...after the subprime crises Study case: Spain Author: | Supervisor: | | | Department of …………………………… January 2014 Abstract How did the Subprime Crisis, a small problem of U.S. financial markets, affect the entire global banking system? The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of the subprime crisis on the banking sector in Europe, with a close attention on the case of Spain. Spain is currently facing the worst crisis ever experienced in its financial history, so it would be interesting to analyze what is the real situation of the banking sector and what will be the reforms that could lead to a consolidation of the financial systems. The strengths and weaknesses of the financial sector will be analyzed in order to see the changes needed to maintain its competitive position. The first part of the paper will briefly explain the subprime crisis, origins and impact on the financial world as new form of contagion. In the second chapter the consequences of the subprime crisis in the Spanish banking sector will be described. The last chapter of the thesis will present an analysis of the reforms made, using legal intervention. It will be concluded with a general point of view regarding the present situation of the Spanish banking system, the potential results of the current measures and the perspectives of new reforms. Contents 1 | Introduction | | 2 | Introducing the Subprime Crisis i. The subprime crisis: origins and evolution ii. Implications...
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...reaching its peak point in 1993 year, when the average unemployment rate of European countries was about 11%. Due to global financial crisis, which transformed into sovereign debt crisis in the Eurozone, nowadays, the high unemployment rate in the EU has become an ordinary phenomenon, but a particularly acute problem of unemployment is in Spain, where 26.2% of the population are unemployed (Eurostat, 2013). Although, crisis played a considerable role in this situation, there are also other national features of Spain that led to high unemployment, which if left unattended, will lead to disastrous results. To begin with, it is pertinent to name the causes of the high unemployment rate in Spain. One of the main causes of high unemployment in Spain is a debt crisis. Appeared in United States due to “mortgage bubble”, the financial crisis has had a destructive effect on the banking system, reducing credit supply and increasing the cost of financing. In Spain, the economic growth during the pre-crisis period was maintained by two factors: considerable expansion of credit and large immigration flow. These economic drivers were nullified by the crisis, and starting from 2007, economic growth was slowed. From the second quarter of 2008 until the last quarter of 2009, the Spanish economy was in recession. The first quarter of 2009 was the hardest period for Spain in terms of job destruction, when unemployment increased by approximately 800000 people (Eurostat, 2009). Also GDP in this...
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...Spanish financial crises 1. Spain’s Debt Problem The financial crises of Spain can be described as the sovereign debt problem, which is a large and continuous budget deficit feeding into its accumulated debt. From figure 1 we can see that fiscal consolidation hadn’t successfully made a recovery (see figure 1). Schwartz (2013) quoted that the net increase in debt in 2013 is expected to be €48 billion (HK$480 billion) and the gross issue of public debt €207.2 billion (HK$2085 billion). These are large sums compared with Spain’s GDP of €1.05 trillion (HK$10.69 trillion) 1. Figure 1 Source: Banco de España, General government liabilities. Excessive Deficit Procedure (EDP) debt, 11.6. Debt according to the excessive deficit procedure (EDP) and financial assets held by general government; http://www.bde.es/webbde/es/estadis/infoest/a1106e.pdf ------------------------------------------------- 1. Pedro Schwartz (2013), The Welfare State as an Underlying Cause of Spain’s Debt Crisis, Cato Journal, Vol. 33, No. 2 Actually before financial crises, Spain had experienced a long period of high economics growth. At the end of 2007, the fiscal position of Spain performed excellent. According to Eurostat, it was better than in the other three largest euro area member states Spain had a consolidated total government budget surplus of 1.9 percent of GDP, the third highest after Finland (5.2 percent) and Luxembourg (3.7 percent). But in fact it produced...
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...The European sovereign debt crisis Introduction At the beginning of 2010, its emerged that the sovereign debt crisis would drastically spread through the entire European Union since Portugal, Greece, Spain, Italy and Ireland, which are jointly known as the PIIGS were in facing the significant increase in their deficit as well as public debt. The events about the crisis were closely tied to Greece since there were doubts about its ability to offset the huge sovereign debt it owed as well as government deficits. This crisis of confidence in Greece resulted in the significant downgrade of the Greek bonds into a junk status as well as the Greek bond yield spreads notably rose (Brutti and Sauré, 2016). The financial unrest gradually spread to the entire European Union zone and the European stocks tumbled, and the euro currency reached 2-year lows. Nonetheless, Greece was not the only stressed economy in The Euro Zone, in fact, it turned out to be a tip of the iceberg since other nations in the European Union were trailing on the Same road. Spain, Italy, Portugal and Ireland had accumulated huge budget deficits as well as increased public debt to the Gross Domestic product ratios. Portugal had an economic boom that was being sustained by the significantly lower borrowing rates. Nevertheless, it was hit by expeditious wage inflation which adversely affected the local companies’ competition with other foreign firms (CAI and LI, 2012). The sovereign debt crisis in European region has raised...
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...SPAIN COUNTRY REPORT 1. SPAIN – COUNTRY OVERVIEW Country Administrative information Official Country Name Kingdom of Spain Capital Madrid Government Parliamentary monarchy President of the government (current) Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero Demographic Factors Population (2010) 46,030,109 Median age 40.5 years Religion Predominantly Roman Catholicism Economic indicators Currency Euro(EUR) Real effective exchange rate index Base: 2005(100) Inflation rate 3.5% (As of May 2011) GDP per capita (2010) 30,782(US$ at PPP) Unemployment rate (2010) 20.1% Real GDP growth (2010) -0.1% 2...
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...EUROPEAN DEBT CRISIS – ORIGIN, CONSEQUENCES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS F RA N TI Š E K N E M E T H Abstract What is the European debt crisis? As the head of the Bank of England referred to it in October 2011, it is “the most serious financial crisis at least since the 1930s, if not ever.”1 In fact, the European debt crisis is the shorthand term for the region’s struggle to pay the debts it has built up in recent decades. Five of the region’s countries – Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Italy, and Spain – have, to varying degrees, failed to generate enough economic growth to make their ability to pay back bondholders the guarantee it’s intended to be. Although these five were seen as being the countries in immediate danger of a possible default, the crisis has far-reaching consequences that extend beyond their borders to the world as a whole. Introduction The global economy has experienced slow growth since the U.S. financial crisis of 2008-2009, which has exposed the unsustainable fiscal policies of countries in Europe and around the globe. Greece, which spent heartily for years and failed to undertake fiscal reforms, was one of the first to feel the pinch of weaker growth. When growth slows, so do tax revenues – making high budget deficits unsustainable. Greece's economy has struggled since the country joined the euro in 2001. In 2004, it admitted its budget deficit was higher than allowed under rules of entry. By 2008 the government had narrowly passed a belt-tightening budget...
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...Topic: PIIGS (European debt crisis) 吳宇綸D0131292 劉昱顯D0131156 王謙 周雋彥D0125599 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Overview of the European sovereign debt problem 3. Relief measures of the European sovereign debt crisis 4. European debt crisis 5. Conclusion 6. References I. Introduction The PIIGS is a group that composed of five countries that have some commonality in location and economic environments. In this case, PIIGS includes Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain. The countries which be mentioned are all part of European Union members and have been noted for having weak economics and bad situation of financial problems. In 2008, economic crisis came to all over the world, during the worldwide economic crisis, Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain began to come out the grave and serious concern in the European Union refer to the enormous amount of sovereign debt that they were carrying. The problem with the PIIGS is that speculators dropped, compounding their debt issues and the situation might be much more worse. Many European Union members were also unwilling to rescue these struggling nations although when it became very clear that assistance would be needed. The sovereign debt crisis sparked a number of conversations about reforming financial policy in the European Union to prevent similar problems in the future. The members of PIIGS felt displeasure at the negative allusions and some have...
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...THE IDEA OF ETHICS AND THE EUROZONE CRISIS Prepared for: Ms. Homayara L. Ahmed Assistant Professor Prepared by: Bijon Islam (Roll: 21) Faruk Ahmed (Roll: 20) EMBA 14th Batch IBA, Dhaka January 04, 2012 January 04, 2012 Ms. Homayara L. Ahmed Assistant Professor Institute of Business Administration University of Dhaka Sub: Term Paper Submission- The Idea of Ethics and the Eurozone Crisis Dear Madam: Thank you for giving us the opportunity for working on such an exciting topic. Looking at the Eurozone crisis from an ethical perspective reveals several insightful and interesting insights including a look into the idea of equality among the member states, financial camouflage practices and the focus on immediate gains both in private sector and at national level. We have tried to map out such factors that have contributed to ethics mismanagement among the euro member states which have finally culminated into the crisis. We hope that you enjoy reading this paper as much as we did writing this and look forward to your views. Please feel free to contact us anytime if you feel the need for any additional support that we may provide. Kind Regards Bijon Islam – Roll 21 (EMBA 14) Faruk Ahmed – Roll 20 (EMBA 14) pg. 1 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................................3 1. A. B. C. D. E. 2. A. B. 3. A. B. C. D. E. F. 4. 5. 6. THE STORY...
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...SPAIN: FROM ECONOMIC CRISES TO TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS José Francisco Perles-Ribes* (corresponding autor) (jose.perles@ua.es) Ana Belén Ramón-Rodríguez* (anar@ua.es) Antonio Rubia-Serrano** (antonio.rubia@ua.es) Luis Moreno-Izquierdo* (luis.moreno@ua.es) *Department of Applied Economic Analysis, University of Alicante ** Department of Financial Economics and Accounting, University of Alicante Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences University of Alicante Campus San Vicente del Raspeig 03080 Alicante Tel: 96 590 36 09 Fax: 96 590 93 22 Corresponding author details: José Francisco Perles-Ribes (jose.perles@ua.es or jfperles@gmail.com) Particular adress: Urb. Manzanera 13-R 03710 Calpe (Alicante) Tlf: +34 635 617 159 SPAIN: FROM ECONOMIC CRISES TO TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS Abstract: This paper considers the influence of economic crises on Spain’s tourism competitiveness. This competitiveness is measured by its share in world tourism. Analysing a period of forty years, the permanent effects of temporary or structural economic crises on competitiveness are observed. Furthermore, it identifies the economic transmission mechanisms operating and links them to the most relevant explanatory models of tourism destination competitiveness. The main conclusion obtained is that the effects of shocks on competitiveness are not neutral and that the negative effects are more persistent in highly intensive crises. This effect works through two basic transmission mechanisms: the...
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... The Eurozone Debt Crisis Most of the people know how it feels to owe money, even if it is only to a mortgage company, or to a four-year college loan provider. But it is a different matter for an entire nation to be deeply buried in debt and unable to repay it. When a country drowns in debt, the government of that country usually seeks austerity as the major remedy of overcoming its debt crisis. Austerity promotes slow growth, and this actually makes the situation even worse due to the fact that world economy has become more open and integrated. In today’s world, there is no nation that exists in economic isolation. Every countries almost all the economic aspects- its education, health service, industries, service sectors, levels of income, and employment is integrated to the economies of its adjacent countries. This linkage plays a very important role in the global movement of goods and services, labor, investment funds, and technology. That is, when a country defaults on paying its debt, it not only affects the country in default, but also initiates a global economic crisis. In my research paper, I will tell the tale of eurozone debt crisis, which has created a global hysteria in the current world economy. In the research that follows, I will start with a brief history of the eurozone, how did eurozone face the debt crisis, and what might be ahead for the global economy, amid the ongoing European financial crisis. Eurozone is a term designated...
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...The European Debt Crisis In 2009, Greece came forward and announced that their financial management of their economy had gone awry. Greece's revealed their budget to be 12.7 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), in addition, its debt-to-GDP ratio at 120% was twice the limit allowed in the Maastricht treaty. This triggered what is now known as the European Debt Crisis, and led to similar announcements by Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Spain and most recently Cyprus. In the next pages we will attempt to explain the events leading up to the crisis and potential next steps for the European community. On February 7th, 1992 the 13 member nations of the European Council came together to sign the Maastricht Treaty. The treaty was designed to create financial stability throughout the Euro Zone by laying out fundamental fiscal policies for each country to follow. The treaty primarily encompasses four points: 1. Inflation rates: No more than 1.5 percentage points higher than the average of the three best performing (lowest inflation) member states of the European Union (EU). 2. Government finance: Annual government deficit: The ratio of the annual government deficit to gross domestic product (GDP) must not exceed 3% at the end of the preceding fiscal year. Government debt: The ratio of gross government debt to GDP must not exceed 60% at the end of the preceding fiscal year. 3. Exchange rate: Applicant countries should have joined the exchange-rate mechanism (ERM II) under the...
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...European Crisis and its effect in the International Market After the Second World War, the world was in search of a new alternative to stop with the horrific wars between nations. In 1950, France, Italy, Germany, Luxemburg, Belgium and Netherlands joined in order to obtain peace, protectionism and economic advantage. It was the foundation of the current European Union. This significant moment in history was followed by a remarkable transformation around the world: the globalisation of the market. Globalization was described by Joseph Stiglitz (2002) as “the removal of barriers to free trade and the closer integration of national economies”. This new reality, from local to a global market, made businesses and countries adapt themselves forcing the implementation of new alternatives to survive against international competition and to get economic strength in this new aggressive world. Market competition was no longer limited to country’s borders but it was also suffering from foreign rivalry. The European Union’s countries members were integrated with the purpose to be a unique market being the world major regional trade cooperation. Since its foundation, the Europe Union have been engaged in this integration and it had demonstrated strength in the implementation of a free trade area, controlling a large part of the international market. Although the history of Europe Union had appeared to be a history of success of integration and cooperation, in the last two decades...
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...place into the nation‘s economy, the country‘s trade polocy has similarities to the other nations of European Union. Like EU Spain has also non-trade barriers mainly in primary and secondary business. http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/spain/export-import.html Import and export structure of the economy Spain has a numerous of countries as a partners of export and import of product and the range of these product is even bigger but the focus falls on the main ones . The countries from the European Union are the most important partnes for Spain, in 2013 65% of the foreign trade comes from there, main partners are France with 18% of total exports and 11% of total imports and Germany with 15 % ot total exports and 8 % of exports, othe partners are - Italy, Portugal, United Kingdom, China. The most exported products out of Spain are - food 13 %, cars 11 % and fuel 5 %. The main import of product are fuel, high added value goods, food and chemicals. http://www.tradingeconomics.com/spain/balance-of-trade http://www.ingcb.com/media/231182/spain.pdf Political system of the economy The global economic crisis hit Spain hard in 2009 and the Prime-minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party then decided to make some changes by increasing the unemployed ebenefits and spend money on public works to slowdown the crisis but instead of that, combined with some some other unpleasant conditions, it led the country‘s budges deficit to grow even more...
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...This essay will talk about what is currently going in Europe with the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis and the fiscal state the European Union is in, it is important and interesting because it is still current affairs and there are various factors and decisions that have helped the path that the crisis is going in, this essay will look at the crisis but on the implications and problems that European union face as well as what they have faced already and whether the European Central Bank are doing enough to improve the situation and what their plans are for the future. A sovereign bond serves as a floor for interest rates banks charged for loans and for the pricing of other financial contracts and securities. The global financial crisis led to the deterioration of government budgets and finances as nations utilized public expenditures to provide stability and stimulus. The Eurozone suffered because of heavy borrowing practices, property pebbles and living above their means. The Eurozone debt crisis started because Greece who had borrowed heavily in international capital markets over the past decade were turned against by investors this is because Greece in 2009 admitted that they had double the amount of debt that was allowed in the Eurozone limit. Ratings agencies started to downgrade Greek bank and government debt, and there was fear of Greece defaulting and not being able to pay back its debts but the Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou insisted otherwise however this was...
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...Living beyond our means = European crisis In early 2010 economic activities of the PIGS (a group of 4 nations in Europe namely Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain) have come under increased scrutiny from the international investment community, with the threat of “Sovereign default” lurking around the corner. Sovereign default refers to a situation when government of particular country is unable to repay its debts. This situation of default payments by governments lead to European crisis. With onslaught of the recession and subsequent introduction of various financial stimulus packages, the government expenditure like public job creation, pensions, social benefits etc ..on various countries took on gargantuan proportions to support these packages. To support these packages government was forced to borrow heavily consequently generating high fiscal deficicts.Most countries had manageable fiscal deficit, the government of PIGS nations mopped up a huge debt bill. The state of affairs in Greece which was epicenter of the sovereign default malaise is shamboic as country was known to live beyond its means. Debt Skelton of PIGS [pic] Role over risk in EURO ZONE It is one element played a role in the crisis is “roll-over risk”. Countries involved are exposed to a fiscal crisis (the “bad equilibrium”) to the extent that they are forced to rely on the market to roll-over their debt. Thus, much depends on the amount...
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