...Divergence occurs on opinions about the impact of CO2 to climate change and what climate change is going to bring us. Data difference causes part of the divergences, but also the scientific attitudes can make those divergences too. The scientists who think that carbon dioxides and climate matter to human environment can be considered as heroic adventurer, the role who would like to think everything critically and explore those unknown fields. The discovery of the relationship between global change and CO2 is really amazing to be done by those heroic scientists back in the history. Human made a great progress in technology by using fossil fuel since the first industrial revolution in 1760s without noticing the price they paid by scarifying their environment. During that time period that people respected machines as gods, some scientists pointed out the downside of over using fossil fuel based on their observation of climate change...
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...The Great Degeneration This book was written by a man named Niall Ferguson. He wrote the book to propose some ideas and facts on the Western rise and the fact that the rest of the world has grown at a slower rate. Niall Ferguson writes about the not only the growth but the decrease of growth and the complete halt of growth that seems to be inevitable for the United States. He further warns that this is happening to the West and that something must be done before we are surpassed and cannot come back from the fate to which we are headed. In the first chapter of this book the author poses an argument that he believes the “Great Divergence” was caused by something called institutions. After reading the chapter and gaining an understanding that institutions are any mechanism that is put in place with the intent to govern a group. The idea presented is that the use of institutions has helped advance Western civilization many years ahead of China. I agree with the author’s argument. I believe that having institutions in place allowed the Western civilizations to be able to innovate and create a much faster growing economy. The book states an argument that, to the author, it does not make any logical sense that the reason Western civilization was ahead of the rest of the world is that they had and/or have some sort of superiority. Along with the idea of institutions pushing the Western civilization forward, I believe that a superiority had to be present. If there was not a superiority...
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...Hybrid zones have drawn great interest because they provide opportunities for further studies of the processes involved in divergence and recombination of species. Hybrid zones can be classified as primary or secondary, depending on their origins. In this study, we considered the hybrid zone within the Northern Flickers, which has been stable on the United States’ Great Plains throughout time. The interaction between the Red- and Yellow-shafted subspecies of Northern Flickers provides a great opportunity for experimentation due to their high tendency to interbreed. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether this hybrid zone is a primary or secondary one. Based off preliminary observations, we hypothesized that the hybrid zone of the Northern Flickers is secondary, due to the secondary contact between the two populations. To test this, we used a character guide (see figure 4) to quantify three specific traits shown within each member of our six populations: throat color, malar stripe, and tail feather shaft color. Through some analysis of these traits,...
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...Comp Priorities: critical dimensions that a process or supply chain must possess to satisfy its internal or external customers, both now and in the future. Monitor and evaluate Comp Capabilities: The cost, quality, time, and flexibility dimensions that a process or supply chain actually possesses and is able to deliver. results. Order Winner: The criterion customers use to differentiate the services or products of one firm from those of another. Ex: Happy Meals. “We are this…” Order Qualifier: The minimum level required from a set of criteria for a firm to do business in a particular market segment. Ex: Fast Service, Low Cost, Location. Steps in Decision Making: Problem Recognition, Prob Formulation (develop objectives, criteria and gen. alts), Analyze alts, Choose best solution b. on criteria, Impl. Dec., Breakeven Analysis: Breakeven Point is the volume at which Total Revenues=Total Cost. A tipping point where your org goes from losing money to earning profit Intro or no Pref Matrix: Table that allows a manager to rate alts according to several performance criteria. The alt with highest score is the preferred alt. Pref Matrix Advantages: Allows managers to incorp multiple criteria into their decision-making. Allows manager to incorporate relative importance of different criteria. Pref Matrix Disadv: Subjective approach req man judgment that may not reflect the diff btwn alts. Man states weights before examining alts, may not know what’s important. Pref Matrix...
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...Assignment Topic: Conceptualization of Mass Communication Subject: Introduction to Mass Communication Institute of Communication Studies University of the Punjab Introduction to Communication: When an organization employs a technology as a medium to communicate with a large audience, mass communication is said to have occurred. The professionals at the New York Times (an organization) use printing presses and the newspaper (technology and medium) to reach their readers (a large audience). The writers, producers, filmmakers, and other professionals at the Cartoon Network use various audio and video technologies, satellites, cable television, and home receivers to communicate with their audience. Warner Brothers places ads in magazines to tell readers what movies it is releasing. But as you no doubt know—and as you’ll be reminded constantly throughout this text—the mass communication environment is changing quite radically. When you receive a piece of direct-mail advertising addressed to you by name, and in which your name is used throughout, you are an audience of one—not the large audience envisioned in traditional notions of mass communication. When you sit at your computer and send an e-mail to twenty thousand people who have signed on to a Listserv dedicated to a particular subject, you are obviously communicating with a large audience, but you are not an organization in the sense of a newspaper, cable television network, or movie studio. The availability of lightweight...
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...an outsider’s seemingly natural ability to interpret someone’s unfamiliar and ambiguous gestures the way that person’s compatriots would”. There are various definitions of cultural intelligence with moreover the same meaning touching different aspects of business processes. Cultural intelligence in general is the course of motivated actions in an adaptive environment. It refers to making adjustments with people of different cultures to carry out business operations around the world. Cultural intelligence is of great significance in today’s employees as it is the basic necessity in deals around the globe. Many enterprises especially the family-owned ones still believe in the traditional form of business, whereby they hire employees whom they can easily trust and rely on. But in such cases it becomes difficult for the company to exploit the foreign markets as these employees may not have the necessary knowledge of cultural differences. Hence Cultural intelligence is of great importance in today’s world. For example, Lloyds TSB believes in hiring culturally intelligent people to enhance its customer relationships across the globe. Culturally intelligent individuals help to achieve the organisational goals in the local market conditions and give a competitive advantage to the local competitors. In this report, we try to analyse the importance of cultural intelligence in today’s global managers. To achieve this we will try to analyse the importance of cultural intelligence, analyse various...
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...Ted Baker is a Global clothing retailer, which was established by Ray Kelvin in Glasgow, Scotland 1988. At the start, Ted Baker sold men’s shirts. In the subsequent years, Ted Baker established itself as a global lifestyle brand that continued to develop and attain significant growth and development. Ted Baker has operations in Europe, Middle East, North America, and Australasia. Ted Baker has managed to gain a high geographical cover even in depressing economic periods. In 2014, Ted Baker had expanded into 35 countries and had expanded its range of products from a single product – men’s shirts – to womenwear, Lingerie and childrenwear among other offerings. This essay will critically evaluate the factors behind the rise and increasing globalisation of the Ted Baker retail brand. In its efforts to become a global firm, Ted Baker sought to expand its product offerings from men’s shirts specialisation to womenswear, accessories, sleepwear, and children wear (Holland, 2013). The product portfolio expansion is essential in improving the firm’s profitability as new customers are targeted across the firm’s markets. To depict the growth of the retail brand, the expansion is observed as an aspect of product development that involves selling new products to the existing markets (Lamb, Hair, and McDaniel, 2010). However, the product portfolio expansion is also supportive of a market development strategy and diversification strategy since Ted Baker further sought to sell its products (existing...
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...IFRS coming to India.......Get Ready!!! Hello Friends and a very warm Good Afternoon to all of you…I am Siddharth Jain from Indore and consider it a proud privilege to be given an opportunity to present my views on one of my favorite topics, a topic as hot as Sheela ki Jawani….the topic being IFRS-Opportunities & Challenges. “He who rejects change is the architect of decay. The only human institution which rejects progress is the cemetery.” These famous words of Harold Wilson, a brilliant economist and a former British Prime Minister, are apt enough to demonstrate the significance of not only adopting a change…but adapting to it. International Financial Reporting Standards, The IFRS would be mandatory for Indian companies from 1st April 2011. All members and Future Members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) need to be fully aware of the changes in the accounting standards to converge with IFRS and its implication on the financial reporting, Treasury Management, Business valuation, Commercial arrangements, Managerial compensation, Mergers and Acquisition…and I can go on & on. Are you Aware..? The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) are increasingly being recognised as Global Reporting Standards. More than 130 countries including European Union, Australia, New Zealand, China and Russia currently require or permit the use of IFRSs in their countries. Nations such as Canada & Japan, have announced their intention to adopt IFRSs...
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...Gerardo Contreras Gene Lee Econ203 March 1 2013 Income Inequality in America Dissemination of income in America has been a major topic of study by many institutions as well as scholars. Statistics have been gathered from numerous sources, which show that the problem of income inequality has significantly risen since 1970. Income inequality was stabilized for many years. Although income inequality has increased amongst the elite countries in the world, America suffers from this problem the most. Research shows that cause of the wide gap in income inequality has not been decided by gender, which by the way has decreased in America in last twenty years. The Income inequality gap has also not been because of race, or the gap been amongst middle class and lower class, however it has increased. The main reason exists and lies amongst the middle class and highest wage earners, with the disparity being extra dangerous as an individual’s income increases. It is stated that upward redistribution can be held accountable for forty percent of the forecasted Social Security deficit in the following century. Research states that in 2011 it was established that the highest earning one percent of families multiplied about 275 percent after federal taxes and income transfers over a period of 28, compared to a gain of just fewer than 40 percent of the 60 percent in the middle of America's income distribution. Additional researchers found that the trend has continually been ongoing since...
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...and integrated in the way that western thought has often assumed. A comparative legal perspective is no more than the systematic recognition that law is always fluid, pluralistic, contested and subject to often contradictory pressures from both inside and outside its jurisdiction; that it reflects an always unstable diversity of traditions, interests, allegiances, and ultimate values and beliefs. If the comparative perspective on law was once a view of the exotic ‘legal other’ or of the ‘external relations’ of one’s own law with the law of other peoples in other lands, now it is a view of transnational legal patterns and of the cultural complexities of law at home. We live in conditions where the law of the nation-state must respond to a great plurality of demands from different population groups within its jurisdiction. At the same time, it must respond to powerful external pressures. Legal thought in national contexts is being fragmented from within in a new ‘jurisprudence of difference’…and globalized from without in demands for transnational harmonization or uniformity. (“Culture, Comparison, Community” by Roger Cotterrell) Kindly react to this statement, supporting your personal views and conclusions with research, analysis, examples and well-reasoned argumentation. I. Introduction 1 The phenomenon of ‘globalisation’, exemplified by the growing interconnectedness between nations, leads to inevitable interactions between legal systems. Roger Cotterell’s statement illuminates...
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...co1 Introduction: The Sixteen-Page Economic History of the World He may therefore be justly numbered among the benefactors of mankind, who contracts the great rules of life into short sentences, that may be easily impressed on the memory, and taught by frequent recollection to recur habitually to the mind. —Samuel Johnson, Rambler No. 175 (November 19, 1751) The basic outline of world economic history is surprisingly simple. Indeed it can be summarized in one diagram: figure 1.1. Before 1800 income per person—the food, clothing, heat, light, and housing available per head—varied across societies and epochs. But there was no upward trend. A simple but powerful mechanism explained in this book, the Malthusian Trap, ensured that short term gains in income through technological advances were inevitably lost through population growth. Thus the average person in the world of 1800 was no better off than the average person of 100,000 BC. Indeed in 1800 the bulk of the world population was poorer than their remote ancestors. The lucky denizens of wealthy societies such as eighteenth-century England or the Netherlands managed a material lifestyle equivalent to that of the Stone Age. But the vast swath of humanity in East and South Asia, particularly in China and Japan, eked out a living under conditions probably significantly poorer than those of cavemen. The quality of life also failed to improve on any other observable dimension. Life expectancy was no higher in 1800 than for hunter-gatherers:...
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...Abortion has always been a topical issue within not only the Australia community, and within smaller groups, such as the Catholic Church. This assignment will address the stance of the Catholic Church and its ethics in regards to abortion. Divergence of opinion within the church and an example within Australian society will also be discussed. Renee Descartes and Augustine of Hippo (two Christian philosophers) theories will be applied to abortion, to reach a decision regarding whether or not they would agree or disagree with abortion. It is most likely that Descartes disagrees and Augustine would agree, to a certain extent; however further research will be conducted to provide evidence to reach a conclusion. Renee Descartes was a philosopher...
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...The Civilizing Process and the Domestication of Fire* johan goudsblom University of Amsterdam In the two volumes of The Civilizing Process (first published in German in 1939, and in English in 1982) Norbert Elias studied changes in manners, society, and personality in western Europe over the period roughly from 850 to 1850. The documentary evidence upon which he based his argument was mainly derived from the second half of this period, from 1350 to 1850. The purpose of the study was to arrive at a better understanding of the contemporary world, and of its social and psychological problems.1 Now, by any conventional standards the period from 1350 to 1850, not to speak of the millennium from 850 to 1850, is a very long time. Yet, when we take into account the full history of human civilization, it is short: an episode, no more. Consequently, since Elias’s focus was upon the changes that have taken place in western Europe since 1350, certain underlying patterns in human history had to remain in the background. Elias himself was aware of this, and in later writings he 1 Journal of World History, Vol. 3, No. 1 © 1992 by University of Hawai‘i Press *This is the slightly abridged text of the first Norbert Elias lecture, delivered at the University of Leicester on 6 March 1991. 1 For further information on the book and its background, see Stephen Mennel, Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989). See also Hermann Korte...
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...f e a t u r e a r t I C Le 647 Interaction Effects of Globalization and Institutional Forces on International HRM Practice: Illuminating the ConvergenceDivergence Debate By Yongsun Paik Irene Hau-Siu Chow Charles M. Vance In the face of globalization, scholars continue to debate about whether a convergence in human resources practices will prevail, or a trend of divergence perspective will persist. Building on institution theory, this article helps to explicate this debate by examining how globalization may interact with different dimensions of local institutional forces to lead to convergence, divergence, or crossvergence Correspondence to: Yongsun Paik, PhD, Professor of International Business & Management, Department of Management, Hilton Center for Business, Loyola Marymount university, One LMu Dr., Los angeles, Ca 90045-2659, 310.338.7402 (phone), 310.338.3000 (fax), yspaik@lmu.edu. Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. • DOI: 10.1002/tie.20440 648 f e a t u r e a r tI C l e in international HRM practices for enhanced performance. We also present useful propositions for guiding future empirical research and theory development on the interaction between globalization and different forms of local institutional forces, which in turn influence the formation of successful international HRM practices. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int r o d u c t i o n N otwithstanding the current worldwide...
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...Written by W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne, the article became one of the most popular articles in the history of HBR. Although the article has been appreciated by academicians, workers, corporate honchos, consultants alike, there are many flaws in the article which remain unattended to. Kim and Mauborgne studied about one hundred fifty positions made from 1880 to 2000 in more than thirty industries and closely examined the relevant business players in each. They analyzed the winning business players as well as the less successful competitors. Studied industries included hotels, cinemas, retail stores, airlines, energy, construction, Publishing, automotive and steel. They searched for convergence among the more and less successful players. Divergence across the two groups was also studied to discover the common factors leading to strong growth and the key differences separating those winners from the mere survivors and the losers. Kim and Mauborgne defined a consistent and common pattern across all the seemingly idiosyncratic success Research results were first published in 1997 in a Harvard Business Review article by Kim and Mauborgne titled "Value Innovation: The Strategic Logic of High Growth". The ideas, tools and frameworks were tested and refined over the years in corporate practice in Europe, the United States and Asia and presented in the following eight additional articles with “blue ocean strategy” being published in 2004. Review of the Article The metaphor To start...
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