...GENDER WAGE GAP INTRODUCTION Nowadays there are a lot of women graduates from universities, master programs and colleges. Also some studies showed that women are doing better in school then men (Buchmann, 2006). So why are women still not getting paid equally as men? We see that the gap is getting narrower and narrower throughout the years. However, pay gap between men and women still exist. After World War II, women were paid 60% of what men paid. This situation got better in 2000s. Studies showed that in 2009, women earn 80% of what men earn after one year they graduate from college (Day and Hill, 2007). Even though women's level of education is getting higher throughout the years, this improvement is not enough to getting pay equally as men. Women are continuing to earn less than men on average, and the convergence is not enough to compensate the gap in the upcoming years. This paper focuses on the worldwide gender pay gap and it gives general insights about the issue. I will try to explain the reasons of the gender pay gap between men and women. At the first part, I will briefly look at the issue historically. I will try to explain the trends of pay gay throughout the years. I will analyze the gender wage gap starting from the post World War II period. At the second part, I will explain some theories and studies about the reasons of gender wage gap. Some theories attribute this situation to “gender-specific”...
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...year prior. The gender wage gap is quite the topic of discussion. Some don’t believe in it, some struggle to live through it. The first equal pay act was made in 1963, and yet things haven’t changed much. Recently in 2014, President Obama had made some new laws to decrease the gap. One act was supposed to make it so prohibit federal contractors from retaliating against employees that share wage information. Unfortunately, the republican vote in senate declined these acts and shattered the opportunity to fix the wage gap. Most people don’t know the serious impact of the gap because a lot...
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...Gender Wage Gap Since 1964, women have only gained 18 cents on average in terms of equal pay. It is a battle that continues to be fought daily; countless court cases and proposals to enact legislation. The gender wage gap in the United States, unbeknownst to many, exists and is affecting nearly half of the workforce. While there has been progress, such as the Equal Pay Act of 1964 and the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act, women still only earn approximately 77 cents to a man’s dollar. There are many common excuses as to why the wage gap between men and women exists but several studies and extensive research reveal that women are simply paid less than their male counterparts working in the same position. Recent legislation has failed...
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...protest against unfair and unequal wages as early as 1820. In 1844 women who were mill workers in Lowell Massachusetts created the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association which testified that the work they were doing was dangerous and ended up finally leading to an investigation in worker safety. (Leckie, 1) This was critical because it allowed women to be heard. A step forward for women in the workplace occurred in 1881 when the members of one of the largest and most important labor organizations of the 1880s, the Knights of Labor, voted to finally admit women. This organization stressed equal pay regardless of sex and this was a huge accomplishment. Although the organization did not last long, it helped women immensely by...
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...The gender wage gap is a very important topic and has been a concern worldwide for decades. Women have been making less money than men for years, regardless of their educational attainment or experience. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the gender wage gap is “the difference between median earnings of men and women relative to median earnings of men” (OECD, 2015). According to the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report of 2014, the gender wage gap has barely diminished over the past nine years. The global gender wage gap has decreased by 4% since 2006, with 60% of the gender wage gap closed in 2014. Iceland currently has the most narrow gender wage gap with Finland and Norway in second and third...
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...The purpose of this legislation was to provide addition protection against discrimination that the original Equal Pay Act failed to cover. “The law clarifies that pay discrimination occurs when a pay decision is made, when an employee is subject to that decision, or at any time an employee is injured by it; employees have 180 days from any of those instances to file a claim” (AAUW 21). This alone would not suffice in ending the gender wage gap, more needed to be done. Ultimately the original Equal Pay Act needed to be updated. The House of Representatives passed the Paycheck Fairness Act in 2009. The goal of this bill was to update “the Equal Pay Act by closing loopholes, strengthening incentives to prevent pay discrimination, and prohibiting retaliation against workers who inquire about employers’ wage practices or disclose their own wages” (AAUW 21). Unfortunately, in November 2010 the Senate defeated the bill. With the government turning down bills that require employers to pay their female workers the proper wages it’s hard to get rid of the wage gap when even the government will not regulate it....
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...In many countries women still do not have equal status to men, either legally or socially. There is no justification for this, but it happens. Feminism is the approach to issues of equality and equity based on gender, gender expression, gender identity, sex, and sexuality as seen through social theories and political activism. Through feminism and social change, our society has made a big impact on how we view women since the beginning of time. Only 23 percent of women and 16 percent of men consider themselves feminists even though 82 percent of both genders believe in equality. Issues such as pay wage gaps, rape culture and even gender stereotyping are still a big reoccurring problem in our day to day lives. Gender stereotypes are overgeneralizations...
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...Wages: Is There Really a Gender Pay Gap Abstract The wages used in the following research paper were taken from a population of 100 workers and divided by 12 descriptive statistics. The purpose of this research is to determine if there really is a gender gap with wages. The following descriptive statistics were used: wage, industry, occupation, education, location (from the south or not from the south), non-white, Hispanic, female, ex-military, marital status, age and Union. This research paper will include the problem statement, research question, hypothesis, definitions, presentation of data, conclusion, implication, recommendations and reference page. This research paper is composed from peer reviewed journals and references are available on the last page of this research paper. Wages – Is there really a Gender Pay Gap Introduction Is the United States work force still facing the issue of gender pay gap? According to The American Association of University Women (AAUW) it’s real, it’s persistent, and it’s undermining the economic security of American families. This research paper will define that there is indeed a pay gap between men and women working full time in the United States. (Linda D. Hallman, CAE AAUW Executive Director, 2012) Problem Statement The American Association of University Women (AAUW) has been on the front lines of the fight for pay equity since 1913. AAUW members were in the Oval Office when President...
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...Rachel Diomar Article 2 Claud In my second exploratory article written by Lydia O’Connor from the Huffington Post, it presents Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella expressing his views on gender income inequality and that “...Women should not consider asking for raises in their paychecks” and “...It creates bad karma”. Causing quite a stir from the women in the audience, he immediately after the presentation responded with a tweet apologizing for his actions and the comments he made. Although he apologized for what was said, it raised a lot of questions about whether or not people find it to be a true issue in the workplace. Yes, some may consider Nadella to be correct when he states “It’s not really about asking for the raise, but knowing and having faith that the system will actually give you the right raises as you go along”. It is an argument made agreeable upon, because women like Angela Braly who are directors, presidents, and CEO’s have worked from nothing and are now one of the top leaders and most successful for their business. However, although it is good to work hard and expect a raise in your paychecks, settling for something lower than you were expecting, and being hesitant while ask for a raise because you are a female is not acceptable. For example Linda Babcock and Sara Laschever, authors of Women Don’t Ask:The High Price of Avoiding Negotiation, claim that men are four times more likely to negotiate salary than women, for higher confidence levels, and lack of...
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...I think the biggest weakness of my composition one was that my evidences did not focus on my topic very well. My topic was that the gender based wage gap always existed since the WWII and it was difficult to eliminate it completely. However, at first, I gave an example, which was a woman who protected her basic right successful through the Equal Pay Act, which was contrary to my claim. Moreover, I also mentioned the Pregnancy Act in my previous draft, which was out of topic. My strength was that I wrote a lot about the history of gender discrimination in the workplace and I thought realizing the history related to a social problem was the first step to clarify this problem. I think I spent more than twenty-four hours to write my...
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...Gender Wage Gap, and Sex Segregation Gender Exercise #1 During my investigation I noticed that the occupations that I am interested in pursuing cater mostly to males. The professions that interest me are Engineering, Chemistry, and Anesthesiology. I came across an article that discussed the pay differences between male's, and female's in the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) profession's. According to a data study provided by the American Chemical Society (ACS) male chemists earned thirty percent more than female chemists. The findings of their research showed that eighty-three percent of the wage gap is due to differences in work ethic, and productivity, while the remaining seventeen percent is because of discrimination, and other unmeasured allegations. The information that I obtained from the National Society of Professional Engineers, in 2004 there were approximately 192,900 female engineers (62,000 were software engineers) throughout the United States, compared to the overwhelming number of men in this profession, at over 1,515,000. Women are more likely to get hired in the environmental, and chemical engineering fields than men are. However, women are less likely to get hired in the mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering professions than men. In 2006 females made up approximately one quarter of all engineers under the age of 25 in the United Stated. After researching the field of Anesthesiology I found that...
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...differences in male and female wages using data from Statistics Canada’s annual Survey of Consumer Finance (SCF) and Survey of Labour Income Dynamics (SLID). In addition to information on annual income, this study also looks at hourly wage data, which is a more precise measure as the earnings data series takes into account the price of labour as well as quantity (i.e. individuals’ work/leisure preferences). This study looks at the variables of race, highest achieved level of education as well as age to examine the existence of a wage gap. Like other studies, we have found that males have a higher wage in each of these areas, with females earning an average of 80 – 87% of the males’ average. Furthermore, we have examined the existence and size of a wage gap in three industries; law, nursing and the education industry. Finally, we looked at the Canadian gender-based wage gap statistics compared to International gender-based wage gap statistics. We deduced that there is, indeed, a wage gap in each of the mentioned industries, and can be partially attributed to human capital theory and occupational segmentation theory, however, a substantial portion of the gap remains unexplained. 2. General Existence of Gender-Based Wage Differentials in Canada The existence of gender based wage differentials in North America have been well documented for decades. Although female-male wage ratios have closed significantly since the mid 1980s, progress in wage equalization has seen some stabilization...
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...through media. However, society is negatively affected when media portrays bias and non-credible information through technology and published articles. There have been several resources on the problem regarding wage gaps due to ethnicity and genders. In the article, It’s Time We Talked About the Ethnicity Pay Gap, Sadiq Khan uses her personal experiences to prove that blacks and women have a more difficult time trying to...
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...US Male vs. Female Pay Differences: Has the Wage Gap Narrowed and Why? Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….. 3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 4 Literature Review…………………………………………………………………... 5 History of Inequity………………..………………………………………... 6 Pay Equity…………..……………………………………………………... 7 Trends in the Gender Pay Wage Gap…........................................................ 10 Trends in the 1980s………………………………..………………………. 11 Trends in the 1990s………………………………………………………… 12 The Human Capital Theory……..…………………………………………. 14 Sex Segregation Theory……………………………………………………. 15 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………. 16 Predictions for the future…………………………………………………... 17 References………………………………………………………………………….. 18 Abstract Pay differences between men and women is still a topic that keeps re-surfacing over the years. Since the signing of the Equal Pay Act of 1963, it is now illegal to pay men and women substantially different wages for equal work. The question is could there still be pay disparity between men and women in today’s labor market. This paper evaluates the dilemma faced by employers and reviews the trends in the gender wage gap. The paper will also investigate possible causes of the gender wage gap. In closing, the author will provide possible predictions for the future. US Male vs. Female Pay Differences: Has the Wage Gap Narrowed and Why? In the United States, there is still controversy about male...
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...Gender Gap 1.0 Introduction The gender gap is known as the difference between males and females, specifically, as reflected in health, education, economic activity as well as the empowerment of women dimension (Shawn & Glenn , 2010, p. 1943). From the economic point of view, the gender gap is referred to like the differences in outcome that males and females attain in the labor market. The differences are perceived in the ratio of males and females in the labor market, occupations that they choose as well as the income that they receive (John , 2014, p. 291). 1.2 Aims The report seeks to analyze the gender gap in Malaysia about the wage differentials in the labor market. 1.3 Country The report has opted to choose Malaysia has the country to analyze the gender gap that exists in the wage differential. 2.0 Background 2.1 History In the recent past, the economy of Malaysia has undergone crucial changes shifting from overdependence on agriculture to service as well as the manufacturing industry. Recently the service sector has become the key to the economic growth of Malaysia. The service industry has evolved to a more knowledge and capital intensive activities that call for more skilled-labor (Becky & Jennifer , 2009, p. 252). Such changes have led to increasing the wages that are being paid on the market as...
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