...china and Canada carried out a study to give an analytical foundation to evaluate possible bilateral economic complementarities in some specific sectors (Metz, 2001). Each and every state globally has specific interest in various sectors of economy that promotes trade with the other country of interest depending with its capacity to supply to that country. The research completion assists to set the base for the two countries to start investigative discussions on matters of trade and economic promotion, as discussed by the leaders in the 2012 presidential meeting between the president of Canada and china. Both china and Canada are big trading countries. Both countries have a past history of integral trade as well as future potential economic growth. Research indicates that china is currently Canada’s second largest trading partner, whereas on the other hand, Canada is placed thirteenth among china’s top trading partners globally (Zhang, 2009). As a matter of fact from research, there is increase in two-way trade in goods, services and investments among the two countries. However, people to people relationship between the two countries have never been strong though there is an indication that there are students who visit to each other’s country. Government to government cooperation is also reflected in this study on priority areas. Although this study is not exhaustive in scope, it provides an extensive analysis on bilateral economic complementarities. The trade between china...
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...Strategy Final Exam Professor Robles Jin Won Jeong Dec 12, 2014 1. Regional Strategy: According to the readings for session #1, a very few multinationals are truly global. a. What are the bases for the claim that most multinationals are regional? The primary bases for the claim that most multinationals are regional are first the extraction of revenue by many “global” multinationals is confined to a region as opposed to the entire world, and second the similar market environment within certain region makes regionalization much more practical than globalization. First, Revenue generation in terms of geographic location is limited to specific regions or area, oftentimes geographically proximate regions. Rugman’s research uses the term home country to refer to the phenomenon that the home country diamond among countries in the same region is more similar to one another than the diamonds between a country in home country region and foreign country region. Therefore, adjacent markets are more likely to be similar to one another in in terms of business environment than home and foreign markets. More specifically, referring to the table 1 in the Rugman’s research, amongst fortune 500 firms, many have much higher intra-regional sales than foreign sales. This means that truly global, having penetrated the global market, multinationals are not common. Second, similar market environment within certain regions makes the exchange of products and services take place within a region...
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...ASIA CONTINENT, ASIA FACTS Of all the seven continents, the continent of Asia is the largest with respect to both area and population while Australia being the smallest in both regards. The total area of Asia is calculated to be 43,810,582 kilometers square, covering 30% of the total earth's land and 8.66% of the total earth's surface. This continent shares its border with Ural Mountains to the East, the Arctic Ocean to the North, the Pacific Ocean to the West and the Indian Ocean to the South. The highest point in the World is Mount Everest with a height of 8,848 meters. This mountain is situated in the Tibetan region of the Himalayas that is situated in this gigantic continent. Other Asia facts includes the facts about Asian rivers. As, the rivers are considered to be the most needed natural phenomenon on earth and are immensely important geographically, biologically, historically and culturally. So, the 3rd longest river in the world; river Yangtze (6,211 km) is in Asia and flows through China. Desert is an area or landscape which gets least precipitation thus providing unfavorable conditions for the growth of plants and the survival of life. The largest desert in Asia is the Gobi desert measuring 281,800 km square. Climate and weather are important factors in tourist's decision making and influence the successful operation of tourism. Climate of Asia largely depends on its location and physical geography. This continent comprises of 53 countries including Russia and...
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...has been to a) lower costs b) respond more quickly to the marketplace c) avoid trade barriers d) gain tax benefits Ans: b Section: evolution of multinational Level: Easy 1.2 The primary objective of the multinational corporation is to a.) maximize shareholder wealth b) maximize world production c) minimize debt d) minimize the cost of doing business globally Ans: a Section: Multinational Financial Management: Theory and Practice Level: Easy 3. ____________ is defined as the purchase of assets or commodities on one market for immediate resale on another in order to profit form a price discrepancy. a) internationalization b) arbitrage c) financing d) total risk Ans: b Section: evolution of multinational Level: Easy 4. The value of good financial management is ___________ in the global markets because of the much greater probability of market imperfections and multiple tax rates. a) minimized b) neutralized c) enhanced d) arbitraged away Ans: c Section: role of the financial executive Level: Easy 5. When a firm operates globally it offers advantages such as a) greater political power at home b) bless taxes on its profits c) greater negotiating power with foreign minority groups d) greater negotiating power with labor unions Ans: d Section: The rise of the MNC Level: Easy 6. The prime transmitter of global competitive forces is the a) public utility firm b) financial management experience...
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...multinationals to produce abroad has been to a) Lower costs b) Respond more quickly to the marketplace c) Avoid trade barriers d) Gain tax benefits Ans: b Section: Evolution of Multinational Level: Easy 1.2 The primary objective of the multinational corporation is to a) Maximize shareholder wealth b) Maximize world production c) Minimize debt d) Minimize the cost of doing business globally Ans: a Section: Multinational Financial Management: Theory and Practice Level: Easy 1.3 ____________ is defined as the purchase of assets or commodities on one market for immediate resale on another in order to profit form a price discrepancy. a) Internationalization b) Arbitrage c) Financing d) Total risk Ans: b Section: Evolution of Multinational Level: Easy 1.4 The value of good financial management is ___________ in the global markets because of the much greater probability of market imperfections and multiple tax rates. a) Minimized b) Neutralized c) Enhanced d) Arbitraged away Ans: c Section: Role of the financial executive Level: Easy 1.5 When a firm operates globally it offers advantages such as a) Greater political power at home b) Bless taxes on its profits c) Greater negotiating power with foreign minority groups d) Greater negotiating power with labor unions Ans: d Section: Rise of the MNC Level: Easy 1.6 The prime transmitter of global competitive forces is the a) Public utility firm b) Financial management experience of the U.S. markets c) The multinational...
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...Societal consciousness has shifted from national to international and global spheres, and the world is increasingly perceived as one place. Many sport organisations now find that they are under increasing pressure to engage in globally benchmarked sustainable management systems and processes, across all functional areas from finance to HRM. Some sport organisations have used aspects of the globalisation process to create new opportunities for expansion and growth, while others have been reluctant or resistant to externally instigated change. We assessed the adoption of ''best practice'' HRM practices in a range of amateur and professional sport organisations to see how they were reacting to these convergence pressures. This issue fits in the wider convergence-divergence debate that has been the concern of many cross-cultural researchers. Our empirical results indicate that while government policy has urged movement to a universally derived system of HRM processes, few sport organisations have adopted a formal HRM strategy and HR practices are widely variable across organisations http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=record&rec_id=7124 While at HRPA 2011, Canada’s conference and trade show focusing on HR issues and trends, I stopped in to check out Howard Wallack’s session, 10 Global HR Trends for 2011 and What You Need to Know to Manage Them. Wallack is the Director of Global Member Programs for Society for Human Resource Management, and in his discussion...
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...Report of the Joint Study on the Possibility of a Canada-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement March 2012 Contents Introduction and Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................ 2 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 1: Overview of Bilateral Economic Relations ....................................................................... 5 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Overview............................................................................................................................... 5 Trends in Bilateral Trade in Goods ...................................................................................... 7 Trends in Bilateral Trade in Services ................................................................................... 9 Trends in Foreign Direct Investment ................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2: Analysis of the Economic Effects from a Canada-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 3: Analysis of Major Areas of an Economic Partnership Agreement ................................. 14 3.1 Market Access (including Rules of Origin) .......................................................
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...The problem to be investigated in this study is the economic importance of the automotive industry. It will explore the social impact it has brought worldwide and how it is affecting the world of commerce. It will also explain the foreign trade and the different automotive industries of each country. The following sub-questions will be evaluated: * What pollution-control strategies each automotive industry are practicing? * What are the latest in automobile safety measures? * How does motor vehicle production affect the economy? * What are the standards of manufacturing efficiency in an automobile? INTRODUCTION The automobile industry is concerned with profits and competition; with consumer demands for styling, safety, and efficiency; and with labor relations and manufacturing efficiency (“,” 2008). About 250 million vehicles are in the United States. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over 260 billion gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China and India (“” 2008). In 2008, with rapidly rising oil prices, industries such as the automotive industry, are experiencing a combination of pricing pressures from raw material costs and changes in consumer buying habits. The industry is also facing increasing external competition from the public transport sector, as consumers re-evaluate their private vehicle usage...
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...where prosperity depended primarily on international trade and interregional trade. Transportation has been one of the main factors of globalization, along with communications, international standardization, and trade liberalization. Due to a number of technological, economic, and socio-cultural forces, only limited country can keep itself fully isolated from the economic activities of other countries. Many countries have seen enormous economic growth in the recent past due to their willingness to open their borders and markets to foreign investment and trade. This increased flow of knowledge, resources, goods, and services among world’s nations is called “globalization”, formally defined as the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets. Introduction Marine transportation is an integral, if sometimes less publicly visible, part of the global economy. The marine transportation system is a network of specialized vessels, the ports they visit, and transportation infrastructure from factories to terminals to distribution centers to markets. Maritime transportation is a necessary complement to and occasional substitute for other modes of freight transportation. For many commodities and trade routes, there is no direct substitute for waterborne commerce. The Important of Maritime Transport in the Global Economy Transport is the most important link in economic...
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...Abstract This paper describes the goal of Bunge Limited Co. and what techniques did they use in their operations to achieve the goal. Looking to the history of the company starting in Europe and moving to Americas, how transformation from a small company leading the business locally to a global company in the market was done. The company strategy is a practical model of trade-offs which helped them to focus back on their core business, decentralization structure was inherited in Bunge from the days it was privately run that had shown benefits for Bunge in the markets where they exits while in the later stage of transformation challenges raised after the acquisition of ‘Cereol’ that gave Bunge more balance globally helping it becoming a global company working on the goal of becoming the best agribusiness and food company in world. Product development had a big role in Bunge giving total agribusiness solutions for the farmers as well as customers by having fertilizer division. The analysis demonstrates the importance of trade-offs, innovation, product development, line of fit and Information Technology systems in the operations strategy, while showing decentralization structure and effect of it on global companies. Introduction Bunge limited is a successful example for transformation of companies to globalization as Bunge CEO Weisser goal to become the best company in the world in agribusiness and food. Performance objectives indicating market requirements from quality, speed, dependability...
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...Abstract Over the past few decades, the global scenario has changed considerably with increased interdependence amongst nations and economies. This intertwining amongst nations and sharing of ideas and technology has been termed as “Globalization”. Globalization has been a buzzword of late, with heated discussions about its pros and cons. Some consider it to be a blessing for mankind while others take it as a curse. For some it has brought about material prosperity while others have become unemployed due to it. This paper tries to analyse the effect of Increased International Trade and Globalisation on the US economy. The first section discusses the pros and cons of Globalization while the second section discusses how globalization has lead to increased foreign trade. Thereafter, it discusses the effect of globalisation and increased foreign trade on the American economy. Introduction Trade is believed to have taken place throughout much of recorded human history, whether as barter or in exchange of currency. Till the 1800’s, trade was limited due to difficulties in transportation, communication and restrictive trade policies. However, in the mid 19th century, with advent of free trade and nation advantage concepts, trade started to pick up (Daniels & Sullivan, International Business and Operation). Although international trade has been present throughout much of history, for example Silk Route, its economic, social, and political importance have increased in recent centuries...
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...integration) and its brands (Amana, Jenn Air, Magic Chef, and Maytag). Whirlpool generated over $19 billion in 2006 annual sales: 60 percent from North America, 25 percent from Europe, 15 percent from Latin America, and 2 percent from Asia. Operate with 60 manufacturing and technology centers worldwide and 80,000 employees. International Expansion Domestically: (1) The U.S. appliance market matured in the 1990s, and Whirlpool faced low profit margins, intense competition, and more demanding buyers, pressuring management to consider international markets. Internationally: (1) Trade barriers fell, consumer affluence grew, and capitalism flourished. (2) A “global” approach would yield economies of scale in manufacturing, assembly, appliance technology and distribution. (3) Whirlpool sought cost reductions in R&D, manufacturing, and services by locating plants in lower cost locations such as China, Mexico and Poland. Strategy Global expansion Whirlpool: Acquired the appliance giant Philips in Europe Bought 65 percent of Italian cooling compressor manufacturer Aspera Acquired control of Kelvinator of India Purchased Poland's second largest...
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...the place in which it was made. The main ideas of these approaches are discussed briefly herein in order to elaborate on this phenomenon, although there is no agreed explanation regarding the causes of the location of this type of investment and of the features that must meet the destination to attract this level of investment. FDI globally decreased 18% in 20121, reaching USD 1.35 billion. The fragile state of the global economy and the uncertain situation in politics were the main causes. Considering the estimates of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), by the end of the year 2013 FDI will have reached a level close to the 2012 level. With the gradual improvement in macroeconomic conditions globally will increase investor confidence in the medium term, "transnational corporations (TNCs) could convert their record levels of cash holdings in new investments. FDI flows could then reach the level of 1.6 billion dollars in 2014 and 1.8 billion in 2015 "(see Figure 1), although the agency warns that there is a risk that a decline in FDI share as a result of certain factors ("the structural weakness of the global financial system, the possible deterioration of the macroeconomic environment and the great uncertainty about policies in areas essential for investor confidence")....
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...Reflective Journal 1 Caitlin Szanto SB/IBUS 4200 3.00 A Integrative International Business Seminar Contents: SCOTIA BANK in Latin America: International Banking – Glen Tugman, Vice President FRITO LAY in China: Capturing the China Opportunity – Ron McEachern IMNET: Canadian Mining Experience: Richard A. Ross Integrative Discussion of Journal SCOTIA BANK in Latin America: International Banking – Glen Tugman, Vice President Key Takeaways: * The importance of considering information in the scheme of things * 21+ million customers – 20years ago that was huge, now not so significant * Their financial success was largely a result of diversification - a series of acquisitions. Never betting the bank on one of them – risk mitigation * Mismatch: money spent internationally has higher returns than domestically * Investment community thinks of Scotia bank as an international bank, Canadians think of it as local bank – market perception works in their favor * Criteria Scotia uses to invest money: * Find low price -> Buy cheap -> Be patient -> Form alliances with locals -> Protect risk of privacy > Buy something good -> learn from setbacks -> long term perspective * Be a credible buyer – government resistance to international companies buying local businesses * Growing middle class * Important economically: middle class has stability because people have something to loose * E.g. Pacific Group (Mexico...
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...edu Olga Memedovic* United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna International Centre, A-1440 Vienna, Austria E-mail: O.Memedovic@unido.org *Corresponding Author Johannes Van Biesebroeck Department of Economics, University of Toronto, 150 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G7,Canada E-mail: jovb@chass.utoronto.ca Gary Gereffi Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0088, USA E-mail: ggere@soc.duke.edu Abstract: This paper lays out the main features of the global automotive industry and identifies several important trends. A boom in developing country sales and production has not yet overshadowed the importance of existing markets in developed regions. Regional integration is very strong at an operational level, yet the industry has recently developed a set of global-scale value chain linkages, and retains national and local elements as well. The paper highlights how global, regional, national and local value chains are nested to create a pattern of global integration that is distinctive to the industry. We use global value chain analysis to help explain the limits of build-to-order in the industry, the role of regional and global suppliers, the shifting geography of production and how the characteristics of value chain linkages in the industry favour tight integration and regional production. We describe how industry concentration focuses power in the hands of a few large lead firms and discuss the implications of this for value...
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