of viruses. For example, variola virus shares >90% similarity with the vaccinia genome, which enabled eradication of smallpox using the vaccinia virus....
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...3.1 in the stands next to you. You tell him that you are a paramedic and will walk him to your car where you have your medical equipment. He reports that he has had a headache off and on since he had a tooth extracted four days ago. This evening he is feeling very weak. His blood pressure is normal. When you listen to his heart you note that he has a pronounced murmur. He reports having had rheumatic fever 15 years ago. You examine his fingernails and find one that has tiny petechial hemorrhages under it. 1. Name the most likely causative agent of this man's signs and symptoms. 2. Name the most likely infection this man has. 3. What type of culture would a physician most likely order, and why? 4. What is the treatment? 5. What is rheumatic fever? What causes it. Can it be prevented? 1) Streptococcus viridans transmitted through the wound to the bloodstream as a result of the tooth extraction. 2) subacute bacterial endocarditis (endocarditis- inflammation of the endocardium) 3) a blood culture looking for alpha hemolysis because Streptococcus viridans is alpha hemolytic and this would detect the presence of the bacteria in the blood. 5) Rheumatic fever was the cause of the man's heart murmur because the endocardium (lining of heart muscle that covers heart valve) was damaged. A damaged heart valve makes a person more susceptible to bacterial endocarditis because the bacteria easily lodges onto the heart valve. http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~fpm/bio205/sp-05/cardiovascsyst3=1-8...
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...In the Vet Clinic Question 1 a) Name and describe three (3) ways an animal may show you that they are stressed. A great many people who live with canines perceive a percentage of the "greater" pieces of information that a canine's on edge, 1. Uncomfortable, or out and out frightened -groveling, 2. whimpering, and a tucked tail, to name only three.more unobtrusive signs. They for the most part don't reflect all out frenzy, however they let you know that all's not exactly right 3. On the off chance that we can interpret our pooches' 4. Leashing the skin behind while walking non-verbal communication, we can ransom delicate puppies before they get overpowered. Furthermore even boneheaded, giddy sorts may discover a few circumstances excessively for them. Come to consider it, viewing them nearly may uncover that they're not such blockheads truth be told. When we perceive our canines' anxiety flags and make a move to bail them out, we're taking consideration both of the puppy and of ourselves. I regularly recollect a maturing puppy named Jack whose people recognized that he generally withdrew from their little child's methodology. They don't thought anything of it, so Jack's rehashed nonaggressive flags that he despised kiddy-style taking care of didn't traverse. b) Name and describe three (3) ways an animal may show you that they are comfortable. Some solace practices show up over a few taxa (e.g. autogrooming), while others may be...
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...went straight to my doctor, hoping it wasn't tonsillitis. The first thing we had to figure out was to see if this was a bacterial or viral infection. My tests results for strep throat, mononucleosis, tonsillitis, and blood samples to test for bacterial infection were all negative. My doctor reported that my results indicated that I had some sort of virus, and did not prescribe me antibiotics, raising questions for why I shouldn't be taking antibiotics for my infection. Since Alexander Fleming's discovery of them in 1927, antibiotics have played a profound role in ridding the population of bacterial infections. Antibiotics are chemicals that work to kill disease-causing, single-cell living organisms called bacteria ("The Danger of Antibiotic Overuse"). Bacteria can surpass our immune system, reproduce, and cause diseases or infection by producing chemicals that damage our bodies ("What Are Antibiotics? How Do Antibiotics Work?"). For instance, bacteria can invade our inner ear and cause a bacterial ear infection. Our immune system works to fight the bacteria, resulting in inflammation. However, the immune system sometimes is not able to activate itself quickly enough to outpace the reproductive rate of a certain bacterium. Antibiotics are used as an alternative and helpful method to help our immune system kill the bacteria and reduce inflammation. Many antibiotics interrupt the machinery inside bacterial cells that build the bacterial cell...
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...Health is often defined as complete physical, social, and mental wellbeing; not only the absence of sickness. It is shown that the effects of climate change in the Anthropocene era have an impact on all aspects of human health. While illness and disease are constant elements of human existence, the causes and ways in which they are treated is constantly evolving. Using an ecological framework to examine human sickness and health reminds us that there is no sole cause of either—and that public health is impacted by many—often interacting—elements on both the individual and global level. Professor Monica White defines the Anthropocene as the “current geological period where human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and environment” (White 2/1/2018). The changing climate of the Anthropocene era plays a large role in impacting human health and disease-- from disease outbreaks to natural disasters the effects of climate change have a monumental impact on sickness and health. As an example, the raising global temperatures cause mosquitos to become...
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...an individual has an opportunity to affect Education content about products or services of a commercial interest with which he/she has a financial relationship.) There is no commercial support being used for this course. Participants are advised that the accredited status of RN.com does not imply endorsement by the provider or ANCC of any products/therapeutics mentioned in this course. The information in the course is for educational purposes only. There is no “off label” usage of drugs or products discussed in this course. Acknowledgements RN.com acknowledges the valuable contributions of… Material protected by Copyright …The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (www.cdc.gov), the key government agency responsible for disseminating knowledge about various biological agents. …U.S. Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRRID). USAMRRID spearheads efforts to protect service members from biological threats. Its efforts are well known and utilized by the civilian population. USAMRRID is located at Fort Detrick, Maryland. …Nadine Salmon, RN, BSN, IBCLC is the Clinical content Specialist for RN.com. Nadine earned her BSN from the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. She worked as a...
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...ne Food Borne Illnesses: Giardia Alexa Glisson SCI / 163 November 21, 2012 DR. Larry Bassman Food Borne Illnesses Alexa Glisson SCI/ 163 November 21, 2012 Giardia When generally thinking of parasites and food-borne illnesses, we tend to think about the poorest and dirtiest places on Earth. In reality, parasites can be found almost anywhere on this planet. One type of common food-borne illness is giardiasis or a giardia infection. This infection is in the intestine and caused by microscopic giardia parasites. The given the opportunity this vicious creature will infect anybody regardless of sex, age, living conditions, and body types. Surprisingly this is a zoonotic disease affecting not only humans but also domestic and wild mammals. There are several ways a person can contract this illness. The most common way to contract the illness is ingesting water that has been contaminated with animal feces. This is the reason we are constantly reminded never to drink water from a lake or stream that have not been purified. Given that many of undeveloped countries have little or no clean water, the majority of the cases of giardiasis affect children and adults in these third world countries. A person can also get infected by eating raw or undercooked contaminated food, touching something that has feces on it from a day care or nursing home environments, and unprotected anal intercourse. Once this parasite has found a home inside someone or something’s...
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...However, this is often not enough. (Schlosser, 169) According to Lucas Spangher an environmental scientist for Huffington Post, “Workers in the meat industry make an average of $23,000 a year, work 10+ hours a day, are pushed so hard they often defecate in their pants to avoid slowing down and suffer a repetitive motion injury rate 30 times the national average. This statistic misses out on the harassment and abuse that workers face from superiors. Although the exact number is unknown, it is estimated that 38 percent of all factory farm workers are from outside the U.S. and have an undocumented status.” This tarnished environment has a large effect on employees. Not only are workers abused by leaders in the workplace, but also become easily susceptible to zoonotic diseases: diseases that are able to pass from animal to human. These diseases, such as Swine Flu and Avian Flu can be fatal to humans. Not to mention, bacteria in the workplace like E. Coli and salmonella can contaminate the food supply, harm consumers, and those in the workplace. The food industry has little to no decency, respect, or consideration for their employees. Similar to workers, America’s crops and animals haven’t been treated kindly. When first created, McDonald’s was only buying potatoes from few family owned farms. However, Ray Kroc, the founder and owner of the golden arches decided these purchases weren’t efficient enough. Realizing that potatoes’ shape, size, and taste are directly related to their environment...
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...biological common ground we share with other species. The SARS virus probably crossed over from animals to humans in Guangdong Province in China. Humans got monkeypox from pet prairie dogs, which probably caught it, in turn, from an imported Gambian rat. Meanwhile, at the movies, there is ''28 Days Later,'' a horror film about a ''rage'' virus that passes swiftly and catastrophically from chimpanzees to humans. We can probably discount the dangers of a fast-acting horror-movie virus, but not the others. If nothing else, the emergence of SARS and the recent outbreak of monkeypox in the United States are reminders that the potential biological effects of globalization can be chilling. Ordinarily, prairie dogs, native to America, do not catch diseases from rats native to western and central Africa. And humans do not ordinarily catch diseases from prairie dogs. What made the chain of monkeypox infection possible were humans who keep wild animals -- prairie dogs and Gambian rats -- as pets. Although the federal government has now banned the distribution of prairie dogs and the importation of rodents from Africa, the monkeypox scare demonstrates how poorly regulated the ownership of and traffic in wild or exotic pets really are. A dozen states and some localities outlaw owning dangerous animals, and the federal government, as a signatory to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, prohibits, in most cases, owning or transporting endangered animals. But that still...
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...influenza C virus between humans and pigs". Virus Research 48 (1): 71–9. doi:10.1016/S0168-1702(96)01427-X. PMID 9140195. 6. ^ a b Matsuzaki Y, Sugawara K, Mizuta K et al. (February 2002). "Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of Influenza C Viruses Which Caused Two Outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40 (2): 422–9. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.2.422-429.2002. PMC 153379. PMID 11825952. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153379. 7. ^ Lynch JP, Walsh EE (April 2007). "Influenza: evolving strategies in treatment and prevention". Semin Respir Crit Care Med 28 (2): 144–58. doi:10.1055/s-2007-976487. PMID 17458769. 8. ^ a b c "Swine Influenza". Swine Diseases (Chest). Iowa State University College of...
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...Midterm: 2012 1. Disease pattern changes, or the “emergence of diseases” is generally due to changes in what four elements? For each element, name a specific disease and discuss the change associated with its outbreak, change or emergence as a public health phenomenon. Answer: There are four elements including (1)human population (2)pathogen (3)reservoir and (4)vectors. The dynamics of diseases depends on the overlap of niches of these elements. 1. Human population : Disease patterns and processes reflect interactions of individuals within populations. Many diseases such as lung cancer or pulmonary diseases emerge as increasing urbanization results in higher air pollution. 2.Pathogen : Such as chloroquine resistance in malaria Parasites, the microorganism presents drug-resistant due to frequent mutation in response to antibiotic/drug treatment. 3.Reservoir : Rabies outbreaks are related to concurrent increased human activity that contact with animals. Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is caused by a virus. The disease infects domestic and wild animals, and is spread to people through close contact with infected saliva via bites or scratches. 4.Vectors : Japanese encephalitis is a disease transmitted via mosquitoes from Domestic pigs and wild birds. The outbreak occurred when the vector mosquitoes proliferated in rustic countries in summer. The widespread use of vaccine and cleaning living environment can control of the disease. ...
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...1950 and 2010 the gap between life expectancy in the Tropics and the Rest of the World has narrowed. Over this period life expectancy in the Tropics increased by 22.8 years to 64.4 years and infant mortality reduced by 36%. The rate of change of mortality and morbidity has increased over the last two decades influenced by a range of different factors. Underlying life expectancy data are aggregated data, collected by the WHO to document the changing patterns of mortality. Table E3.1 provides the top ten causes of mortality in rank order over the last decade. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for two-thirds of global deaths in 2011 and infectious diseases for one-third. In 2000 the relative proportions were 60% NCDs and 40% infectious diseases. This rapid shift reflects the massive scale up in recent efforts to prevent and treat a number of major infectious diseases. Although improvements in maternal and child mortality have been made these still remain unacceptably high. In 2011, 6.9 million children under the age of five died, 99% of these in low and middle income countries. Malaria, despite the enormous scale up in control activities still accounted for 14% of the under-five mortality in the Tropics. There are differences in the age at which mortality occurs stratified by income. In high income countries 70% of deaths occur in the over 70s and only one in 100 occurs in an individual under 15 years of age. In low income countries 40%...
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...Level 3 Diploma in Meat Hygiene and Inspection May 2006 1070 Guided Learning Hours Description: The qualifications within the diploma are designed to equip individuals with the knowledge and understanding to enable them to work as members of the teams that carry out the official controls within meat plants specified in the Community Regulation 854/2004. The Level 3 Diploma in Meat Hygiene and Inspection meets the requirements for the professional qualifications of Official Auxiliaries (meat hygiene inspectors) specified to Annex 1, Section II, Chapter IV, B of 854/2004. It should be noted that these regulations stipulate that candidates for assessment must have received at least 500 hours of theoretical training and at least 400 hours of practical training covering the areas specified in the regulations The Level 3 Diploma award is broken into 8 units: Unit 1 Introduction to food safety management Unit2 Regulations and responsibilities in meat processing Unit 3a Post mortem inspection of poultry (boilers and hens) Unit 3b Post mortem inspection of poultry (turkeys) Unit 3c Post mortem inspection of poultry (ducks and geese) Unit 3d Post mortem inspection of poultry (game birds) Unit 4 Meat hygiene and regulation Unit 5 Aetiology, pathology and welfare in poultry Unit 6 Aetiology, pathology and welfare in red meat animals Unit 7 Post mortem inspection of red meat Unit 8 Principles of hygiene and HACCP regulatory auditing ©2008 RSPH Level 3 Diploma in Meat Hygiene and Inspection...
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