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Activity 3.4 – Chapter 4 Questions

1) Describe the atom and the structure of materials.
The structure of materials on the micro level consists of atoms, molecules and crystal structures. The nucleus is the center core of the atom. There are two parts of a nucleus and they consist of protons and neutrons. Protons contain a positive charge and neutrons contain no charge at all. Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons. The remainder of the atom is made up of an electron field. Electrons are negatively charged particles and they whirl around the nucleus at a great speed. The number of electrons and protons are equal.

2) Describe metallic bonding.

Metallic atoms have only a few electrons in their outer shells. They are “free” electrons that detach from the atom and form an electron cloud. This changes the atom to an Ion (positive charged). The attracting force between the unattached electrons and the ions bond the atoms together. The resistance to these bonds gives the metals their strength.

3) Describe crystal cell units.

Structural metals in the solid state, form from the liquid state as crystals. A crystal is a rigid body in which the particles are in a repeating pattern. The basic building block of a crystal is a “unit cell”. The crystal is built from identical unit cells. Structural metals consist of 3 of the 7 types of unit cells.

4) Describe metallic solidification.

The process of reestablishing atomic bonds while cooling a liquid metal is not instantaneous. Solidification begins at certain nuclei and grows in all directions in a branch like (dendritic) manner. When dendrites from different nuclei meet, a grain boundary is formed. Type of metal, rate of cooling, heat treatment, and direction of grain can influence grain size. In casting, the metal near the mold cools faster. This causes small grains near the

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