...[2] Tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally.[3] Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), and cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancer). It also causes peripheral vascular disease and hypertension. The effects depend on the number of years that a person smokes and on how much the person smokes. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in tar increases the risk of these diseases. Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke, has been shown to cause adverse health effects in people of all ages.[4] Cigarettes sold in underdeveloped countries tend to have higher tar content, and are less likely to be filtered, potentially increasing vulnerability to tobacco-related disease in these regions.[5] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004[6] and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century.[7] Similarly, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide."[8] Smoke contains several carcinogenic pyrolytic products that bind to DNA and cause many genetic mutations. There...
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...extensively than any other form of consumption.[2] Tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally.[3] Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart, liver and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), and cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancer). It also causes peripheral vascular disease and hypertension. The effects depend on the number of years that a person smokes and on how much the person smokes. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in tar increases the risk of these diseases. Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke, has been shown to cause adverse health effects in people of all ages.[4] Cigarettes sold in underdeveloped countries tend to have higher tar content, and are less likely to be filtered, potentially increasing vulnerability to tobacco-related disease in these regions.[5] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004[6] and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century.[7] Similarly, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide."[8] Several countries have taken measures to control the consumption...
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...Immunization against communicable disease in one of the world’s greatest accomplishments in 20th century. Due to vaccination human mortality and morbidity have greatly decreased. All the vaccination and protection against diseases should begin in infancy according to Center of Disease Control (CDC). I believe that the diseases that once killed millions of people have been controlled and some others very close to extinction due to effective vaccines. For example, Polio, measles, mumps and chicken pox were the most feared disease in the world causing death. However, there are some parents are against vaccination putting the children prone to preventable diseases. “In 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) declared that measles...
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...non-smoker’s health. Then we will focus on the impact on the environment. Finally we will emphasize the reaction of non-smoker about this new law. Margaret Davidson published an article in “The American Legion” entitled “Smoke Free or Freedom to Smoke” and explains, “Smokers will, on average live 13 to 14 fewer years than nonsmokers”. She also states that the Center for Disease Control and Prevention “recognize cigarette smoking as the greatest preventable cause of death.” In fact, smokers, on average, live 13 to 14 fewer years than non-smokers, this first explanation shows that smoking is really noxious and has a real impact on our health. Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causes many diseases and reduces the health of smokers in general. As a matter of fact, smoking increase in lung cancer and heart disease that most of time lead to death. More deaths are caused each year by tobacco use than by all deaths from alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries. In addition, exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke causes disease, disability, and death. Most of the time, passive smokers are the...
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...Professor Perez ENGL102 8 November 2015 The Anti-Vaccination Movement Over the last 30 years, the number of vaccine-preventable diseases has increased substantially. This is due to a rising number of “anti-vaxxers” spreading misinformation “that vaccines are actually ineffective, useless, or even dangerous” (Kata 3778). The internet and other forms of mass media have steered parents to believe these claims and it has had devastating results. It has been proven by scientists for hundreds of years that the use of vaccinations greatly outweighs the risk of not getting them. The research shows that the claim that vaccines cause autism or any other disease cannot be substantiated by any scientific evidence and therefore, should not be entertained under any circumstances. The background of the anti-vaccination movement is an old one. The United Kingdom’s Vaccination Act of 1853 is a good example of this. The act required parents to vaccinate their children for small pox at three months or risk life in prison. This is a harsh punishment for the parents, but considering the millions of deaths that small pox has caused world-wide, lawmakers at the time considered it a just penalty. “The anti-vaccination movement experienced a steady decline from the turn of the century up to the 1970's” (Kasarda 548). After the 1970’s there was a resurgence in the anti-vaccination movement. This is due to research from a group of authors working at London Hospital. “M. Kulenkampf, J.S. Schwartzman...
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...MAP-IT steps Glen Williams Access the areas of greatest need in your community; in this case, assisting your target family to access health care, as well as the resources and other strengths that you can tap into in order to address those areas. Incorporate the goals of Health People 2010 when feasible. Overarching Goals * Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. * Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. * Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. * Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages. INTRODUCTION The MAP-IT approach is a step-by-step, structured plan devised to tailor one's community needs and improve the health of a community. To increase the quality and years of healthy living for all Americans and to eliminate disparities in health status, individuals and communities must works together to make certain the benefits of health are available to all. There are five steps in the MAP-IT process. The second step in building a healthier community is to assess the greatest needs of the community with the goal determining what you want to improve. . Assessing a Targeted Family applying the MAP-IT steps The second step in building a healthier community is to assess the areas of greatest need in your community. To get a better sense of...
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...Vaccines should be mandatory The invention of the vaccinations has been one of the greatest health interventions, saving millions of people from infectious diseases (Ehreth, 2002). The vaccine program has had extraordinary success in decreasing the spread of preventable diseases (Zimmerman, 2000). Research shows vaccines are safe, provide a way to protect your child and society, and help avoid wide spread disease. Vaccines are not completely 100% safe, but it is safer than the infectious disease it is preventing (Concerns about vaccine safety, 2009). With any drugs, there are side effects, but serious ones are rare (Concerns about vaccine safety, 2009). Children are given vaccines at an early age when other development issues also come to light, and vaccines are given the blame (Concerns about vaccine safety, 2009). It is a coincidence that those developmental issues have surfaced at the same time. Most developmental issues surface in early childhood. Vaccine side effects are very rare. Before a new vaccine can be administered, vaccines endure many years of testing, making vaccines even safer (Wharton el al, 2001). Making the side effects even rarer. In 1999 most childhood vaccinations were reformulated to not contain Thirmosal as a preservative. Thimosal is 50% mercury containing organic compound most widely used in vaccines. It was used as a preservative in vaccines starting in the 1930’s. It has since been removed from vaccines for children...
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...book appears to take the side of Farmer, painting a picture to the reader of a man who has done only good in his life and seems to care more for others wellbeing than himself, “I can't sleep. There's always somebody not getting treatment.” (Paul Farmer, 24). It is obvious Farmer cares for others but you are only shown and told view points from those who have received his generous care and much of his gifts. At times throughout the book Farmer seems to express his anger at companies here in America claiming that recourses that we have should be put to better use around the world and not fought over due to money and who can pay for what. The market system to him is a serious problem that is cause many people around the world to receive no treatment and all and eventually causing preventable deaths in areas of serious poverty. His health care idea can seem radical at times, some of his ideas simply aren’t possible to accomplish in our day and age. Farmer wrote a book called Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor, in the book he speaks and explains more on the subject of the poor in need of care which they aren’t receiving. Farmer tells stories of many different patients which were in more than depressing situations and many do not have happy...
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...CAUSES OF LUNG CANCER Lung cancer is a disease in which a primary cancer (the original site where the cancer occurred) develops in the tissue of the lungs. Lung cancer was first described by doctors in the mid 1800's. At the turn of the century, it was still considered a rarity ;that has changed dramatically. What has not changed is the difficultly of detecting lung cancer in its earliest stages when it has the greatest chance of being successfully treated. "Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer among both men and women, with 168,000 new cases in 1992 and 146,00 deaths" ;(Winawer 283). "If you fall into the following categories of people who have been heavy smokers, you have the greatest chance of being diagnosed with lung cancer: a male over 60 ;someone who has smoked one for more packs of cigarettes a day for 20 years or longer ;someone who began to smoke before the age of 20 and is still smoking: a worker in a industrial plant with a high risk material, such as asbestos, who also smoke. Someone who has persistent or violent smokers cough ;someone who does not smoke but is frequently exposed to unnecessary passive smoke" ;(Cooper 114-120). Numerous studies all over the world have shown a link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer, as well as other cancers, with an increase in cigarette smoking followed by an increase of lung cancer. Most of these studies involve the testing of non-smokers and smokers to see how things can affect them differently and...
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...each year. Smoking is the number one preventable death within the United States. Of adults who have ever smoked most started at the age of 21 years old or younger. Smoking is directly responsible for over 90% of all lung cancer deaths (American Lung Association, 2010). The goal of this paper is to provide an analysis of lung cancer, which directly relates to smoking. Included in the analysis is an introduction of the disease, disease history, lung cancer etiology, affected populations, and possible treatments if any. By providing this information, one will understand why it is important to keep the younger generations from smoking and encouraging those who already smoke to quit, saving their lives and those around them from this unnecessary death known as lung cancer. When introducing lung disease one needs to know the emphasis from abstaining or acquiring help to quit smoking, which would greatly reduce the chances for someone to be affected by this deadly disease. Lung cancer is diagnosed by the results of abnormal cell growth in one or both lungs. This abnormal cell growth is located in the lungs and forms lumps or masses known as tumors. Once these tumors are determined to be cancerous, the possibility for these cancerous cells to migrate throughout the body, which is known as metastasis may occur. It is very crucial for the early detection of lung cancer for treatments to be effective. Lung cancer is the leading cause of death among cancers and is...
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...Epidemiology Paper Epidemiology Paper This will paper discuss one of the deadly disease in the world call Tuberculosis (TB). The goal is to prevent the disease and prevent the spread of the disease from the teaching that the community health nurse will provide. An individual can die if TB is left untreated. Active Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. This respiratory disease that in most common in the lungs. (World Health Organization, 2014). Other parts of the body are affected by TB is the brain which causes tuberculosis meningitis, genitourinary TB, gastrointestinal TB, tuberculosis lymphadenitis, cutaneous TB, Uterus ovarian TB and Osteo articular skeletal bone and joint TB(articles base, 2008). It is curable and preventable. TB is contagious and is transmitted through the air from a person with the active respiratory disease and then another person inhale this infectious droplet. Active TB symptom from the lung are coughing, and with bloody sputum present sometimes, weakness, chest pain, fever, weight loss and night sweats. Once the germs enter the air it takes only a few of them to infect another person (World Health Organization, 2014). People with active TB usually have positive TB skin test and blood test. The chest x-ray is usually positive and positive sputum culture (Centered for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Latent Tuberculosis Another form of TB is called...
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...Assignment 2 Morbidity: Lung Cancer HSA535 Managerial Epidemiology 01/29/2012 Compose an analysis of lung cancer of lung cancer as compared to other leading causes of death in your state. Include the mortality rates and the costs of lung cancer(for the most recent year reported) in your analysis. Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lung. Normal lung tissue is made up of cells that are programmed by genes to create lung tissue in a certain shape and to perform certain functions. Lung cancer develops when the genetic material responsible for production of lung cells is damaged (genetic mutations). Repeated exposure to carcinogens such as tobacco smoke may cause damage in lung cells. While tobacco, is the leading cause of lung cancer, some other carcinogens linked to lung cancer include radon and asbestos. These mutations in the genetic material of the lung cells cause the instructions for those cells to go askew. Consequently, those cells and their offspring reproduce wildly, without regard for the normal shape and function of a lung. That wild reproduction causes the formation of tumors that block air passages in the lung and make it stop functioning as it should. Lung cancer is usually divided into two major types. The first type is small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The second type is non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC. Sometimes a lung cancer may have characteristics of both types. This is called mixed small cell/large cell carcinoma. About...
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...categories of likelihood, occurrence, and detection. They will also exam the severity of the occurrence if the process was to fail. Each of these categories will be assigned a score between 1 and 10. A score of 1 would have the least likelihood of occurrence, or detection, and minimal severity. A score of 10 would have the greatest chance of occurrence, or detection and a more severe reaction. These scores would then be used to assign a Risk Priority Number(RPN). The higher the RPN number, the higher the priority for change. In the scenario given the cause was an inability to achieve the desired level of sedation. The detection would depend on the severity of the outcome....
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...to make corporate driver’s safer. I think it is best if we use an external vendor to supply the training. The organization is NSC or the National Safety Council. I came across one of the instructors last year at a conference, and feel they will be a great asset. A little insight into this organization: “The nation's leading safety advocate for more than 100 years, the National Safety Council is a nonprofit organization with the mission to save lives by preventing injuries and deaths at work, in homes and communities, and on the road through leadership, research, education and advocacy. Working to make the world measurably safer, NSC advances this mission by engaging businesses, government agencies, elected officials and the public to help prevent the fifth leading cause of death in the U.S. – unintentional injuries The Council is data driven, relying on research to inform best practice solutions to safety issues. To make the greatest impact, NSC focuses on where the most preventable injuries and deaths occur - cell phone use while driving, teen driving, workplace safety, prescription painkiller use and safety in the community. As a catalyst for behavior change, NSC promotes April as Distracted Driving Awareness Month and June as National Safety Month.”(http://www.nsc.org) I will sit down and explore their curriculum and tailor it to our field personnel’s needs. Since, I have experience working in the field, I can pinpoint areas of concern from both...
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...A stroke is a type of cardiovascular disease that affects the cerebral arteries, those blood vessels that carry blood to the brain. A stroke occurs when one of those blood vessels in the brain is obstructed or ruptures flooding the brain with blood. Depriving blood and oxygen to the brain results in those immediate cells death, causing the brain not to function properly. Once parts of the brain stop functioning, it can directly affect the areas of the body controlled (1). A stroke can be generally be defined in two types of categories. The first and most common type of stroke is called ischemic stroke. This occurs when a blood clot (cerebral thrombosis) blocks a blood vessel in the brain. Blood flow beyond the blood clot is then restricted, and the part of the brain that relies on that blood supply becomes oxygen deficient and can die (1). A blood clot can develop in a narrowed artery that supplies the brain or can travel directly from the heart (or somewhere in the body) to an artery that supplies the brain. Blood clots are usually the result of other issues in the body that affect the normal blood flow. Common problems that affect the normal blood flow include: hardening of the arteries, irregular heart rhythms, infection of the heart valves, congenital heart defects, blood clotting disorders, inflammation of the blood vessels, etc. (2) The less common but more deadly of the two strokes is called a hemorrhagic stroke. A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when an artery in the brain...
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