...Recognition and Types of Infectious Diseases Following Disasters TUI University Professor Dr. Paul Persaud Fall 2015 For this Case Assignment you are to comment on the similarities and differences in pre-event preparation between an infectious disease event and other emergencies. The initial pre-planning response to most natural disaster is the same, however; in many cases emergency responders are the first to detect an infectious disease outbreak. For this reason it is important to properly pre-plan in advance for events that have potential in developing infectious disease outbreaks, which is common in developing countries following a natural disaster. The health impacts associated with the sudden crowding coupled with large numbers of survivors, often with insufficient access to safe water and sanitation facilities, will require planning for both medical and preventive interventions, such as rehydration, antibiotics and vaccination materials (World Health Organization, 2006). The sooner the incident and at-risk patients are identified, the higher the likelihood of decreasing morbidity, mortality, and cost associated with the event. The biggest difference between infectious disease disasters and other natural mass casualty’s events is that infectious disease disasters are more difficult to detect. With natural disasters, and even traditional or chemical terrorism, there is an obvious sign that something abnormal has happened or is going to happen. This...
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...Epidemiology of Mononucleosis Lori Lindner Grand Canyon University: 427V March 14, 2015 Epidemiology of Mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis is a common clinical syndrome associated with Epstein-Barr virus (Singer-Leshinsky, 2012). Individuals infected with the Epstein-Barr virus can be asymptomatic or develop one of several infections which include infectious mononucleosis. A person with mononucleosis can be asymptomatic or symptomatic. Infectious mononucleosis is an acute and self limiting virus which is usually has no lasting side effects (Morris and Edmunds, 2002). However in some uncommon cases, infectious mononucleosis has caused neurologic and malignant complications (Marshall and Foxworth, 2012). Description of Mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis, also known as the “kissing disease” is a highly infectious viral disease that most commonly occurs in adolescents and young adults in North America (Ilardi, 2009). Mononucleosis is transmitted by oral secretions and blood from one person to another. This is the reason for the nickname “kissing disease”. Symptoms of mononucleosis usually appear four to seven weeks after an individual has been infected. The symptoms include: constant fatigue, fever, sore throat, loss of appetite, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, sore muscles, swollen liver or spleen, skin rash and abdominal pain. Patients can present with all or a combination of these symptoms and the severity varies from no symptoms at all to debilitating (Ilardi...
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...Uszakiewicz Grand Canyon University Author Note [Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.] Communicable Disease Chain: Mononucleosis/ Epstein Barr Virus Mononucleosis is a contagious disease caused by a virus. The most common virus causing mononucleosis is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), but it can be caused by others. The Epstein-Barr virus or (EBV) is also known as human herpesvirus 4, is categorized as a gamma herpes virus that occurs only in humans. Infectious mononucleosis is also called “Mono” or “the kissing disease” because it is most often seen among teenagers or young adults between the ages of 15 to 17.” EBV infectious mononucleosis has also been linked to the cause of viral pharyngitis. According to the CDC, “at least 25% of teenagers and young adults who get infected with EBV will develop infectious mononucleosis” with approximately 12% of susceptible college-aged young adults converting each year and half of whom will develop acute infectious mononucleosis. Mononucleosis/EBV Pathophysiology There are more than 3 million US cases per year of mononucleosis. The virus is most often spread by saliva or close intimate contact, semen during sexual contact, in some rare cases via blood transfusion and is linked to the Epstein-Barr virus. It is rare that mononucleosis will be caused by any other virus such as the cytomegalovirus (CMV), Hepatitis A, B, or C, HIV, Toxoplasmosis Streptococcal pharyngitis or Rubella. EBV infects the B cells...
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...Communicable Disease: Chickenpox Grand Canyon University: NRS 427v December 10, 2014 Communicable Disease: Chickenpox The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) defines a communicable disease as “an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.” There are numerous communicable diseases being studied, treated, prevented, and diagnosed around the world. For the purpose of this paper, one communicable disease in particular will be examined, chickenpox. This paper will address chickenpox as a communicable disease, determinants of health leading to chickenpox, how chickenpox relates to the epidemiologic triangle, the role of the community nurse in their treatment and prevention of chickenpox, and organizations involved on the national level. Epidemiology Chickenpox is a reaction to a virus by the name of varicella-zoster virus. The varicella-zoster virus is also known to cause a reaction called shingles later in the adult life. Chickenpox causes patients to have an itchy blister-like rash. Other symptoms that are a fever, sleepiness, decrease in appetite, and headache (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2012). These symptoms can develop a day or two before the rash (CDC, 2012). Chickenpox can spread easily from an infected...
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...Infectious Diseases: The Greatest Crisis of the world ____________ A Thesis Presented to The Division of The Arts and Sciences Voorhees College ____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science ____________ Acknowledgements I am whole-heartily thankful to my Professors at Voorhees College for their tremendous effort in my maturilication through Voorhees College. Lastly I would like to acknowledge all of the people who had any hand in the completion of this thesis. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION * What are infectious Diseases? * Types of infectious diseases * Worldwide distribution of infectious diseases * * CHAPTER 2: THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IS THE WORLD * Top Countries * Top Diseases * CHAPTER 3: MOST DISEASES ARE PREVENTABLE * Why are statistics so high * Minorities prevalence, morbidity, and mortality * How to prevent yourself from being a statistic * Understanding the emotional burden brought upon families who suffer from infectious Diseases * * CHAPTER 4: TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE: COUNTRY TO COUNTRY * Thorough testing while entering and exiting countries * Childhood and adult Immunizations * * CHAPTER 5: FOOD BOURNE PATHOGES * How do they affect America...
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...Lecture 1 Here the goal is to familiarize you with the basic terminology of infectious disease epidemiology relevant for the spread of infectious diseases including the basic reproduction number (R0), herd immunity, index patient, endemic disease, epidemic disease, and pandemic. An important concept in infectious disease transmission is the so-called transmission chain. A transmission chain is a sequence of transmission events from the origin to the secondary case. In this figure, one can see a transmission tree of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 2003 in Singapore where we can note the secondary cases generated by each infected case that was reported. We can see that only a few cases were able to generate most of the secondary transmission events. This is an HIV transmission network that clearly shows the structure of transmission events. We can see here that each infected HIV person generates from 1 to 27 secondary cases. We can also see that most of these infected cases generate only a few secondary cases while a few of them generate many secondary transmission events. A central quantity in infectious disease epidemiology is the so-called basic reproduction number, R0. This is defined as the average number of secondary cases generated by an infectious individual in a susceptible population. In this figure we can see that each infected person generates exactly two secondary cases for illustration purposes. Here R0=2 and the arrows denote the direction of...
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...Working backwards, disinfecting is the second most effective, and general cleaning is the third most effective. When determining whether to sterilize or disinfect something, the clinician should consider what the object came into contact with during the appointment. If an object was exposed to any bodily fluids during the appointment, sterilization is necessary. Disposing of Infectious Waste Material When exposure to infectious material occurs, the appropriate disposal of the substance is critical to the safety of those working in the immediate and surrounding environment. It is necessary to follow the proper guidelines when disposing of waste. Please follow the steps below on how to appropriately address infections material: 4 1. Limit the exposure of the infectious substance by removing it from the immediate area occupied by a patient. If the substance cannot be moved, remove the patient, and any accompanying individuals, from the immediate area. 2. If the infectious material has been placed in a common trash bin, remove...
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...Running head: SUBSTANCE USE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE/COMORBIDITY | 1 | Substance Use and the Risks on Your Health Cassy L LaFave SUNY Empire State College PART I Substance use poses great dangers and can cause serious health problems ranging from heart disease and liver disease, to respiratory issues, just to name a few ("Risk of Disease with Drug Use - Alcohol Rehab," 2008). An individual who uses substances also increases their risk for contracting infectious diseases, such as, sexually transmitted infections and blood borne diseases, including Hepatitis and HIV/AIDS. These infectious diseases may be treatable conditions, or terminal illnesses (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1999). Many people are aware that intravenous drug use and needle sharing (or sharing drug preparation equipment – “works”) can transmit blood borne diseases (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). What isn’t as widely known is the role substance use plays in general, contributing to the dangers involved. When an individual chooses to engage in substance use, no matter the route of administration, the substance causes a person’s immune system to be lowered. Therefore, their body is more susceptible to infections and harmful diseases ("Risk of Disease with Drug Use - Alcohol Rehab," 2008). Under the influence, a substance user lacks the ability to make sound judgements and often engages in high risk behaviors and activities. Fueled by the substance or the need for the substance...
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...Alice in Wonderland Syndrome was by Dr. John Todd in 1955 which is why the name of the condition is Todd’s Syndrome. In his article “The Syndrome of Alice and Wonderland” he includes a number of case studies that involve different patients but, somewhat similar symptoms. Case 1 of his article focuses on a 39 year old woman. She had been referred to a psychiatric center with “anxiety neurosis complicated by an intermittent disorder of body image which had worried her from childhood” (Todd 702). Her signs and symptoms mostly consisted of macropsia. She stated that during an episode she would grow as large as the room she occupied. She described this experience as “If I put my hand out I could reach the far wall” (Todd 702). She would rarely experience micropsia, but when she did, she stated that it felt as if she was shrinking and her hand would disappear. The woman has also stated that there was no family history of this condition. Case 4 of Dr. Todd’s articles involves a 17 year old girl who was also referred to a psychiatric center when she was experiencing AWS symptoms brought about by an anxiety trigger. Compared to the Case 1’s patient, while having an episode she would experience micropsia describing it as shrinking down to half her size. The patient would also experience Teleopsia (when objects appear further...
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...Use an example that is different than the postings of other students. There are six links in the Chain of Infection. Those areas include: 1. The infectious agent itself- 2. The reservoir where the infectious agent can live and multiply or lie dormant until the organism can find the opportunity to cause disease 3. The susceptible host 4. A means of Transmission 5. A portal of exit 6. A portal of re-entry Each link in this chain must be intact for a disease to be transmitted and infect another person. There is the potential to defeat a communicable disease process by disrupting the link in this chain at any point along the way thus preventing infection in another person. An example of the simplest chain of infection is an infected patient cared for by a health care worker who doesn't wash their hands before caring for another patient. Human sources of microorganisms are healthcare workers, patients themselves and visitors, any of whom may be individuals who are in some stage of an incubation period of a disease process, may already have a disease, or may be a chronic carrier of an infectious agent. The patient may be their own source of infection. (Baldwin, 2008) The bacteria must be able to find a susceptible host. Some individuals are immune to infection or are able to resist colonization by an infectious agent while others will develop a full blown clinical disease process. Then there are those who are able to establish a symbiotic relationship with the...
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...Running head:INFECTIOUS DISEASE 1 Infectious Disease Paper Brandie Evans University of Phoenix June 11, 2013 Sherrie Sheets INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2 Infectious Disease Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is produced by a strain of staph bacteria that's become resistant to the antibiotics generally used to treat normal staph infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was first discovered in 1961. Today In present time MRSA has turned out to be a dangerous health problem, Bacteria are always altering because of genetic reasons and the continustened change. Therefore, because of the change numerous bacteria begin to increase the resistant to a specific antibiotic. As soon as the less resistant and weaker bacteria come into contect with that identical antibiotic, and so they stop living. However, the resistant and more stronger bacteria remain before they disappear. If these more tougher and stronger bacteria happen to live then they can duplicate. The newly Once more the dublicated bacteria hold the same to the antibiotic and extra variations diffrenceces in their genetic influence refer that a large number of these off-spring bacteria will be even morestronger and tougher. As time goes on, the frequently change of bacteria genetics and the population favoring of one form of a medication over another has indicated to the more thougher and stronger types of Staphylococcus aurous. But normally...
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...Unit 9 1. Using specific examples, explain the differences between infection & contamination. The entry and development (of many parasites) or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animals. Infection is not synonymous with infectious disease; the result may be inapparent (see Inapparent infection) or manifest (see Infectious disease). The presence of living infectious agents on exterior surfaces of the body, or on articles of apparel or soiled articles, is not infection, but represents contamination of such surfaces and articles. (SeeInfestation and Contamination.). Contamination—The presence of an infectious agent on a body surface, in clothes, bedding, toys, surgical instruments or dressings, or other inanimate articles or substances including water and food. Pollution is distinct from contamination and implies the presence of offensive, but not necessarily infectious, matter in the environment. Contamination of a body surface does not imply a carrier state. 2. What type of reservoir does the pathogen Treponema pallidum have? Explain why it is said to cause acute and possible chronic illness in infected patients. Humans are the natural reservoir of Syphilis. The type of microbe: spirochaete is transmitted from an infected person to a new host usually through sexual intercourse, although it can also enter the body via a skin abrasion on close contact with an infected person. Acute (short live and rapid) in the primary stage and chronic...
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...officials then use the information to help guide the public to optimal health. This paper will take a look at the disease Infectious Mononucleosis and how the community nurse can help fight against it and other infectious diseases. Mononucleosis, also known as the “kissing disease”, is an infectious disease that is mainly found in young adult college students or teen-agers from ages 15-17. Older adults can also get it but it is usually not found in them unless they are immunocompromised. According to the CDC, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis, but other viruses can also cause this disease. (CDC, 2014) It is transmitted through the infected person’s salvia, mucous from the nose and throat and sometimes tears, close contact, and sharing drinks and utensils can spread the disease. Mononucleosis can have an incubation period anywhere from 33-49 days, and then symptoms appear around 4-6 weeks. It usually begins slowly with fatigue, a general ill feeling and sore throat. Other symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, muscle aches, and loss of appetite, and possibly a swollen spleen. The treatment for Mononucleosis is usually plenty of rest and plenty of fluids, although in severe cases the doctor may use steroids to reduce swelling. The patient is usually warned not to participate in any contact sports because the patient can experience splenic rupture. This is a medical emergency and should be treated right away. Complications from the...
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...an intellectual environment that will facilitate the integration of biological, social and, analytical approaches of epidemiology. This type of environment allows faculty and students to develop the knowledge to fully appreciate the complexities of biosocial system to understand, modify, and use this information to maximum potential. The focus of this paper will be on immigrant/migrants as a vulnerable population with emphasis on infectious disease a major health concern. The paper will define epidemiology and identify steps and methods of the type of epidemiology and examines relationships of illnesses and education related to infectious diseases. Epidemiology defined Stanhope & Lancaster (2008) defines epidemiology as “the study of the distribution and determination of health- related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems.” Epidemiology originated from the Greek words (epi) meaning upon, (demos) meaning people and (logos) meaning thought. Epidemiology was the study of infectious diseases visited upon mankind. Descriptive epidemiology surveys a population to see what segments e.g., occupation, ethnic group,...
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...first detected in February 2003 in Asia and it spread to various countries in Europe, North America and South America before it was declared as SARS 2003 global outbreak (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). SARS is an acute respiratory tract illness caused by an infectious virus transmitted from person to person. Various pathogens that cause acute respiratory diseases are respiratory syncytical virus, parainfluenza virus, influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (WHO, 2007). In 2003, various scientists across the world started investigating the virus with the help of electron microscopy and virus discovery microarrays. The new coronavirus was inoculated in monkeys which caused interstitial pneumonia similar to SARS (Holmes, 2003). This newly identified acute viral respiratory syndrome caused by a novel coronavirus is a positive-stranded RNA virus with genome containing nucleocapsid protein, membrane proteins and spike protein which forms the typical “coronavirus” structure (Lashley & Durham, 2007). Spreading of the SARS virus is due to close human-to-human contact such as direct contact with respiratory secretions or body fluids of a patient infected with SARS and eating or drinking with them from the same utensil. The virus that causes SARS is thought to be transmitted most readily by respiratory droplets (droplet spread) produced when an infected person sneezes or coughs and the droplets get...
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