...Developmental psychologists have long been interested in how parents impact child development. However, finding actual cause-and-effect links between specific actions of parents and later behavior of children is very difficult. Some children raised in dramatically different environments can later grow up to have remarkably similar personalities. Conversely, children who share a home and are raised in the same environment can grow up to have astonishingly different personalities than one another. Despite these challenges, researchers have uncovered convincing links between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children. During the early 1960s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on more than 100 preschool-age children (Baumrind, 1967). Using naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods, she identified four important dimensions of parenting: * Disciplinary strategies * Warmth and nurturance * Communication styles * Expectations of maturity and control Based on these dimensions, Baumrind suggested that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. Further research by also suggested the addition of a fourth parenting style (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). The Four Parenting Styles 1. Authoritarian Parenting In this style of parenting, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment. Authoritarian...
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...make decisions and lead. We can support this by encouraging his efforts and give them opportunities to explore their personal skills through initiating activities for them to the gain the ability to lead and make decisions. 2. What are some examples of prosocial behavior and why are they important to encourage in young children? Prosocial behaviors are voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals" (Eisenberg and Mussen 1989) Examples of prosocial behaviors are caring, helping, sharing and cooperation. Prosocial behavior is important to the well being of children because it teaches them compassion, understanding, to act appropriately and in a social manner, it helps their cognitive development and good moral values. 3. What do you think are the most important social skills in our society, and how would you begin to teach them to infants and toddlers? I think that the most important social skills in our society are handshakes, please, thank you, excuse me, and not interrupting. One way we can begin to teach infants and toddlers is by being a good role model and show our good manners, after all, they are little sponges and will want to be just like you. By teaching them the importance of being well-mannered and always reminding them to be polite. 4. What is the difference between self-concept, self-image and body awareness? What part do they play in the social development of infants and toddlers? Self-concept: how you think of yourself...
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...Research over the past few decades has highlighted the importance of social and emotional competence in preschool children on later academic, social, and psychological outcomes. Children who are socially and emotionally competent have increased socialization opportunities with peers, develop more friends, have better relationships with their parents and teachers, and enjoy more academic and social successes. Children who lack social and emotional competence are at risk for reduced socialization opportunities, rejection, withdrawal, behavioral disturbance, and achievement problems. Intervention programs that target social emotional development in preschool are ideally situated to bolster these skills before the problems exacerbate. Research...
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...of (CEHS) Predictors of Preschool Children's Peer Interactions: Temperament and Prosocial Behavior Ibrahim H. Acar University of Nebraska-Lincoln, ihacar@gmail.com Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsdiss Part of the Child Psychology Commons Acar, Ibrahim H., "Predictors of Preschool Children's Peer Interactions: Temperament and Prosocial Behavior" (2013). Open Access Theses and Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences. Paper 170. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsdiss/170 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Education and Human Sciences, College of (CEHS) at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses and Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. PREDICTORS OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN’S PEER INTERACTIONS: TEMPERAMENT AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR by Ibrahim H. Acar A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Child, Youth, & Family Studies Under the Supervision of Professor Julia C. Torquati Lincoln, Nebraska April, 2013 PREDICTORS OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN’S PEER INTERACTIONS: TEMPERAMENT AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR Ibrahim H. Acar, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2013 Adviser: Julia C. Torquati The...
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...56.091103.070141 Copyright c 2005 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved First published online as a Review in Advance on September 10, 2004 PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR: Multilevel Perspectives Louis A. Penner Karmanos Cancer Institute/Family Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 40202, and Research Center for Group Dynamics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; email: pennerl@karmanos.org John F. Dovidio Psychology Department, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York 13346; email: John.Dovidio@UConn.edu Jane A. Piliavin Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; email: jpiliavi@ssc.wisc.edu David A. Schroeder University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701; email: dave@uark.edu Key Words altruism, cooperation, helping ■ Abstract Current research on prosocial behavior covers a broad and diverse range of phenomena. We argue that this large research literature can be best organized and understood from a multilevel perspective. We identify three levels of analysis of prosocial behavior: (a) the “meso” level—the study of helper-recipient dyads in the context of a specific situation; (b) the micro level—the study of the origins of prosocial tendencies and the sources of variation in these tendencies; and (c) the macro level—the study of prosocial actions that occur within the context of groups and large organizations. We present research at each level and discuss similarities and differences...
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...Academy of Management Journal 2011, Vol. 54, No. 1, 73–96. THE NECESSITY OF OTHERS IS THE MOTHER OF INVENTION: INTRINSIC AND PROSOCIAL MOTIVATIONS, PERSPECTIVE TAKING, AND CREATIVITY ADAM M. GRANT University of Pennsylvania JAMES W. BERRY University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Although many scholars believe that intrinsic motivation fuels creativity, research has returned equivocal results. Drawing on motivated information processing theory, we propose that the relationship between intrinsic motivation and creativity is enhanced by other-focused psychological processes. Perspective taking, as generated by prosocial motivation, encourages employees to develop ideas that are useful as well as novel. In three studies, using both field and lab data, we found that prosocial motivation strengthened the association between intrinsic motivation and independent creativity ratings. In our second and third studies, perspective taking mediated this moderating effect. We discuss theoretical implications for creativity and motivation. As work becomes increasingly dynamic, uncertain, and knowledge-based, organizations depend on creative ideas from employees (George, 2007). Scholars and practitioners share a strong interest in understanding the psychological forces that motivate creativity—the production of ideas that are both novel and useful (Amabile, 1996). For several decades, researchers have believed that intrinsic motivation is an important driver of creativity (Elsbach &...
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...Organizational Climate Ashley Hoormann, Brandy Harris, Lisa Maligranda, Renee Lemus, Reena Byers MGT/312 August 10, 2015 Robert Muliero Organizational Climate The Fortune 100 is a compiled list of the top 100 companies to work for. According to "100 Best Companies To Work For" (2015), Google has been named number one for the sixth consecutive year. This paper discusses the research found by learning team B regarding amplifying effect, pro-social behavior, positive deviance, and conscious capitalism. Amplifying Effect Google has been recognized for its extraordinary organizational culture, which is designed to promote both loyalty and creativity (Thompson, 2015). Their informal slogan is "Don't Be Evil," and several of its policies and business decisions are founded on trying to live up to this motto (Topolsky, 2012, January 25). Although it may appear unconventional to practice such an approach in a company atmosphere where revenue is always the ultimate concern, employees state that they feel differently about being employed with Google as opposed to other businesses (Thompson, 2015). Google has still been able to maintain the small business feel that many employees love. Google uses a cross-functional organizational configuration mixed with a distinctive philosophy (Young Peoples Pavillion, 2013, November 10). Their cross-functional organizational structure is more of a group or team approach to administration and is structured horizontally (Young Peoples Pavillion...
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...Social Cognition ECE: 353 Cognitive Development of Infants and Young Children Instructor: Sandi Levinson August 14, 2012 Social Cognition Social cognition refers to the awareness of one’s own and other people’s mental states (i.e., acquiring a theory of mind), including emotions, motives, desires and feelings. Socio-cognitive skills, such as the ability to understand, describe and predict people’s mental states, allow children to develop a strong social cognition (Moore, 2010). Developing social and cognitive awareness is especially important during infancy to prepare children to interact properly with the social world prior to school entry. For example, it is through group activities that children gradually learn the importance of sharing. This crucial ability originates from children’s understanding that other children may have a desire to play with the same toys (Moore,2010). Along the same line, recent evidence indicates that children’s socio-cognitive skills may have a direct impact on the quality of their relationships and school success. Children with a more developed social cognition tend to be better communicators, socially competent, popular with peers, happier at school, and academically more advanced. In contrast, those with poor social cognition are more likely to have difficulty making the transition to school, to react more violently in face of harsh parenting, and to experience difficulties in school that may be misread as conduct problems...
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...This article was downloaded by: [Universiti Sains Malaysia] On: 19 March 2015, At: 06:57 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Advertising Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujoa20 Following Celebrities’ Tweets About Brands: The Impact of Twitter-Based Electronic Word-of-Mouth on Consumers’ Source Credibility Perception, Buying Intention, and Social Identification With Celebrities Seung-A Annie Jin & Joe Phua a b a b Emerson College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA Published online: 24 Apr 2014. Click for updates To cite this article: Seung-A Annie Jin & Joe Phua (2014) Following Celebrities’ Tweets About Brands: The Impact of TwitterBased Electronic Word-of-Mouth on Consumers’ Source Credibility Perception, Buying Intention, and Social Identification With Celebrities, Journal of Advertising, 43:2, 181-195, DOI: 10.1080/00913367.2013.827606 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2013.827606 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the...
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...Decision-Making Jingjing Zhang 14.05.12 The authors of the paper choose a real world social network (Facebook) to conduct a prosocial behavioral experiment. The motivation behind the experiment is to expand on the previous studies, examining peoplesʼ underlying altruism vs. granting favors in exchange for expected future returns. The authors observe that measuring underlying altruism empirically is quite difficult because people tend to socialize within their social circles and the decisions they make are based on feelings toward individuals within these circles and not on the true nature of the decision maker. In order to overcome these prejudices, the authors believe that this experiment was designed in such a way, that the personal favoritism can be removed and individualsʼ baseline altruism can then be measured. The real world application and the goal of the experiment is to help economists better explain disturbances within systems of informal insurance, provided by social networks, and to predict the necessary measures required to stabilize the system. The paper identifies three natures of prosocial giving: “(1) baseline altruism toward randomly selected strangers, (2) directed altruism that favors friends over random strangers, and (3) giving motivated by the prospect of future interaction.” (LEIDER) In order to test each underlying nature of prosocial giving, undergraduate students from Harvard university were chosen to participate in either modified dictator game or helping...
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...Learning Abstract This paper explores the Social Learning Theory and how prosocial behavior, specifically empathy, is cultured through observation, modeling and imitation. Empathy is defined through a review of Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment, Jeremy Sloan’s article on developing empathy and the impact it has on animals in our world, and an assessment of empathy in future criminal justice professionals. All provide evidence and data to support the finding that adults have lasting influence on children and how ones behavior is formed. Empathy is a vital trait and it’s a primary requisite for successfully managing daily experiences. Key words: Empathy, Modeling, Social Learning, and Development Introduction The development of empathy allows us the innate ability to relate to another’s experiences, motives and feelings. It is the foundation of compassion and caring, and is monumental in many of life’s challenges and successes. It is what allows us to learn from others and become responsible, caring adults. Many significant professions require empathy: medical care, fire rescue, education, criminal justice, and most importantly parenting. Tragic events such as slavery and the Holocaust illuminate the significance of empathy, it’s part in humankind’s wellbeing, and how requisite it is to encourage healthy development of the trait (Sajo, 2011). It is therefore of utmost importance to understand the nature of empathy development and how negative or abusive life...
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...dramatically in the past few decades, producing a crop of undisciplined teenagers and children who lack morals and manners as a result of poor training. Good manners were once the norm with young people very much aware the older generation. Saying "please" and "thank you", giving up a seat on the bus and holding open doors were all considered normal mannerly behavior. Times have changed and we now live in a predominantly me-first society which is reflected in many young people. If good manners are taught at an early age, they will generally continue to be part of the personality of the young child all the way into adulthood. The lack of good manners observed in society in general is no doubt a reflection of the situation found within the home. Without parental example and training the area of manners, it is likely the children will sadly lack in displaying them. The same can be said of the lack of morals we find in many of today's youth. A large proportion of children have grown up with little or no respect for authority, for property, for family or even themselves. Living a life of immorality is considered normal behavior today and has produced a bumper crop of young people with venereal disease, unwanted pregnancies and a feeling of emptiness in their lives. Lacking in moral stability, we find young people involved in crime, violence and drug abuse. The so-called freedom they have has actually brought them into slavery to an amoral lifestyle. There is a contrast though in...
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...Activating status motives led people to choose green products over more luxurious nongreen products. Supporting the notion that altruism signals one’s willingness and ability to incur costs for others’ benefit, status motives increased desire for green products when shopping in public (but not private) and when green products cost more (but not less) than nongreen products. Findings suggest that status competition can be used to promote proenvironmental behavior. Keywords: altruism, environmental conservation, costly signaling, status competition, consumer behavior ported that the number one reason for purchasing the car is because it “makes a statement about me.” What statement does the Prius make? “It shows the world that its owner cares” (Maynard, 2007). At first blush it may seem puzzling why individuals would pay a premium to forgo luxury or comfort for the sake of displaying that they care. The current research, however, suggests that there may be important links between displays of caring, environmental behaviors, and competition for status. Whereas traditional approaches associate status with preferences for...
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...Secure attachment and its correlation with violent behavior Kisha Serrano March 12, 2016 PSY 235 1N2 Professor: Lisa Routh Abstract The study of adolescence and the changes puberty can ensue are the topic of this paper. Puberty lasts approximately 5 years from beginning to end. This changes can influence how a child views life and the surrounding environment. In May 2015, a Colorado boy was involved in the attempted murder of his mother. This paper discusses the possible parenting style, attachment and environmental influences that might have perpetuated this situation. Insecure attachment and parenting styles correlate with an increase risk factor of violent behavior in adolescents. There are longitudinal studies linking attachment security and parenting with a child’s aggressive behavior. Also influencing such behavior is the media, who have been desensitizing children for the last two decades. When the 12-year-old offender was question, he could provide significant information as to why he attempted to kill his mother, which suggests the child might not have been aware of his externalizing tendencies. Secure attachment and its correlation with violent behavior May 01, 2015, Deputies from the El Paso County Sheriff’s office responded to a stabbing involving an 11-year-old and his mother. According to the information obtain the 11-year-old fell 20-30 feet from the window within the home. It is unknown whether...
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...Understanding what young ones perceive and learn at different ages can be helpful to curb the impact that television shows have on children. Many people are concerned about the effect of media violence on children. Can something be done about this problem? Education and understanding may be a help in curbing violent tendencies. Only time will tell. Media Violence and Children This generation is being raised in a world so full of technology that often it is hard for anyone to keep track of it. As parents try to keep up with the fast-paced world, many rely on television as a babysitter. There children see violent behaviors and misconduct. Some of the programs are not good for a child since what is seen can desensitize them to abusive behavior in everyday life. Parents have an important role in helping children understand what is seen in the media.. Opting for more prosocial programs and explaining about emotions involved is something parents and caregivers can do. There have been studies done of how violence on shows affects children. It is wondered if violence on television has lasting effects. If too much violence is seen by children, they seem to become unaffected by it in later years. It teaches the child that violent and aggressive actions are the ways to solve problems. In one study, it was found that a child viewing violence at a young age could influence aggressive tendencies at a later age. (Szaflik, 2000) Some studies show media violence as a factor in rising...
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