...Origin - Meaning - History - The Four Cups of Wine for Passover / Pesach The Four Cups of wine used in the Pesach / Passover Seder primarily symbolize the four distinct redemptions promised by G-d to the Hebrews as told in Shemot or Exodus 6:6-7. (1) "I will take you out of Egypt", (2) "I will deliver you from Egyptian slavery", (3) "I will redeem you with a demonstration of my power", and (4) "I will acquire you as a nation". Since each of these cups of wine symbolize an action that was performed by G-d, Jewish people fill a small cup or small wine glass with wine at four different points in the Passover Seder and drink each cup of wine. Drinking from The Four Cups also tells us that we can actively pursue these goals ourselves, meaning that we can actively free ourselves from whatever enslaves us. These are positive goals to salute by having a drink! There is a fifth cup of wine called "The Cup of Elijah" and it is reserved for Elijah the Prophet, who is believed to visit each Passover Seder that takes place around the world. In Shemot or Exodus 6:6-8, following the aforementioned Four Expressions of Redemption, there is a Fifth Expression of Redemption. A Fifth Cup of Wine symbolizes this expression of redemption for all humanity upon the arrival of Messianic Times and because this has not occurred yet, the Fifth Cup of Wine is not drunk. The origin of The Four Cups of Wine dates from rabbinical opinions contained in the Jerusalem Talmud (Pesachim 10:1). The Pesachim tractate...
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...123 22 March 2013 Covenant in the Old Testament Sense A covenant in its simplest form is a promise. The Bible refers to covenants many times throughout, most often in the Old Testament. Different stories contain different covenants that God has made with various people in the Bible; each of these stories has an underlying theme that is consistent. The theme is simple; a covenant with God is a promise between God and the people of God that can never be broken. Three main covenants in the Old Testament are those between God and Noah, God and Abraham, and God and Moses. In each of these covenants, God is making a promise to a single person, for the good of all people who wish to listen and to follow Him. In each of these three covenants, there is also a new relationship formed, granting redemption to God’s people, a key element that is common among the covenants with Noah, Abraham, and Moses. There are a few different elements of a covenant and by understanding the different elements of covenants, we are then able to fully understand and appreciate the covenants that are found in the Old Testament. Covenant derives in the Old Testament from the Hebrew word be’rith. There are two different concepts of the meaning of be’rith. The first concept is that be’rith means to select or chose and the second concept of be’rith is a bond or joining together. (Ludlow) Upon looking at these two different meanings of one word, it puts the concept of creating a covenant into perspective. It...
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...This paper examines the ex post and ex ante benefits of accounting conservatism to lenders and borrowers in the debt contracting process. I expect conservatism to benefit lenders ex post through the timely signaling of default risk, as manifested by accelerated covenant violations, and to benefit borrowers ex ante through lower initial interest rates. Consistent with these predictions, I find that more conservative borrowers are more likely to violate debt covenants following a negative price shock, and that lenders offer lower interest rates to more conservative borrowers. r 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: M41; G32 Keywords: Conservatism; Debt contracting; Covenant violation; Spread 1. Introduction While positive accounting theory suggests that accounting conservatism enhances efficiency in the debt contracting process (Watts and Zimmerman, 1986; Watts, 2003a, b), there is little empirical evidence on the debt contracting benefits of conservatism. In this paper, I provide evidence on the ex post and ex ante benefits of conservatism to lenders and borrowers. Specifically, I document that conservatism benefits lenders ex post through the timely signaling of default risk, as manifested by accelerated covenant violations, and benefits borrowers ex ante through lower interest rates. $ This paper is based on my dissertation at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. I would like to thank the members of my dissertation committee, S.P. Kothari...
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...au/contract_sample.pdf Questions and Answers Answer the following questions in the fields below. Question 1: Why do you think this contract spends so much space defining the certain subjects, such as “cybertext”, “technical writer”, and “third party”? Question 2: What obligations did the contract impose on each party? Question 3: Based on your knowledge of contract law, does this agreement meet all of the requirements for a valid contract? Why or why not? Question 4: Under what conditions might the employer terminate the contract with the independent contractors. Generally, do the terms of the contract seem fair? Practical Internet Exercise 9-2: Management Perspective—Covenants Not to Compete Instructions: Employers frequently have their employees sign covenants not to compete in which the employees agree to not compete against their employers following the termination of their employment. What if you wish to leave your job and either work for a competitor or start up a competing business? Will the...
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...Introduction This week the class read Chapters 21-26, 41-42, and 50 of the book The Pocket Guide to leading a Small Group. Early and Dempsey captured and explained the details of starting and maintaining a new group. Important points discussed were creating a small group covenant, the importance of asking good questions and leading the small group discussions, finding and training an apprentice, finding a host for the group as well as how to birth a new group. This week we also learned how to deal with potential problems within the group like difficult people and integrating children into the group dynamics. Similarly, in chapters four and five of Jeffrey Arnold’s book, The Big Book on Small Groups, he thoroughly explained how to start a new group and the importance of the building blocks of community within the small group. In addition to reading the texts, Rod Dempsey’s lecture titled, How to Lead a Group, enhanced the reading and discussion as he outlined ten effective ways to lead a small group. In this lecture, the 5 W’s were introduced; Welcome, Worship, Word of God, Works, and Witness. Beginning Steps and Outline Creating a new group should begin with a dream and prayer. “The place to start, when attempting to gather a group, is on your knees.” This follows in the footsteps of what Jesus did prior to selecting his disciples (Luke 6:12-16). Arnold makes a very important statement about the thousands of intangibles that affect how ministry occurs. Only God is in...
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...For THEO 350-D07 Liberty University Online By Jeffrey Robinson L21932989 Lynchburg, Virginia April 24, 2012 I did not come to the saving knowledge of the Lord until I was twenty-four years old. By this time I had two small children that were four years old and two months old. My wife was born and raised in the church. She wanted to get the children baptized. I did not know what that meant. So being the inquisitive new covert that I was, I went to the pastor and asked what the meaning of the infant baptism was. He explained that it was just an outward sign that I was going to raise my children in the church and the ways of Christ. I thought that was a great idea. Until this class, I did not know that there was any other reason than the one explained to me by my pastor nineteen years ago. The topic just never came up. Since I believe that this is the true reason I had my children baptized, this paper will try to argue that infant baptism is not for salvation purposes. I believe in true faith. I also believe that baptism can be an empty ritual. Through research and prayer, God has been teaching me about the church and the communal nature of faith. I have learned that a person’s view of the meaning of the sacraments, the Church, covenant theology, individualism, and God’s grace have a great deal to do with the different views of baptism. Christians throughout history have almost always agreed that baptism is important. It historically has not...
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...FREEHOLD COVENANTS Creation of freehold covenants * Not capable of being legal interest in land (s. 1(2) LPA 1925), can only be equitable (s. 1(3)) * Invariably created expressly by deed. However, as an equitable interest the minimum formality requirement is that it is created by signed writing (s. 53(1)(a) LA 1925) * Usually imposed when a person sells part of the land that he owns and are therefore contained on the transfer. Covenant Terminology * Covenantor * Person who makes the promise / has burden of covenant * Covenantee * Person to whom the promise is made to / has benefit of covenant * Annexation * Benefit of covenant is attached to the land of the covenantee so that it passes automatically to successors of the covenantee * Benefit of covenant occurs at the time of creation of the covenant * Can be express in the deed or implied into deed under s. 78 LPA 1925 * Assignment * Express transfer of the benefit of a covenant to a successor * Benefit of covenant may occur at the same time as the transfer of the land to a successor | Step 1: Draw an annotated diagram showing the various events and benefited / burdened land Step 2: Analyse the types of covenant that exist * Positive Requires expenditure or labour by the covenantor (e.g. repair / maintenance) * Restrictive Requires the covenantor to refrain from a particular action (e.g. user) * Touch and concern land * Personal Step 3: Identify the breaches...
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...The trial judge will only order Tim to pay Larry back rent in the amount of $500 and find that Tim properly vacated the premises. There are four types of leasehold estates: (1) Term of years; (2) Periodic tenancies; (3) Tenancies at will; and (4) Tenancies at sufferance. A term of years is a lease for a fixed, determined period of time. No notice is required for termination. A term of years greater than one year must be in writing to satisfy the statute of frauds. A periodic tenancy continues for successive intervals until either the landlord or tenant give proper notice of termination. Unless otherwise agreed, the common law default rule requires notice to be given at least equal to the length of the period itself. A tenancy at will has no fixed time or period, and it may terminate at any moment by either party. Reasonable notice must be given to terminate the tenancy at will. A tenancy at sufferance is created when the tenant has wrongfully held over after the expiration of the original lease. It is usually short-lived and will continue only until the landlord either evicts the tenant or gives the tenant a new leasehold. Unless otherwise agreed by the landlord and tenant, the tenancy at sufferance is subject to those same terms and conditions as the original lease. In other words, the tenant will be required to pay the same amount of rent by the same method as agreed upon in the original lease. When the tenant holds over, the landlord has two options: (1) The landlord...
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...SYNOPSIS OF THE LAST SUPPER ACCOUNTS Student’s Name Date In the New Testament, the Last Supper refers to the last meal that Jesus shared with his disciples on the night of his betrayal. This last meal mentioned in different terms in different texts. These terms include the Lord's Supper, Eucharist, communion and mass. The last supper serves as an encouragement and a unifying factor to Christians. It binds them in fellowship of love, trust and mutual acceptance. Sharing of the last supper is one of the orders that Jesus gave to his church. It is ideally Christian’s remembrance of Jesus, acknowledgement of his presence, confident hope in his second coming, fellowship with him and his people, self-examination, thanksgiving and gratitude. 1This paper explores the last supper event as presented by the books of Matthew, Mark, Luke and 1st Corinthians. Historical Background of the Last Supper The last supper concept dates back to the early times in the Old Testament where Jews used to celebrate the Passover. The Passover ritual entailed an opening course where the paterfamilias spoke a blessing over the first cup of wine. The preliminary dish comprised green herbs, bitter herbs and a sauce made...
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...Real estate is a unique subject, and because it is unique, real estate has spawned complex legal theories and very unusual fact situations. With knowledge about the Real Estate business, Jack and Jill approached me to get some important information. I will provide them with the information that they need and hopefully help them with buying a new house. I will give them advice about the real estate market and how to apply certain rules to their housing requirements. Jack and Jill requirements should be; can they afford mortgage payments, is their credit score satisfactory, do they have enough cash in reserve, are they prepared for any unexpected maintenance, and finally do they plan on living in the area for at least five years. Jack and Jill indicate that they want to co-own a property but don’t know how they should approach it. Jack and Jill should understand that co-owning real estate comes with benefits and some downfalls. The right form for them would be joint tenancy. The reason for joint tenancy is because they would get the right of survivorship. The right of survivorship allows the death of a joint tenant, his/her interest doesn’t descend to his/her spouse or pass by his/her will. The entire ownership remains in the surviving joint tenant. There is just one less owner. The downfall for co-owner is that each co-owner is responsible for paying his proportionate share of property taxes, repairs, and upkeep, plus interest and debt repayments. If the co-owner fails to...
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...also politically, culturally, and socially. Additionally, the major difference between progressive and traditional dispensationalism is that Christ has already begun His Davidic reign in heaven though not on earth and that despite the fact that its benefits will not be realized until the Millennium, the new covenant has already been...
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...THEO 100 Midterm Study Guide Theology What is the difference between a ‘Big T’ and ‘little t’ theologian? * Big T means academic theology and little t means the thinking process. What does it mean to ‘do theology’ from a Christian perspective? * With explicit assumption of reality * Have faith of seeking understanding * Fulfill the human design of loving relationship * Ask questions about Jesus What are the goals of Christian theology? With explicit assumption of reality * Have faith of seeking understanding * Fulfill the human design of loving relationship * Ask questions about Jesus What does Christian theology have to do with orthodoxy, orthopraxy, the Bible’s Story? * Orthodoxy means the right idea of reality * Orthopraxy means the right practice of loving people of reality * The reason why they are important is Christian should explicit assumption about the reality if they want to do theology. * Spirituality What can we add to the above definition of spirituality to make it distinctively Christian? * Live a fully and truly human life What is the relationship between spirituality and theology? * Christian spirituality focuses on living fully and truly human life as most filled lived and seen in the life of Jesus Christ. Revelation (揭示) What are the different types of general and special revelation? * General—creation everything that is not creator. * General—conscience...
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...Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary BOOK REVIEW How to Read the Bible For All Its Worth A Paper Submitted to Dr. Myron Kauk In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course Hermeneutics NBST 610 – B10 LUO By Joseph G Misiaszek L23730440 15 September 2013 Fee, Gordon D., and Douglas Stuart. How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 2003. The Bible was written for everyone to read is the belief of Gordon D. Fee and Douglas Stuart as they wrote this book to help ease the average person into reading the Bible for understanding, thus making the Bible more accessible and more applicable to the everyday layperson. Fee and Stuart break down their book into logical divisions as they start with the need to interpret and selecting a good translation. They take the time to walk the reader through the different translations, not only showing the differences in them but also walking the reader through choosing a translation that is best. They do this by answering the seven questions of language: original language, receptor language, historical distance, formal equivalence, functional equivalence, free translation, and theory of translation. From choosing translations the authors logically break down the Bible into genres and discuss how to exegesis each type of genre accordingly. Another strong aspect of this book is the fact that the authors have used numerous amounts of Scriptural references in their text, thus...
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...Statement of Values and Code of Ethics for Nonprofit and Philanthropic Organizations This document was drafted by a special taskforce of the INDEPENDENT SECTOR Ethics and Accountability Committee, distributed to IS members for review over a four-month period from October 2003 through January 2004, and approved by the IS Board of Directors on January 29, 2004. It constitutes the Statement of Values and Code of Ethics that IS will use for its own work. In addition, the Board of Directors of IS encourages IS members, and the field as a whole, to use this document in either drafting and adopting your own statement of values and code of ethics or, for those who have already done so, reviewing and revising, as necessary, your statement of values and code of ethics. As stated within, IS believes that each and every organization in the independent sector should have a code of ethics. IS firmly believes that the process by which a code is adopted is as important as the code itself, and that the board and staff should be involved in developing, drafting, adopting, and implementing a statement that fits Covenant Partners’s unique characteristics. Going through this process with the board and staff also begins to infuse into the culture of Covenant Partners a recognition of how important it is to address issues of values and ethics on an ongoing basis. We encourage all organizations to set aside time in your board meeting or at a retreat to discuss in detail all aspects of an ethical code—and...
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...In our chapter reading from Fee and Stuart, "The Prophets: Enforcing the Covenant in Israel," the authors discussed the nature and key characteristics of the prophetic genre. As we can see, many of the problems readers encounter as they engage this segment of Scripture occur because they do not understand the nature or function of prophecy in ancient Israel. Taking that portion of our reading into consideration, summarize the key aspects of the genre. Be sure to include aspects of their hermeneutical suggestions in your summary thread as well. The Prophets: Enforcing the Covenant in Israel In order to understand prophecy, it is important to realize that prophecy does not pertain to what may occur in our future but that which was to occur in the future of the people of the Old Testament. A Prophet was not one who spoke to God but an individual who presented God’s word to His people. There are two types of prophets; Major and Minor Prophets. The terms do not assert one’s importance over another, they were merely utilized to identify longer books/messages and were often not in any chronological order. The function of prophecy in Israel can be broken down into four basics thought. “1. The prophets were covenant enforcement mediators.” (Stuart, 2003) “2. The prophets’ message was not their own, but God’s.” (Stuart, 2003) “3. The prophets were God’s direct representatives.” (Stuart, 2003) “4. The prophets’ message is unoriginal. The meaning is that of God but the wording and vocabulary...
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