...term ‘curriculum’, was derived from the Greek word ‘curere’ which literarily means ‘racecourse. As a broad concept, the term ‘curriculum’ does not have a concise or precise definition. However, it can be explained in terms of academic content as the planned interaction of learners and instructors with instructional content, materials, resources and processes for evaluating the attainment of educational objectives. Simply put, it is the set of courses, coursework and their contents offered at a school or educational and training institutions. We have several scenarios of the usage of the term, curriculum. Some of these are official, actual, null, formal, informal, hidden, enacted, experienced and unintended curricula. Nevertheless, the concentration of this work is on the gap between the official and actual curricula. The official curriculum is the administratively and legally documented programme of study and other aspects of school life, subject matter, skills and values that policy makers expect learners to be taught. It usually gives the basic plan of lessons to be followed, including objectives, sequence and materials. Some components of the official curriculum include the syllabus, timetable, official calendars, official list of recommended books, content and style of final and intermediate examination. Difficulties in the implementation of the official curriculum often result in what has become known as the actual curriculum. The actual or operational curriculum is the...
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...QUESTION The gap between the official curriculum and actual curriculum is often as the result of the misuse of available instructional time. Discuss. The term ‘curriculum’, was derived from the Greek word ‘curere’ which literarily means ‘racecourse. As a broad concept, the term ‘curriculum’ does not have a concise or precise definition. However, it can be explained in terms of academic content as the planned interaction of learners and instructors with instructional content, materials, resources and processes for evaluating the attainment of educational objectives. Simply put, it is the set of courses, coursework and their contents offered at a school or educational and training institutions. We have several scenarios of the usage of the term, curriculum. Some of these are official, actual, null, formal, informal, hidden, enacted, experienced and unintended curricula. Nevertheless, the concentration of this work is on the gap between the official and actual curricula. The official curriculum is the administratively and legally documented programme of study and other aspects of school life, subject matter, skills and values that policy makers expect learners to be taught. It usually gives the basic plan of lessons to be followed, including objectives, sequence and materials. Some components of the official curriculum include the syllabus, timetable, official calendars, official list of recommended books, content and style of final and intermediate examination. Difficulties...
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...Definitions of Curriculum Definition 1: Curriculum is such “permanent” subjects as grammar, reading, logic, rhetoric, mathematics, and the greatest books of the Western world that best embody essential knowledge. Definition 2: Curriculum is those subjects that are most useful for living in contemporary society. Definition 3: Curriculum is all planned learnings for which the school is responsible. Definition 4: Curriculum is all the experiences learners have under the guidance of the school. Definition 5: Curriculum is the totality of learning experiences provided to students so that they can attain general skills and knowledge at a variety of learning sites. Definition 6: Curriculum is what the student constructs from working with the computer and its various networks, such as the Internet. Definition 7: Curriculum is the questioning of authority and the searching for complex views of human situations. Definition 8: Curriculum is all the experiences that learners have in the course of living. (From Marsh, C. J. & Willis, G. (2003). Curriculum: Alternative approaches, ongoing issues. (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall.) Types of Curriculum —from Leslie Wilson’s website and Larry Cuban (Courtesy of Dr. Judith Irvin, Florida State University) Overt, explicit or written curriculum is simply that which is written as part of formal instruction of the schooling experience. It may refer to a curriculum document, texts...
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...of achieved status’ rather than ascribed. * Education teaches universalistic standards- rather than the particularistic standards seen in family * Competition, equality and individualism are taught within education. These are crucial to capitalism and cannot be taught in family due to its cooperative nature. Marxism- Conflict Perspective Schools make proletariat passive and resigned to their fate. Making sure they don’t rebel! Althusser * Education acts as an Ideological apparatus- ‘brainwashing’ Apply this to schools, it can be argued hidden curriculum teaches obedience etc. and punishes free thinking. Official Curriculum teaches that alternatives to capitalism as dangerous! Study: Bowles & Gintis (1976) Schools mirror workplace. This is the correspondence principle, and it prepares children to accept their future exploitation as the proletariat. Note several similarities between workplace and schools: Hierarchical, same values of uniform and punctuality etc, external rewards emphasised i.e. wages and grades as opposed to just enjoyment, fragmentation & alienation- form group, subject, department etc. Also argue that education transmits myth of meritocracy! The belief that...
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...vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. But are all these 4 elements being visited upon in our classrooms? This paper aims at looking at the kind of English that is taught/learnt in our traditional classrooms in schools and colleges across India and how it relates to boosting the employability quotient in an individual. Keywords: LSRW, employability, communication, language learning. Introduction: Down the ages English gained popularity through commerce as there was a time when the sun never set on the British Empire – thanks to their conquests - and their colonies spread from one end of the Earth to the other end. Though English is a foreign language it has been taught in India for decades and as we are all well aware it is an associate official language. All our government documents exist in English as well as Hindi. "I would have English as an associate, additional language, which can be used not because of facilities, but because I do not wish the people of non-Hindi areas to feel that certain doors of advance are closed to them. So I would have it as an alternative language as long as people of India require it" - Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, (from the Convocation Address, delivered at University of Pune on 27th Jan. 1955).(1), (2) India has a mix of urban, semi-urban and rural learners who either learn in English-medium or who...
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...Quantitative research methods in educational planning Series editor: Kenneth N.Ross Module John Izard 6 Overview of test construction UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning Quantitative research methods in educational planning These modules were prepared by IIEP staff and consultants to be used in training workshops presented for the National Research Coordinators who are responsible for the educational policy research programme conducted by the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ). The publication is available from the following two Internet Websites: http://www.sacmeq.org and http://www.unesco.org/iiep. International Institute for Educational Planning/UNESCO 7-9 rue Eugène-Delacroix, 75116 Paris, France Tel: (33 1) 45 03 77 00 Fax: (33 1 ) 40 72 83 66 e-mail: information@iiep.unesco.org IIEP web site: http://www.unesco.org/iiep September 2005 © UNESCO The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission ...
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...school districts determining education standards, the state and federal governments provide the policy direction. One method to assess education performance and compliance with the centralized policy is the use of accountability measures - i.e., standardized tests. The NCLB, coupled with state policy, is intended to decrease inequality and set an objective measurement in place where school districts, schools, teachers, and even students can be held accountable for their progress or lack thereof. However, there are arguments from opponents of standardized testing claiming that test-driven curricula are harmful to the needs of a democratic society, and that testing discriminates against minorities by widening the education achievement gap (Hursh 612). It is the intention of this research paper to investigate this claim and the claims of proponents of standardized testing by analyzing what role standardized testing should...
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...A World Culture of Schooling? Kathryn M. Anderson-Levitt Introductory chapter to Anderson-Levitt, Kathryn, Ed. 2003 Local Meanings, Global Schooling: Anthropology and World Culture Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 1 Is there one global culture of schooling, or many? Are school systems around the world diverging from their original European sources, or are they converging toward a single model?i This book opens a dialogue between two very different perspectives on schooling around the world. On the one hand, anthropologists and many scholars in comparative education emphasize national variation, not to mention variation from district to district and from classroom to classroom. From their point of view, the nearly 200 national school systems in the world today represent some 200 different and diverging cultures of schooling. On the other hand, sociology’s “institutionalists” or world culture theorists argue that not only has the model of modern mass education spread from a common source, but that schools around the world are becoming more similar over time.ii According to world culture theory, rather than diverging, schools are converging toward a single global model. This question matters to anthropologists because when we look at globalization— the movement of people, money and ideas across the entire world in unprecedented volume—we wonder whether it really means that the world is becoming more homogeneous. Are we creating a global culture (a “McWorld” for the...
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...Flaws in Pakistan’s Education System Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences; Vo. 4 No.1 Flaws in Pakistan’s Educational System Hina Rehman* Dr. Nushad Khan† Abstract The paper aims to identify prevalent problems in the Pakistani educational system with a view to find out their solution. Education system of any country is meant to equip and facilitate the nation to pursue national goals and strengthen its ideological foundations. Presumably the existing education system of the country has failed to deliver matching response to the call of our national objectives and aspirations. Introduction Education plays an important role in political stability, economic development and social progress of a nation. It brings political stability by realizing the people their national rights and duties and thus through awareness of their rights and duties, a very good environment is created for better implementation of the policies and good participation and cooperation of the people. Education brings economic development because it enhances the productivity and efficiency of the people, and provides them necessary skills which enable the people to play their role in supporting the sustainable economic growth of the country. Education shapes the personality of the people, seeks them moral obligations and duties, so they can play their part in the society. Today Pakistan is facing a number of problems i.e. poverty, insecurity, terrorism, sectarianism and many more and base provided to all...
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...socio-economic security, training opportunities, and working conditions. This enormous unlocked potential represents a substantial loss of opportunity for both individuals and society. With increasing emphasis being given to work- and skills-based solutions to economic competition and poverty in the developing world, comes a renewed focus on technical and vocational education and training (TVET) as a means to expand opportunities for marginalized youth (Tripney, et. al., 2013). Enhancing the quality of basic education in the Philippines is urgent and critical. In line with this, one of the discussions of DepEd which incurred on October 2010 is to enhance the basic education program of the country in a way that is least disruptive to the current curriculum, most affordable to government and families, and aligned with international practice through the K-12 policy. The poor quality of basic education is reflected in the low achievement scores of Filipino students. Many students who finish basic education do not possess sufficient mastery of basic competencies. One reason is that students do not get adequate instructional time or time on task. This quality of education is reflected in the inadequate preparation of high school graduates for the world of work or entrepreneurship or higher education. High school...
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...Education system of Pakistan Introduction It is mandated in the Constitution of Pakistan to provide free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of 5-16 years and enhance adult literacy. With the 18th constitutional amendment the concurrent list which comprised of 47 subjects was abolished and these subjects, including education, were transferred to federating units as a move towards provincial autonomy. The year 2015 is important in the context that it marks the deadline for the participants of Dakar declaration (Education For All [EFA] commitment) including Pakistan. Education related statistics coupled with Pakistan’s progress regarding education targets set in Vision 2030 and Pakistan’s lagging behind in achieving EFA targets and its Millennium Development Goals(MDGs) for education call for an analysis of the education system of Pakistan and to look into the issues and problems it is facing so that workable solutions could be recommended. What is Education System? The system of education includes all institutions that are involved in delivering formal education (public and private, for-profit and nonprofit, onsite or virtual instruction) and their faculties, students, physical infrastructure, resources and rules. In a broader definition the system also includes the institutions that are directly involved in financing, managing, operating or regulating such institutions (like government ministries and regulatory bodies, central testing organizations, textbook...
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...Secondary School Madrasas in Bangladesh: Incidence, Quality, and Implications for Reform Mohammad Niaz Asadullah Department of Economics, University of Reading & Department of Education, University of Oxford Nazmul Chaudhury The World Bank Syed Rashed Al-Zayed Josh The World Bank Draft: March 15, 2009 Human Development Sector South Asia Region Acknowledgements This study was made possible by generous funding from the EPDF Trust Fund. We also express our appreciation for additional funding and institutional support from the Education Unit of South Asia Human Development, World Bank as well as the Bangladesh Country Management Unit. The authors would like to highlight the services provided by the survey firm, DATA, who conducted this complex survey with utmost professional competence. Furthermore we are grateful to DATA for providing valuable statistical input in preparing this report. The authors are grateful from valuable comments and feedback received from the Ministry of Education and Economic Relations Division, Government of Bangladesh. The authors would also like to thank Rafiqul Huda Chaudhury, Markus Goldstein, Michelle Riboud, and Halsey Rogers for their valuable comments. This report does not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank or the Governments they represent. ii Executive Summary 1. A unique feature of the Bangladeshi secondary education sector is the large presence of Islamic institutions of religious learning, commonly known as...
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...essay is an attempt to analyze, evaluate and criticize issues affecting the educational system through the years with the end view of recommending possible improvements. The metamorphosis of Philippine education through the years was a gradual process brought about by generations of colonialism and imperialism. From the Spaniards to the Americans, to the Japanese even during the Liberation period up to the EDSA revolution, changes in education did not match the high hopes of the Filipino people. Presently, the Philippine educational system needs to address issues not only of accessibility and quality in providing education for all. Other issues needs to addressed involved the role of education in the national development, the unresponsive curriculum, improper monitoring of programs implemented, globalization of education and even politics in education. For the Philippine education to succeed its ills and problems must be addressed. There is a need for values reorientation of the Filipinos as a key to national development. Teachers’ transformation, in terms of their values orientation is necessary. Part of the teachers’ transformation must include their upgrading or updating for professional and personal development. Hence, government support and intervention, along this line is very much needed. As these very same ills and problems have been hounding the country for the last several decades, failure to do so will only compound these problems in the coming years. Keywords: colonialism...
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...one that you will already be familiar with because descriptive statistics are used in everyday life in areas such as government, healthcare, business, and sport. 2. Inferential (analytical) statistics makes inferences about populations (entire groups of people or firms) by analysing data gathered from samples (smaller subsets of the entire group), and deals with methods that enable a conclusion to be drawn from these data. (An inference is an assumption, supposition, deduction or possibility.) Inferential statistics starts with a hypothesis (a statement of, or a conjecture about, the relationship between two or more variables that you intend to study), and investigates whether the data are consistent with that hypothesis. Because statistical processing requires mathematics, it is an area that is often approached with discomfort and anxiety, if not actual fear. Which is why this book tells you which statistics to use, why those statistics, and when to use them, and...
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...Philippine Education For All 2015: Implementation and Challenges I. General Introduction 1. Filipinos have deep regard to for education. Education occupies a central place in Philippine political, economic social and cultural life. It has always been strongly viewed as a pillar of national development and a primary avenue for social and economic mobility. 2. A clear evidence of the value placed on education is the proportion of the national government budget going to the sector. The Department of Education (DepEd), the country’s biggest bureaucracy 1 , is given the highest budget allocation among government agencies each year as required by the 1987 Philippine Constitution.2 3. The 1987 Constitution likewise guarantees the right to education of every Filipino. It provided that, “The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make education accessible to all.” . 4. The right of every Filipino to quality basic education is further emphasized in Republic Act 9155 or the Governance of Basic Education Act of 2001. Along with Republic Act 6655 or the Free Secondary Education Act, these laws reaffirm the policy of the State to protect and promote the rights of all Filipinos by providing children free and compulsory education in the elementary and high school level. This pertains to six years of free tuition fees for children aged 6 to 11, and free four years of secondary schooling for those aged...
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