...Figure 2, the composition of federal tax revenues has changed drastically over the past sixty years. While individual income tax revenue has remained relatively stable as a proportion of total tax revenue, payroll tax revenue has dramatically risen at the expense of corporate income tax revenue. This indicates that the substantial increase in human resource spending has affected the entire composition of the revenue side of the budget. Section 4.3 - Emphasis of Budget Deficits The transformation of the federal budget over the last sixty years has revealed the evolving view of the government’s role in the U.S. economy. Prior to 1960, budget deficits were a rare occurrence except in times that demanded serious funding, such as periods...
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...populations in society. The importance of Medicaid's part in providing health insurance cannot be exaggerated; “the Medicaid program covers millions of low-income women, children, elderly people and individuals with disabilities” (U.S Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). Funding for Medicaid is limited through various federal policies, leaving much of the program’s budget burdened on the individual states to make necessary spending cuts in order to provide the funds needed for the demand of the program. Budgetary decisions need to be thoroughly reviewed before any immediate action is taken as these decisions can create a domino effect on other programs and their participants as sections of this paper will describe. Medicaid Overview Medicaid is a cooperative federal and state program with a common goal to provide a vital service for the general public. “Medicaid is the largest source of federal revenue for states. Medicaid funds support health care providers, jobs and state economies overall” (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2013). Every state institutes its own eligibility criteria, benefits platform, payment rates and program organization under the broad federal recommendations. Medicaid provides three types of vital health protection, including health insurance for low-income families with children and people with disabilities; long-term care for older Americans and individuals with disabilities; and supplemental coverage for low-income Medicare beneficiaries for services not covered...
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...committees at the federal government level have the difficult task of “allocating scarce resources among competing purposes” (Joyce, 2003, p 6). Furthermore, the lack of both evaluation process and information on the performance of agencies causes the making of such decisions to be difficult. This is due partly by the absence of measurements to evaluate agency dollars and performance when agencies present their budgetary budget proposal with traditional budgetary process. Both performance-enhanced budgeting and performance-information budgeting can greatly improve the budgetary process because agencies will have information to not only evaluate their programs, but will also be beneficial to both governmental agencies and the general public because budgets that will benefit the tax payer will be better funded. Traditional Budgeting vs. Performance-Enhanced Budgeting Traditional budgeting at the federal level has had aspects of both top-down and bottom-up procedures. Rubin (2010, p 87) states that an extreme top-down budgeting can “virtually ignore bureau chiefs…the chief executive may not ask bureau chiefs for their budget request.” However, with the fragmentation of power caused by the 1974 Congressional Budget Reform Act, which “limited some of the president’s budgetary discretion and enhanced Congress’s ability to check executive branch revenue projections and economic assumptions” both the President and Congress have to work together to approve budgets (Rubin, 2010,...
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...consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives." The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process––legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers. First, any bill for raising money (such as by taxes or fees) must start out in the House. All bills must pass both houses of Congress in the exact same form. Bills that pass both houses are sent to the President. He can either sign the bill, in which case it becomes law, or he can veto it. In the case of a veto, the bill is sent back to Congress, and if both houses pass it by a two-thirds majority, the bill becomes law over the President's veto. b. Describe the legislative process utilized today, above and beyond the Constitutional requirements. The general process for making a bill into law is described in the Constitution. First, a bill needs to be drafted. You do not need to be a member of congress to draft a bill. For example lobbyists and other congressional staff can draft a bill, but only a member of congress can introduce legislation. Bills then get referred to standing committees. Once referred, the bill gets on the committee’s calendar for review by a subcommittee or by the full committee After staff analysis and hearings, if the committee chooses, the bill then goes to “mark up”, which is a process in which subcommittees edit or amend the bill. Even after this process the bill may die there. If the bill survives, the committee votes to recommend the bill to the House or Senate...
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...internal business processes, learning and growth (Kaplan, 2007, p. 150). The use of the balanced scorecard is said to create several advantages to the long-term success of an organization and is also proven to increase strategic learning: “The balanced scorecard signals to everyone what the organization is trying to achieve for shareholders and customers alike. But to align employees’ individual performances with the overall strategy, scorecard users generally engage in three activities: communicating and educating, setting goals, and linking rewards to performance measures” (Kaplan, 2007, p. 154). This paper will illustrate a balanced score card for the Naval Ordnance Safety and Security Activity (NOSSA), specifically the budget execution process. NOSSA is a field activity of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) within the Department of Defense (DoD). NOSSA acts as the Technical Authority for Explosives Safety, providing technical policies, procedures, and designing criteria associated with weapons system safety across warfare sites. Through the balanced scorecard management system, NOSSA has been able to successfully and continuously ensure the effectiveness of mission capable explosive safety operations while mitigating measures of risks and assessment across DoD to protect and support the war fighters defending our freedom and security. I. Introduction The current state of the economy has...
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...Russian Budget System: A Move to More Devolved Budget Management? Jack Diamond © 2005 International Monetary Fund WP/05/104 IMF Working Paper Fiscal Affairs Department Reforming the Russian Budget System: A Move to More Devolved Budget Management? Prepared by Jack Diamond1 May 2005 Abstract This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. The Russian federal government has recently initiated a fundamental reform of its budget system, encompassing important policy, procedural, and institutional changes. This paper reviews this reform agenda with reference to the experience of industrial countries that over the past two to three decades have followed a similar reform path toward a more devolved budget management system. From this perspective, the importance of the strength of existing public expenditure management systems to accommodate increased devolution and the scope for employing decentralized agencies is explored. An assessment of the present Russian reform plans in light of this review reveals a number of concerns. First, the speed of the reforms contemplated appears overly ambitious when judged by the experience of other countries. Second, the preparedness of budget institutions...
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...American society. In 1965 President Johnson signed into law under the Social Security Act to improve the health care of the elderly with Medicare. Medicaid would provide improved health care for the poor, unwed mothers, children, and the disabled. The program involves a joint initiative between the states government and the federal government hence the two governments jointly fund the program and ensuring its success through putting up laws to guide its implementation. President Obama’s legacy will be protecting the health of the individual American. The health care policy rules, regulations, and legislations are the consequence of the policy procedure which involves legislators, all the decision-making branch leaders, and public also. The budget for Illinois starts when the Governor submits a bill each January to the House of Representatives. After the bill has been submitted by the Governor then the house is responsible for ways and means review then they budget and develop their own recommendations. The next step is that the budget is then debated as well as voted on by the full House after the full House votes on it then it becomes the House Budget Bill. The House passes the bill to the Senate who has a Senate ways and means committee just like the House. The bill is then reviewed and the Senate is given their chance to develop their recommendations. This is the point where the...
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...includes: 1. The state budget system, consisting of the federal budget, budgets of the Federation and the budgets of local governments; 2. Extrabudgetary funds; 3. State and bank credit 4. Insurance funds 5. Finance businesses and industries, which are used to regulate and stimulate the economy and social relations at the micro level. The Ministry of Finance develops and implements state policy in budget, tax, insurance, foreign exchange, banking, public debt, auditing and accounting. Ministry of Finance is headed by the Minister, appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation. Currently, the Minister of Finance of the Russian Federation is Alexei Leonidovich Kudrin and at the moment he has 7 deputies appointed and dismissed by the Government. The Ministry of Finance includes 18 departments and 4 federal services: for Fiscal and Budgetary Supervision, for Insurance Supervision, Federal Tax service, Federal Treasury. Functions of the Ministry of Finance: - Public finance - the country's economic analysis, preparation of long-and short-term forecasts of its development - State budget - organization of work on the formulation and enforcement of the federal budget, forecasting and preparation of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation; - Insurance; - Money Supply - State Loan - release of government domestic borrowing of the Russian Federation, agreements with the Central Bank for a loan to cover the federal budget deficit and other purposes; ...
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...above, as inherently of man and the institution created by him. One of the ways man has tried to manage and control the damaging effects of uncertainty in his institution especially as it relates to his financial transaction in use of budget. These are many varied definitions of budget, according to Obazele (2000:127)in his book titled Accounting for public sector Activities in Nigeria. Budget is defined as a “statement whish express future plans in financial terms.” It is also defined by Okoye (1979: 301). In his book titled Cost Accounting Management Operational Application, as “plans prepared and approved before The of use. A budget is defined in the institution of cost and management Accounting, 1966 edited of Terminology as a financial and/or quantitative statement prepared and approved prior to a defined period of the policy to be pursued during that period for the purpose of attaining a given objective”. Going by the above definitions of budget by previous authors, it could be deduced that a budget as an element of control in it. Control here means a “standard of comparison for checking an experiment which result is known” (Horby : 2000 page 251). Budgetary control according to Pickles and Lafferty (1974:3145) relate to “the use of budgets as control devices whereby predetermined plans or standard, output, income and expenditure are compared with actual attained so that, if necessary corrective action may be taken...
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...AP US GOVERNMENT LINEBERRY CH 14 – THE CONGRESS, THE PRESIDENT, AND THE BUDGET TERMS AND CONCEPTS PP 441-457 Please outline the reading and then use the study guide to highlight this information. TERMS 1. Budget: A policy document allocating burdens (taxes) and benefits (expenditures). Budgeting is concerned with translating financial resources into human purposes. A budget is also a series of goals with price tags attached. 2. Deficit: An excess of federal expenditures over federal revenue in a fiscal year. In other words, the national government spends more money that it receives in taxes. 3. Revenues: The financial resources of the government. The individual income tax and Social Security tax are two major sources of the federal government’s revenue. 4. Expenditures: Government spending of revenues. Major areas of federal spending are social services and national defense. 5. Income tax: Shares of individual wages and corporate revenues collected by the government. Enacted to pay for the Civil War by Congress; however, it was called the first step to a “communist march.” The Sixteenth Amendment explicitly authorized Congress to levy a tax on income. Furthermore, this is generally progressive—pays more and higher rates as it continues. 6. Excise tax: a tax levied on the manufacture, transportation, sale, or consumption of a good—for example, those on gasoline. 7. Progressive tax: A progressive tax is one that makes those with more taxable...
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...Budgetary Systems and Saudi Arabia Government Budgetary Systems Budgetary process of the US and Saudi Arabia are different from each other in many aspects. Budgetary systems of the US are based on the budget and Accounting Act of 1921 and Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974. Whereas budgetary systems of the Saudi Arabia are based on the rules and regulations devised by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Budgetary system of the Saudi Arabia is not disclosed to the general public. National budget in Saudi Arabia compiled by the Ministry of Finance is approved by the Royal institution and then it is allowed to be published in the Official Gazette. Budgetary Systems of the Saudi Arabia was made on the basis of the Hijri year but in 1987 its basis was changed to the Gregorian calendar. In US budget is prepared when president submits a request to the congress for the preparation of the budget. Then Office of Management and Budget carries out the formulation process of the budget. Budget is prepared for all the institutions of the state from federal executive departments to the independent agencies. Budget Control Act of 2012 also plays its role to in the formation of the different provisions of the budget and controls it. Different resolutions related to the budget are also approved by the congress, House and Senate. Authorizing committee is capable of resolving any issues related to the budget process. Categories of the different types of the spending like mandatory spending...
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...AFGE 2013 Issue Papers Table of Contents Another Manufactured Crisis: What’s Next in the Fiscal Showdown………1 Federal Pay……………………………………………………………….…..…..4 Federal Employees’ Health Benefits Program……………………………….15 Official Time for Federal Employee Union Representatives………….........22 Arbitrary Cuts in Civil Servants………………………………………………..26 Sourcing: Complying with the Law……………………………………….......31 Capping Taxpayer-Funded Service Contractor Compensation……………43 Transportation Security Administration and TSOs…………………………..46 Domestic Partnership Benefits……………………………..………………….49 Employment Non-Discrimination Act……………………………………..…..55 Paid Parental Leave………………………………………………..…………..57 One America, Many Voices Act………………………………………….…....60 Department of Veterans Affairs…………………………………..……………62 Department of Defense……………………………...……….………………...71 Federal Prisons………………………………………………………………….90 Social Security Administration ……………………………………….…...…103 National Guard/Reserve Technicians ………………………...……….……108 D.C. Workers’ Issues …………………...……………………………..…..…117 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. ……………………..……...120 Another Manufactured Crisis: What’s Next in the Fiscal Showdown? Background At the beginning of January, President Obama signed a tax deal that restored higher Clinton-era rates to those making over $450,000, and funded an extension of unemployment insurance benefits to the long-term unemployed, extended for another year the $240 monthly transit subsidy, but did not...
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...Federal Procurement Framework Randy P. Holder Professor: Lorna Malone LEG 440 Strayer University April 22, 2012 In implementing procurement policies, the executive branch, headed by the president, has a broad scope of managerial, and technical procurement responsibilities and procurement policy decisions, which may include, among others: supplementing and augmenting statutory procurement policies and procedures through executive orders, developing and maintaining statutory procurement policies and procedures, and determining whether to meet program needs by in-house performance or by contracting out. In the United States, the federal government has a very complicated and fragmented procurement organizational structure. First, the federal procurement operates within a democratic framework, under the constitutional check-and-balance powers of the three branches of government: Legislative, judiciary and executive. While the courts are not directly involved in setting procurement policies and rules, they try all legal cases that involve the federal government, including contract disputes, and their decisions become a source of federal procurement regulations. The Congress primarily influences the federal procurement system through laws, budget appropriations and its oversight powers. In addition, the Congress oversees federal procurements through its various standing committees, and the U.S. General Accounting Office. It also authorizes GAO to...
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...≪ Public Budgeting and Finance Discussion≫ ≪Course ≫ ≪Name≫ ≪Date ≫ DISCUSSION 1 Government programs impacting government spending Program 1: (Aid to the States The federal government was assigned by the constitution powers leaving most of the government functions to the state. The powers are not delegated to the United States nor prohibited by it to the states are reserved to the states or the people. The policymakers and the courts have in the recent years undertaken most of the activities reserved to local government and the state through the “grant in aids” programs. These are programs subsidies combined with the federal regulatory controls to micromanage state and local activities. The theory behind grant in aids was that federal governments were supposed to operate programs in the interest of the national government. On the contrary, the in practice, the help system works differently. Many of the federal politicians preoccupy themselves with the competitive scramble of maximizing the subsidies for their states without caring if the program is efficient or how limited the budget is. Grant in aid program needs to be eliminated. Federalism should be revived and the grant programs terminated. There is no clear reason as to why the activities should not be funded at the local and states levels) Program 2: (Military expenses-It is good to note that the United States policy makers support highly expensive missions for the military instead of the essential role of defending...
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...Federal Budget Deficit/Surplus I'm looking at a comment in speech when Obama talked about the federal budget. Obama reached a deal to increase spending over the next two years by cutting some social programs and raise the federal borrow limit. He reached an agreement that would raise spending by $80 billion and an extra 32 billion dollars for the emergency war fund. By increasing spending, it would make cuts in medicare and social security disability benefits, etc… The $80 billion is just over one percent of the yearly annual budget. Obama uses Obamacare as a way to lower the debt in a way the differentiating taxation. President Obama is concerned with the people of the United States, but he is still trying to raise the money by making...
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