...Journal of Economic Surveys, 2006, 11: 24-25. Green Barriers Trade and its Influences on China's Foreign Trade Thomas J. Sargent ABSTRACT In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. Key words：Green Barriers; products; Trade In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as "Green Barriers to trade". In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, "Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products. 1. Analysis on the causes of formation of "Green Trade Barriers" Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers". With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases...
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...Barriers and China’s Agricultural Product Export: Is There Any Relationship? Mudiarasan Kuppusamy1 & Behrooz Gharleghi1,2 1 Faculty of Business and Management, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2 Centre for the Study of the Economics of Ageing (CSEA), Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Correspondence: Behrooz Gharleghi, Faculty of Business and Management, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, TPM, 57000, Bukit Jail, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: 60-19-615-3515. E-mail: behrooz@apu.edu.my Received: April 4, 2014 Accepted: May 30, 2014 doi:10.5539/ass.v10n16p34 Online Published: July 24, 2014 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n16p34 Abstract As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trade, trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. So the research of influence of green barriers on China’s agricultural products is very realistic. According to the influence of green barriers on China’s agricultural exports, the corresponding countermeasures can be made to deal with the green barriers and improvement of China’s competitiveness...
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...tax avoidance term, see SUTA dumping. In economics, "dumping" is any kind of predatory pricing, especially in the context of international trade. It occurs when manufacturers export a product to another country at a price either below the price charged in its home market, or in quantities that cannot be explained through normal market competition. Dumping can force established domestic producers out of a market and lead to monopolistic positions by the exporting nation. For example, a glut of Chinese garlic exports in the mid 2000s forced many North American producers to switch crops and leave the market. When the price of Chinese garlic soared in 2009, the shuttered North American businesses were unable to quickly re-enter the local market due to barriers to entry.[citation needed] * | [edit] Overview A standard technical definition of dumping is the act of charging a lower price for a good in a foreign market than one charges for the same good in a domestic market. This is often referred to as selling at less than "fair value". Under the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement, dumping is condemned (but is not prohibited) if it causes or threatens to cause material injury to a domestic industry in the importing country.[1] The term has a negative connotation as advocates of free markets see "dumping" as a form of protectionism. Furthermore, advocates for workers and laborers believe that safeguarding businesses against predatory practices, such as dumping, help alleviate...
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...403 LENGTH: 9744 words NOTE: UNITED STATES-CHINA TRADE WAR: SIGNS OF PROTECTIONISM IN A GLOBALIZED ECONOMY? NAME: Kara Loridas LEXISNEXIS SUMMARY: ... Among the aims of the Doha Development Round are a rejection of protectionism and an attempt to ensure fair application of trade rules to developing countries. ... China argued that the increased tariffs imposed by the United States on Chinese tires exceed the permissible maximum tariff rates that the United States may impose on Chinese imports. ... An example of effective negotiations is the settlement of the U.S. complaint alleging a Chinese violation of the national treatment concept by its preferential treatment of domestic products over "like" imported products. ... Cooperative trade relations between the United States and China are important to the global community because the economies of each country are dependent on the rest of the world and the global economy will be harmed by protectionist measures from the first and third largest trading powers. ... Moreover, multilateral negotiations, as opposed to bilateral trade negotiations, are better suited to resolve the United States-China trade disputes because the disputes affect other WTO members in ways beyond the immediate economic impact. ... The most effective way to combat the rapid escalation and retaliatory nature of the disputes is to conduct multilateral negotiations that will preserve the WTO's goal of reducing trade barriers, avoid the adversarial nature of WTO litigation...
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...country wide negative effect on China's general consumption. The effects are so particularly felt on the luxury purchases and the government related purchases. Indeed, in the current political environment and with a continuous decrease of the land division, the nation is still ready to keep up the development of its GDP with a shocking number of 7.5% in 2014. On the other hand, numerous reports from the macroeconomic business and worldwide financial organizations, (for example, the World Bank) have since anticipated a slower economic development for the current year, 2015. This paper provides a report on China's macroeconomic condition, particularly the position in the international trade and the contemporary policies in 2015. Macroeconomic Development China predominantly imports raw materials and in turn it predominantly exports industrial products, both developed and developing countries. It reported a trade surplus of US$ 49.6b and US$ 25.6b in December 2013 and 2013 respectively. Throughout last year, exports rose by 9.7% to US$ 227.5b in December. Interestingly, shipments tumbled to Japan at -7.2%. Figure1. In the appendix represent the trend of China’s Balance of Trade between January 2014 and January 2015. Imports diminished by 2.4% to US$ 177.9b. In the interim reports, percentage reports were recorded as the Australia (3%), EU nations (15.4%), the US (3.0%), South Korea (1.3%) and Taiwan (13.6%). In 2014, the nation's aggregate exports rose by 6.1%, from a 7.9% expansion...
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...competitive in this particular climate. For instance, the government in China established five to ten year plans for local businesses to grow and has high concentrations of wealth among members of the Communist Party and related business families. U.S. firms that try to enter or grow within this specific environment struggle and business-to-business contracts might not comply with FCPA as bribery to hasten or ease up processes may be involved from either side. 2. Currency convertibility issues and domestic economic manipulation The diverse banking and financial landscape of the region presents another challenge for U.S. enterprises. With no singular regulator, different trading centers and diverse currency rates, Asian nations can keep their currencies low to promote export growth. Economic zones like those in China and India challenge American enterprises, as they do not operate under national or even provincial regulations, but a set all their own. American companies must deal with local currencies and multifaceted regulatory schemes in business-to-business contracts, which presents a further challenge to their profit and potential growth. 3. The different legal systems The legal systems in nations such as China and Malaysia heavily restrict the operations of foreign companies. For example,...
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...The high growth of GDP, not only the material life of our people has been greatly improved and enriched, enhanced China's international competitiveness and attractiveness, but also greatly enhance China's international political status. However, GDP exposed its defects with increasing of the resources and environmental issues. Like the news article write, although China's GDP in recent years has greatly improved, China and developed countries still have a big gap. GDP does not reflect the real employment situation and the improvement of social welfare. The GDP slowdown of China is a good opportunity for structural adjustment. One of the most important measures is to remove the irritating policy and turned to rely on economic endogenous forces to achieve growth. Premier Wen said that China's economy has downward pressure, but reducing speed is mainly to structural adjustment and truly achieve the real high-quality growth. This was also his request on the "quality" of economic growth. Keith (2012) states that “Slower growth partly reflects a government attempt to shift the economy more toward personal consumption, with less emphasis on exports and investment in big domestic construction and infrastructure projects.” As the economy moves into 2008, it faces a growing multiplex of problems. Export growth is expected to continue to temper as the negative impact of the U.S. downturn is compounded by slowdown in the European Union and Japan. As downside risks mount in the external...
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...The World Trade Organization (WTO) website defines itself as an organization as “born out of negotiations”. The WTO of today was created on January 1, 1995 and is comprised of 153 countries as of February 2011. The WTO’s mission statement centers around 3 agreements between its members: The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (WTO, 2012). The WTO also serves the function of settling disputes between members and reviewing trade policy to ensure fairness and equity for all members. When our group chose this topic there were split in our opinions of whether the WTO should be abolished. There were sentiments among the group members that the negotiating style and methodology of the WTO was too cumbersome and bureaucratic to achieve decisions that were in the best interest of all parties involved. Other members of the group felt that the WTO is still a valid organization that offers small countries a voice when negotiating with larger more capable nations. The following narrative will outline the most compelling arguments for and against abolishment of the WTO. The negotiating style of the WTO is multilateral, which can be very time consuming and increase the difficulty for the parties involved to reach a deal. The nations involved in the negotiating have different interest while all parties have different productivity and limited resources. It...
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... In the conclusion we will discuss the current situation, highlight that there is no perfect system. There are many factors that effect economic performance and in order to be successful the changes in the world should be accommodated with the changes in institutions and organisational characteristics. The main characteristics of industrialisation are changes from agricultural to industrial economic structure, substitution of machines for human skills and replacement of home-made by purchased in stores goods. The First Industrial Revolution happened in early 18th century in textile industry in UK, they had technological means, right institutional and organisational characteristics, government encouragement, and a large and varied trade network. Britain became the world's leading industrial power, producing more than half its iron, coal and cotton cloth, with most of their raw materials sourced from the colonies. By early 19th century USA took over UK’s leading role, both of them were able to succeed due to mechanisation and large pools of skilled labour. The pioneers of the Theory of Late Development described later industrialised countries as economies that started...
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...Textile and garment industry has been China's major exports, but in recent years, international trade to environmental protection, security and sustainable development focusing on green trade barriers so that many textile exporters suffered great loss. As a result, the developed countries to understanding the green trade barriers to China's textile and garment industry brought about by the impact, and taking appropriate measures to effectively across the textile apparel industry, green trade barriers, has become the government and enterprises that need to be solved. 纺织服装行业一直是我国的出口创汇大户，但是近年来，国际贸易中以环保安全和可持续发展为焦点的绿色贸易壁垒使国内许多纺织品服装出口企业遭遇了巨大的损失。因此，了解发达国家的绿色贸易壁垒给我国纺织服装行业所带来的影响，并采取相应的对策，有效地跨越有关纺织服装行业的绿色贸易壁垒，己成为我国政府和企业急待解决的问题。 As the end of the Uruguay Round and the establishment of the WTO, The development of trade liberalization makes international trade competition more intense, trade protectionism trend to rise. then, the Green Trade Barriers was produced in the late 1980s, and began to rise from 90s in many countries. In fact, under the label of the environmental protection, the Green Trade Barriers has triggered a lot of problems. Many fields of China have been, or are being affected by these strategies. One of these impacts is its impact on China’s Textiles and Garment Exports. 随着乌拉圭回合谈判的结束及世界贸易组织的确立，自由贸易的发展使得国际贸易竞争越来越激烈，贸易保护主义呈现上升趋势。随后在20世纪80年代后期便制定了绿色贸易壁垒条款，从90年代开始很多国家都在实施。实际上，在环境保护的标签之下，绿色贸易壁垒已经引发了很多问题，中国的许多领域都已经或者正在被这些绿色贸易条款影响着,其中就包括对中国纺织品服装出口企业这一领域的影响。 After World War...
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...FCjhANALYZING CHINA’S AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH PORTER’S DIAMOND MODEL DI WU Bachelor of Management, University of Lethbridge, 2004 A Research Project Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANAGEMENT Faculty of Management University of Lethbridge LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA, CANADA © Di Wu, 2006 (Approval/ Signature page) ii Abstract This paper incorporates Porter’s diamond model to analyze China’s automobile industry. Besides looking at the four determinants of competitiveness in the original model, this study specifically examines the impact of government on industry competitiveness. This study retrieves archival data on multi-measurements used in prior studies. The author incorporates one case study of a Chinese auto firm to illustrate the specific impact of government policy and the responses of auto assemblers and component suppliers. Interviews with experts in auto-related industries are conducted to triangulate the findings. Results show that the Chinese auto industry is still in its early stages of development, whereas product quality and economies of scale of domestic automakers are approaching global standards; thus Chinese auto firms aim at becoming major players in the international market. The government plays an active role in assisting the industry development as the nation transitions from a planned economy to a free...
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...York-Plattsburgh Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo PART OUTLINE Chapter 1 Assessing the Environment—Political, Economic, Legal, Technological Chapter 2 Managing Interdependence: Social Responsibility and Ethics Assessing the Environment Political, Economic, Legal, Technological Outline Opening Profile: Economic Crisis Spreads Through Financial Globalization The Global Business Environment Globalization Globality and Emerging Markets Effects of Institutions on Global Trade Effects of Globalization on Corporations Regional Trading Blocs The European Union (EU) Asia Comparative Management in Focus: China's Economy Keeps on Chugging. The Americas Other Regions in the World The Russian Federation The Middle East Developing Economies The African Union The Globalization of Human Capital The Global Manager's Role The Political and Economic Environment Political Risk Political Risk Assessment Managing Political Risk Managing Terrorism Risk Economic Risk The Legal Environment Contract Law Other Regulatory Issues The Technological Environment Global E-Business Conclusion Summary of Key Points Discussion Questions Application Exercises Experiential Exercise Internet Resources Case Study: Indian BPOs Waking Up to the Philippines Opportunity? Management Focus: Intel Brings Changes...
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...it has also posed new risks to developing countries. Globalization has many faces; however, globalization is first and foremost comprehended in economic and financial terms. In this sense, it may be defined as the broadening and deepening linkages of national economies into a worldwide market for goods, services and especially capital. Perhaps the most prominent face of globalization is the rapid integration of production and financial markets over the last decade; that is, trade and investment are the prime driving forces behind globalization. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been one of the core features of globalization and the world economy over the past two decades. It has grown at an unprecedented pace for more than a decade, with only a slight interruption during the recession of the early 1990s. More firms in more industries from more countries are expanding abroad through direct investment than ever before, and virtually all economies now compete to attract multinational enterprises (MNEs). This trend has been driven by the complex interaction of technological change, evolving corporate strategies towards a more global focus and major policy reform in individual countries. The past two decades have witnessed an unparalleled opening and modernization of economies in all regions, encompassing deregulation, de-mono-polization, privatization and private participation in the provision of infrastructure, and the reduction and simplification of tariffs. An integral...
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...focuses on likely determinants of FDI in China. It then analyses responses from 22 firms operating in China on what they see as the important motivations for them to undertake FDI. Results show that market size is a major factor for FDI especially for US firms. For local, export-orientated, Asian firms, low labor costs are the main factor. The paper concludes with managerial implications for businesses wish to exploit opportunities in China. INTRODUCTION The past few years has seen a tremendous growth of foreign direct investment (FDI) that has exceeded both world output and world trade. China is by far the largest recipient, and in 2004 surpassed the USA as host destination. It has consequently attracted an increasing attention from multinational businesses. Since China adopted the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970s, foreign investment has played an increasingly important role in its economic growth. According to the World Investment Report for 2004 by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, China absorbed a total of US$53.5 billion worth of foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2003. The Xinhua News Agency, quoting The National Development Reform Commission, China's top economic planning agency, reported that foreign investment in 2004 rose to US$60 billion, a 13 per cent increase over 2003. Contracted investment was US$153.5 billion in all of 2004, up one-third year-on-year. Other statistics also point to the importance of...
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...Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION: GLOBALIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE We live in a world that is highly interconnected by a bewildering array of complex economic transactions, social and environmental problems, and international political collaborations and conflicts. Examples from global economics are found in the news everyday. A decision by American policymakers to subsidize the production of ethanol, a form of gasoline containing an additive produced from corn, is seen by many as a key reason that grain prices are high around the world. The spectacular emergence of China as a major exporter of manufactured goods has affected wages in both rich and poor countries. As large corporations, such as Microsoft, Intel, Toyota, General Electric, and Siemens have expanded their investments in affiliates in many nations around the world, they have built global production networks that share technological knowledge across locations to produce increasingly complex goods that could be sold anywhere. Today, a major cultural product, such as a Hollywood movie or a jazz band’s latest compact disk, is likely to employ creative personnel from around the world, with various components of the product recorded, mixed or edited in different locations. The importance of international connections in trade, investment, and skilled services can be illustrated by considering the apparently simple act of making and bringing to market an item of apparel, say a fashionable woolen men’s suit. The initial task...
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