...MERVE DENİZ 13735009 How the Renaissance, Reformation and Nation-States Contributed to the Concept of European Identity? 1. Introduction I would like to study the connection between the material culture that sprang to life after the Reformation in Europe and the urbanization that came with the Industrial Revolution in order to see if or if not it had any effects on constituting the European Identity. Starting first with analyzing the material culture of which the Italian Renaissance movement and then the Reformation planted its seeds, I want to follow the dynamics of social changes that slowly transformed the life in Europe from peasantry with only the Christian identity to nation-state citizenship with a European notion. In order to understand how the Industrial Revolution that started in the 19th century and spreaded across the continent affected Europe, it is first required to analyze the changes in the mentality of people that lived in Europe and the transformation the societies went through as a result of the Protestant Reformation that took place in the 16th century. Although the Industrial Revolution had basically been a drastic economic upheaval, it cannot be considered without its social causes and social results. How the humanist mindset that came up with the Renaissance had affected the daily lives of people and how this effect helped people to search for improvements in working and production have been widely discussed...
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...Craze in Europe Between 1520 and 1650, the Reformation had a huge impact on European countries and the way the people perceived religion. Due to increasing disagreements within the community and the Catholic Church, there became a need for the Church to reform; this Reformation became a catalyst for the witch-hunt by increasing society’s fear of the devil and social anxiety. These witch-hunts mainly targeted women, seeing as they were considered to be midwives and healers, they became legally more vulnerable to these hunts. It can be seen that witchcraft was the embodiment of a fear of instability, so in countries where the Catholic Church had much more stability, there are evidently less witch-hunts. The witch-hunts died out as the religious situation across Europe settled down and stabilized. Beginning in the early fourteenth century until about 1650, early modern Europeans were in the process of a religious reformation. The Reformation heightened awareness of evil within European culture and caused more harm than good to society. As fears arose, new beliefs emerged and in an attempt to understand these fears, people began to look for other ways to combat this new presence evil. Ironically, the very means people sought to protect themselves was what increased the paranoia of witchcraft leading to the death of many. By combining the reformation within the church and the already rooted ideas of witch craft and magic, Europeans soon began to use witch hunts as a scapegoat...
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...The Protestant Reformation The Protestant Reformation was a noteworthy sixteenth century European development pointed first at improving the convictions and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Its religious viewpoints were supplemented by aggressive political rulers who needed to augment their energy and control to the detriment of the Church. The Reformation finished the solidarity forced by medieval Christianity and, according to numerous students of history, showed the start of a new period. A debilitation of the old ways was at that point under path in Northern Europe, as proven by the development of flourishing new urban communities and a decided white collar class. Martin Luther disagreed with aspects of Roman Catholic religious...
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...The Protestant Reformation was one of the most dramatic changes in the religious era that occurred in the Catholic Church. The Reformation showed the decline of the Catholic Church and the rise of questioning authority, leading to the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution showed a rise in observations, resulting in models that represented the universe and the decline of the authority of the Catholic Church. This all would soon lead into a new era of obtaining knowledge known as the Enlightment, the Age of Reason. The most dominant religion during the fifteen century was Roman Catholicism. The clergy were the only ones who had the power to say if a person could make it to heaven or not, and anyone who opposed them was severely...
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...Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim occupiers. Protestants- Europeans...
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...Social and Political Consequences of the Protestant Reformation The Catholic Church had become increasingly corrupt due to the selling of indulgences, clerical ignorance, pluralism and absenteeism. In desperate need of improvement and restructuring, a man named Martin Luther began a religious reformation. Luther was opposed to the selling of indulgences, believed the key to salvation was by faith alone and that the scriptures of the bible held all authority. The ideals of Martin Luther, radically different from those of the Roman Catholic Church, created a religious reform disturbing politics throughout Europe and changing society. Numerous political effects occurred because of the Protestant Reformation, which consequently happened because of Luther’s reforms. The area that was affected most by the Reformation was Germany. Luther was favored there and he gained support by appealing to German patriotism and evoking a national pride and feeling that influenced many princes. Luther stated that the only way Reformation could come about was by the princes to abolish papal power. This happened when Charles V excommunicated Luther and the German princes did not enforce the banning of Luther’s teachings. Charles V was also to blame for the disintegration of imperial authority because during his reign, he never took an interest in the constitutional problems of Germany that were left over from the Middle Ages. Germans princes used the religious issues as a way to extend political...
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...Age of Conquest or Age of Exploration: Taking place around the early 15th century, Europeans began to seek new lands and resources. Began to venture out into the Western world to claim new lands and colonize. The Europeans exploring the west were mainly the Spanish, Portuguese, English and the French. The Age of Conquest would be referring to the Europeans taking over native inhabitants of the new world by a hostile method and implementing their new ways of life. It also brought slavery to the people, harsh working conditions, religion and exploiting them in any possible way. As for the Age of Exploration referred to the royal crowns back home sending out conquistadors and travelers to discover new lands, routes, trading posts, resources and map out the world. * Upon arriving to the new world, the Europeans began to kill off any resistance to their campaign. Attacked the natives, destroyed their lands, began to farm for natural resources, and enslaved some of the indigenous people. * Europeans believed by law and their given rights that their Gods had permitted them to take over and exploit any new cultures they encountered. * The Spanish Reconquista of 1492 made it so that it justified Christianity by exiling all of the Jews and Muslims. Therefore Christianity had to be spread, making it “alright” to overpower others and take over. * Christopher Columbus is sent out in 1492 to the Americas. The exploration lead to them colonizing, which later leads to the...
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...The Counter-Reformation: Catholic Baroque vs. the ‘Other’ Baroque With every change of power or order in society, whether it is in business or government, there is always a change in structure. Buildings and signage are redesigned with the idea of a complete marketing makeover. The same can be said for the Catholic Counter-Reformation of the mid sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, after the successful Protestant Reformation of the early 1500s. Rome called forth a physical change of the Catholic Church in response, and years later, the Calvinist churches (the Dutch Reformed Church) in the Netherlands called for a complete physical change of their structure as well. As a direct response to the Protestant movement that had turned successful, the Catholic Church met three times over nearly twenty years from 1545 until 1563 in what was called the Council of Trent. The Church decided to elicit an emotional response from current Catholics, as well as Catholics turned Protestants, with the hope of rejuvenating the foundations and population of the Church. Pope Paul III helped the council to redefine Catholic doctrine, as well as redefining the role of the clergy, which was deemed essential to the Church’s system of faith. During the sporadic meetings of the council, Pope Paul III commissioned artists and architects to create paintings and redesign buildings that would remind Catholics of the grandeur of their faith. The outcome needed by the Church was for its...
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...Joint-stock company- a new form of business organization spread into the commercial world with many investors. when the demand rose so did the profit. this made clear that one only owes another the money they had. this drifted away from traditional strict regulations of the economy for social reciprocity Protestant Reformation- started because of Luther’s revolt, it changed christianity forever and made lutheranism the state religion in Scandinavian countries, and calvinism competed with catholicism and reformed church of england in france and the netherlands, leaving states with nations of germany and switzerland for catholics, lutherans and calvinists Catholic or Counter-Reformation- a response to the protestant reformation. MAry I tried...
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...To enter a land that is not yours and demand war on those that are living in it is crazy, especially when you compare it to the standards in North American society today. The contrasting views of Bartolome de Las Casas, a bishop of Chiapa, and Juan Gines de Sepulveda a humanist, were made into a debate on whether or not what the Europeans did when exploring the New World were morally correct. The Indians suffered greatly in the hands of the Europeans, who believed they were doing them a huge favor. The Black Legend happened during the late 15th through the early 16th centuries it became a huge movement in attempt to dominate Europe by conquering lands. Lands in Mexico and areas near the Yucatan are known as New Spain which became the focal point the Spain conquest. Being the first country to spread their colonies throughout the New World, Spain was made fun of by neighboring countries like England and France. However this type of issue was largely...
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...spent in England during the English Reformation. d. the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism. e. the influence of John Calvin. 2. The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was a. John Calvin. b. Erasmus. c. Voltaire. d. Martin Luther. e. Henry VIII. 3. The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the a. need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire. b. threat posed by Islam. c. need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt. d. expense associated with translating original Greek classics. e. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter’s basilica. 4. Which one of the following was not one of Luther’s problems with the Roman Catholic church? a. the selling of indulgences b. pluralism c. absenteeism d. the immense wealth of the Catholic church e. the church’s decision to translate the Bible into vernacular languages 5. Who said, “I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one’s conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other.”? a. Martin Luther b. Jesus c. John Calvin d. Sima Qian e. Henry VIII 6. In the centuries following the fall of Rome, the only unifying force for all of Europe was a. the Byzantine empire. b. the Holy Roman empire. c. the Catholic church. d. the Auld Alliance. e. the Umayyad dynasty. 7. Henry VIII’s reformation in England a. was based on the ideas...
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...Renaissance and Reformation Effects The Renaissance began in the 1300s in Florence, Italy and reached to the 15th Century where it spread to the whole Western Europe. Renaissance means “rebirth” because of its changes from the primitive medieval times to the modern Renaissance. Both, the Renaissance and the Reformation had many effect on the European society and some of their impacts were combined. They believed that the human spirit had to be reawakened as it was in the classical times of Greece and the Roman Empire. Many new inventions, techniques and ideas helped to change the human society and caused a spiritual and religious crisis that shatters the Christian unity known as the Reformation. Many elements affected the social economic in the Renaissance. Everything began with the humanist as they revived an interest in ancient Greece and Rome to increase their understanding of their own times. During the process of this time period the society shifts from agriculture to urban in which trade is inter-regional and growing fast. The growth of trade helped the merchants to become powerful money leaders and developed a new middle class. In one hand the Renaissance effected individual scholars, writers, artists, wealth merchants and ruler could patronize the arts. But in the other hand the peasants still had their old simple life’s in which they had to work hard and fight for staying alive. But not only had the economy changed, there were also some changes in fine arts, where...
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...Europe after 1492? - This is the main question of the chapter. Why did Europe discover America? Myth of adventuresome superiority in Europe. - Based on internal characteristics of Europe and giving no credit to non-Europeans. But they were trading in maritime centers just like everyone else. Technology superiority of Europe? Others had traveled long distances. Inventions were criss-crossing and Europeans did not have technological superiority in navigation. So why...??? Special progress in Europe? Nop... Europe in 1492 was “sluggish”. - Economic growth was slow and most likely negative. - Urbanization process was slow. In 1 or 2 decades progress and economic growth started to rise. - - Why??? So Why??? Geographic location. - Europe was simply closer to America and this was an advantage. Sailing conditions were better: winds were favorable. West-African traders were oriented towards east by land and alongside the coast. Marcos: but... why did they not go through Mediterranean Sea? Technologically inferior vis-à-vis its enemies? Is the author still using the European miracle to explain the discovery? Why were Europeans successful in the conquest? Blaut extends the non-superiority assumption to the Americas. (Marcos: but...
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...1. Absolute Monarch-form of government where the monarch (usually a king or queen) has absolute power; monarch has unrestricted political power over the sovereign state and it’s people; usually born into power 2. Age of Reason-18th century movement that followed after the mysticism, religion, and superstition of the Middle Ages 3. Agrarian-cultivated land; person who advocates a redistribution of landed property, especially as part of a social movement 4. Akbar The Great (Mughal India)-Mughal emperor from 1556-death; extended power over most of India Continent; united Muslim and Hindu peoples with his policy of religious cooperation 5. Atheists-person who lacks the belief in the existence in God’s or a God 6. Batavia, Indonesia-Fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. 7. Calvin, John-1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism - believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. 8. Cash Crop-readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (vegetables, cotton, tobacco) 9. Circumnavigation- travel all the way around the Earth 10. Colonization-physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people...
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...and mostly between states nowadays. Actually, there are many diplomacy activity executed by the political units since long time ago and one of them known as the first peace treaty between a king of Ebla (Syria) and the king of Assyria. There are few more diplomatic activities including the rulers of Egypt and Syrian 1400 years ago. The stages of development of modern diplomacy from its origins in 15th century Europe until 20th century, there are five things which need to be accomplished including the origins of the modern state in Renaissance Italy, the role of Florentine political thinker Niccolo Machiavelli, the parallel development of the modern sovereign and their modern diplomacy, the application of modern diplomacy to the classic European and finally the characteristics of the state, international system’s nature and the role of diplomacy. After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the Europe shifted the diplomacy from medieval to modern. Since Peace of Westphalia had change the...
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