...PROTEIN FUNCTION-MYOGLOBIN AND HEMOGLOBIN 208.5.3-01-05 Hemoglobin Model Comparison to Oxygenated and Deoxygenated Hemoglobin The Bohr Effect * The Bohr effect is the relationship between hemoglobin and pH’s ability to bind oxygen. I will explain this in more detail. We begin our journey in the lungs. Our lungs have the most amount of oxygen in the body. This is a good thing because our hemoglobin is strongly attracted to and has a high affinity to oxygen. The oxygen gets heavily bound to the hemoglobin and this helps to deliver the oxygen to rest of the body. The Bohr effect allows the steady release of this bound up oxygen throughout the body while the blood is delivered to the other parts of the body such as the fingers and toes. You see our pH in the lungs is around 7.4. As the blood moves through our body our pH is changed to around 7.2 because the blood picks up carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is produced by our cells in the citric acid cycle and each round of the citric acid cycle causes our carbon dioxide to increase. Each cell performs this citric acid cycle, which causes a lot of carbon dioxide to build up. Our blood picks the carbon dioxide up to be able to bring it back to the lungs to be blown out of the body, but as the blood is picking up carbon dioxide it is also leaving the oxygen it needs from the blood. You see the Boher effect allows this to happen. Bohr Effect Graph Hemoglobin vs. Myoglobin Sickle Cell Anemia (amino acid) Diagram Sickle Cell Anemia...
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...HIGH INTAKE OF DIETARY PROTEIN HAS NO ADVERSE EFFECTS ON BONES HEALTH Pearl Pullman NDFS 200 – Fall 2013 October 08, 2013 ABSTRACT Recently, the effects of high protein diets on bone structure have been controversial, with evidence suggesting negative and positive affects on bone. The objective of this paper is to discover how a high intake of dietary protein affects bones. In one study, subjects consumed a high protein and high dairy (HPHD) diet, an adequate protein and medium dairy (APMD), or an adequate protein and low dairy diet (APLD). The researchers collected blood and urine samples from the subjects. Subjects consuming HPHD diets showed adequate bone health after 16-weeks of monitored exercise evidence. In another study, researchers measured the plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 plays an important role in proper skeletal growth and development. Subjects consuming 42 g protein compared to the group consuming 70 g carbohydrate had an increase in plasma IGF-1 (P = 0.01). In another study, researchers measured calcium absorption by collecting blood and urine samples to assess the effects of the diet on biomarkers of bone metabolism. In this 15-week study, researchers discovered that a diet with high protein increased the absorption of dietary calcium and IGF-I by >20% compared to the low protein diet. In another study, participants were given either a 30g whey protein drink or a placebo of 2.1g protein drink over a 2-year period...
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...Protein synthesis is used by mRNA to carry coded information for the sequence of amino acids in proteins. mRNA carries the coded information for the group of proteins from the DNA to the ribosomes. Protein synthesis and how each of the medications inhibits help understand which infections are treated by which medications. The Ciprofaxacin stops the protein synthesis, stops the recoiling, it is a g+ bacteria & allows the antibiotic in to kill bacteria bc of the peptidoglycan layer permeability. This antibiotic has some side effects to the host bc of the cell wall damage, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea & rash are the most common. Erythromycin is a antibiotic that is used for the g- bacteria & binds to the front of Asite of 50S subunit of ribosome of susceptible bacteria & suppresses protein synthesis. This is due to the role of the ribosomes in protein synthesis as they are released from the DNA. The codons allow for a certain amount of protein alteration & when this is near completion, the antibiotic disrupts the molecule before it starts all over again. The effects that this drug will have on the hosts cells are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hepatotoxicity, seizures & rash at iv site bc of the damage to the cell walls. With the Acyclovir, the protein synthesis is interrupted in a virally infected cell. It blocks the DNA synthesis by thymidine & alters & converts the acyclovir. The acyclovir doesn’t have any effect on a cell wall that isn’t infected by a virus so it won’t affect the...
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...Protein Article Research Jessica SCI/241 Carolyn Farhy February 19, 2014 Proteins are considered the building block of the body from the amino acids, and are very vital in the maintenance of body tissue, including development and repair. Proteins are part of every cell, tissue and organs in our body. It is broken down and is replaced by the protein that we eat in our diet. Protein is also important for healthy hair, skin, and nails and most importantly, protein will also help our energy level. There are different types of proteins and they correlate with how many amino acids are in the protein. A complete source of protein is one that provides all of the amino acids, while an incomplete protein is low in one or more of the essential amino acids. Finally, a complementary protein has two or more incomplete protein sources that when put together have an enough amounts of all amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids that are found within proteins. We can produce 10 of the 20 amino acids and the remaining needs to be supplied in the food we eat. While protein is a vital part of eating healthy there are certain risks if you don’t get enough or if you eat too much protein. Risks with protein deficiency could include a type of malnutrition would could result in diarrhea, loss of muscle mass, and fatigue. It could also hinder your body by frequent infections and swelling. On the opposite side, protein will contribute to overall calorie intake and animal sources of...
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...Whey protein Whey protein is basically the protein contained in whey, the watery portion of milk generated as a result of producing cheese. Once considered a waste by-product, dairy companies now understand and recognize its benefits, resulting into its concentration and purification. Being an abundant source of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), it is used to stimulate protein synthesis. It includes these three amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These three have been proven to be just what you need for muscle growth, as well as for energy when working out. What makes whey protein greater than other kinds of protein is its digestion rate as it can pretty much digest very quickly. In less than 30 minutes, its aminos can be absorbed by the muscles...
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...PROJECT: How Are Calories Affected by Fat, Proteins and Carbohydrates Prepared for: Dr. Ahmed Baijou Date: 05/05/2011 Course: Advanced Quantitative Methods Multiple Regression Model Analysis Spring 2011 Table of Contents Proposal 3 Introduction 4 Literature Review 5 Data Analysis 7 Descriptive Analysis 7 Model Building 7 Application of the Multiple Regression Analysis 12 Conclusion and Recommendations 17 References 18 Appendix 19 Proposal Nowadays, people tend to be more concerned about their health but especially their shape; thus they are more interested in and willing to pay more for products that have low levels of calories and which are appropriate for diet programs. We are supposing that we are working for a food company that wants to launch a new weight loss product designed for people who are interested in getting in shape. The purpose of this study is to determine how calories are affected by Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fat; and to provide the company with the necessary information it needs to know how to get the desired level of calories by manipulating the different variables. In order to conduct the study, we will be using a multiple regression model. This model will consist of one dependent variable: Calories; three independent variables: Fat, Carbohydrates, and Proteins; and one dummy variable which is the nature of the product. That is: Liquid or Solid. ...
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...Essay question: How insufficient intake of protein affects our health? Introduction: a. Nowadays we have the busy lifestyle and we can quickly get tired. What is the problem? The major problem is insufficient intake protein which influence on our health worse. b. Protein is a macronutrient that is essential building our body. For example, it is scientifically proved that lack of protein can result in decreased energy, hair loss and lowered immune functioning. Main body Paragraph 1 1. Decreased energy 2. Explanation that lack of protein create nitrogen negative balance which can lead to muscle breakdown and impaired recovery from exercise. Main body Paragraph 2 1. Hair loss 2. Evidence that our hair is composed mostly of protein considered as keratin due to lack of protein, people are exposed to losing hair. Main body Paragraph 3 1. Lowered immune functioning. 2. A low protein diet may lead to experience a great number of infections Conclusion Conclusion Protein the important part for almost all of the processes that occurs in our body. Student: Zhanabayeva Zhamilya ID: 20152000 Date: 17.02.15 Assingment: cause...
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...Rhubarb leaves, green potatoes are dangerous due to their toxic components. • Some foods like cow’s milk and egg cause allergy in some people. To prevent harmful bacteria growth we must careful in preparing food. We develop the method to preserve food from bacterial growth and use for long period of time using techniques like salting, pasteurization cooling and canning etc. Today we increase array of new food and food chemicals that do not have history of use in society. Before using these foods and food chemicals as food supply ensures that they don’t have harmful effects to humans. Regulation of Food in New Zealand and Australia For public health and safety protection New Zealand and each state of Australia designed food safety law. These laws for food safety and reliability are enforced and interpreted by their respective government. While setting food regulation must know history of food usage and this regulation effects level of risk a community accept due to food relation. IN New Zealand and Australia food for sale must comply trade laws and other laws which protect environment and less usage of...
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...specifically protein, determine body composition. It is common to hear fitness enthusiasts ranting and raving about eating every two to three hours in order to “stoke the metabolism” and spread protein intake throughout the day. With the fitness industry becoming more popular, the scientific community has become more open to investigating these claims. While the mainstream “bodybuilding” side tends to believe in anecdotal evidence over science, new research is showing that it may not be necessary to pre-cook six or seven meals and carry them around all day. According to this new research the most important factor in body composition is not meal timing or frequency, but the overall consumption of food averaged out for multiple days. One of the most stressed ideas in bodybuilding or fitness is to make sure and eat protein within a certain “anabolic window” after exercise. It is speculated that this myth was perpetuated by the supplement companies of the 90s trying to boost protein sales. Open any fitness magazine and one will see multiple advertisements on protein powder urging the consumer to constantly ingest protein to look like the bodybuilder in the ad. There are protein powders for the morning, for directly after a workout, and even “slow-acting” protein to ingest pre-bed. These are all barely legal marketing attempts based on nothing. “Protein timing is a popular dietary strategy designed to optimize the adaptive response to exercise. The strategy involves consuming protein in and...
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...“Effects of nutrition choices and lifestyle changes on the well-being of cats, a Carnivore that has moved indoors” Debra L. Zoran and C.A. Tony Buffington Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 239, No. 5, September 1, 2011 Genevieve Ball Animal Nutrition 505, Dr. Shapiro October 13, 2011 Main Summary The domestication of cats can be perilous as their nutritional changes in dietary protein and caloric intake effects their metabolism, muscle mass, water intake, urine acidity levels, and immunity against diseases, all of which effect their overall feeding behavior, well-being, and physical health. 70% protein intake is considered adequate in a cat’s daily diet, however studies show that a more accurate formula for protein intake should reflect 3.3 times the cat’s body weight in kilograms (Zoran, 2011, p. 597). Adversely, persistent insufficient protein intake results in deficiencies such as loss of muscle mass and a weakened digestive and immune system, all of which result in an increased susceptibility to disease and a shortened lifespan. In order for a cat to sustain its preferred body condition and avoid obesity, whether a cat is active versus inactive and neutered versus intact, veterinarians prefer controlled meals of 25% to 35% caloric intake versus free-feeding in order to supervise the caloric and protein intake (Zoran, 2011, p. 603). Furthermore, female neutered cats only require 60 to 70 kcals to maintain a decent body condition...
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...Running head: HIGH PROTEIN DIETS HAVE GOOD RESULTS FOR OBESE WOMEN High Protein Diets Have Good Results for Obese Women Currently in the U.S. a high protein/low carbohydrate diet is the number one choice of diet and most weight loss programs are using the same concept. For example Jenny Craig, Lindora, Atkins and Zone are some popular diets that focus on high protein/low carbohydrate. High protein diets consist of 10% – 35% of total calorie intake from protein. These type of diets are popular because they satisfy hunger and the weight comes off rapidly. In additional to satisfying hunger and losing weight these diets were found to have additional health benefits for women. Research suggests that high protein diets have positive results for obese women because they reduces the risk for diabetes type 2, decrease the incidence of cardiovascular disease, and helps women retain muscle mass. One of the major health benefits from a high protein diet is that it can prevent a woman from developing Diabetes type II or if a woman has type II diabetes it can be controlled with the diet. Type II Diabetes is a chronic disease in which there are high levels of glucose in the blood. The body will still make insulin but as time goes by the pancreas will make less and less insulin which makes it harder to keep blood glucose (sugar) under control. This can be acquired by a diet high in carbohydrates and being overweight. Kerksick et al. 2010 stated that “studies which incorporated...
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...the results into many reports. I then used these reports for the findings in the following paper, Food Intake—5 Day. The foods in my recorded daily intake that provide protein are: whole wheat toast, burgers, roast beef sandwiches, sausage, quesadillas, chicken wrap, and my daily supplements. The foods that provide carbohydrates are: roast beef sandwiches, French fries, tomatoes, quesadillas, chicken wrap, and soda. The foods that provide lipids are: roast beef sandwiches, sausage, burgers, fish tacos, onion rings, and eggs. After reviewing my recorded protein, carbohydrate, and lipid intake compares with the recommendations of the dietary reference intake (DRI), my results are as follows: Calories recommended: 2430, calories intake is 1255. My recommended in Fat Total is 20 - 35%, my intake is 686 kCal. My recommended in Carbohydrates 45 - 65%, my intake is 370 kCal. My recommended protein is 10 - 35%; my actual intake is 221 kCal. I am over acceptable macronutrient distribution range in my fat totals, under acceptable macronutrient distribution range in carbohydrates, and within acceptable macronutrient distribution range in protein (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2010). According to Cleveland Clinic (2013), “a gram of fat has about twice as many calories per gram as carbohydrates and proteins.” Reducing fat intake lowers cholesterol which will help reduce the risk of heart disease. By reducing the fat intake will also help reduce risks in developing high blood pressure...
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...Proteins are part of every cell, tissue, and organ in our bodies. Proteins are also compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. There are two different types of proteins animal protein which contains all the essential amino acids and plant protein contains all of the essential amino protein which contains all the essential amino acids and plant protein contains many amino acids but no single source contains all of the essential amino acids. Amino acids play central roles both as building blocks of proteins and as intermediates in metabolism. There are many amino acid side effects such as anxiety, depression and rapid heartbeat. Protein isn't really dangerous but can over consumption may be associated with weight gain, intestinal irritation, dehydration. According to my age and since I'm very active I need 135g of protein per day. Vegetable sources of protein such as beans, nuts whole grains are excellent choices and they offer healthy fiber and also fish and poultry. The three negative effects of high protein diets are: they can cause damage to internal organs, nutritional defectives, and puts strains on your kidney. Overall I learned that proteins does play many critical roles in the body, it does most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. Protein digestive begins when the foods stimulates the stomach and stimulates the release hydrochloric acid. Proteins contains chains of amino acids...
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...Blueprint of Life 4. The structure of DNA can be changed and such changes may be reflected in the phenotype of the affected organism. The phenotype of an organism is its total appearance determined during development by an interaction between its genetic make-up (genotype) and the environment. A genome is all of the genetic material (DNA) within a cell and is specific to each organism. Genomes influence nearly all the traits or phenotypes. The phenotypic appearance is therefore directly affected by gene expression. The extent of phenotypic differences depends on how different the DNA sequences are in individuals, but may also be influenced by the environment. • Outline evidence that led to Beadle and Tatum’s ‘one gene-one protein’ hypothesis and explain why this was altered to the ‘one gene – one polypeptide’ hypothesis Beadle and Tatum carried out experiments with red bread mould. The normal variety of mould can manufacture certain substances that it needs for living, including vitamin B1, B2, B4 and B12. The normal moult possesses specific enzymes that catalyse the different reactions that produce these vitamins. Beadle and Tatum produced several varieties of the bread mould, each of which had a change in one of its genes. They tested these varieties and found that some had lost their ability to make vitamin B2 while others could no longer make vitamin B4 and so on. The results obtained by Beadle and Tatum showed that a change in various genes of the bread...
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...Protein * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Protein is known to be a part of every tissue, cell and organ in our body. Other than water protein is a very important chemical in the body. Proteins help provide structure and strength to the cells and tissues it controls the biochemical reactions and aids the immune system. Protein also helps regulate the metabolism. 5 types of proteins are, structural, storage, hormonal, enzyme, and immunoglobulins. Proteins are made out of amino acids. The amino acids are essential because they join together to make all the types of protein. Our bodies cant make some of these amino acids those acids are known as essential amino acids. It is very important that our diet provides these. In today’s world most people eat consume more protein than they should with out any harmful side effects. The only problem with consuming too much protein is that protein contributes to calorie intake, which will affect your diet and may make you gain weight. Another risk for consuming too much protein is that protein can also be a source of saturated fat, which is linked to elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which puts you at risk for heart disease. According to my age and gender I need about 46 grams of protein a day. Some healthy nutrient source of protein is those that provide all he essential amino acids, for example poultry, milk, eggs, meat and cheese...
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