...The early Romans established a republic, which grew powerful and spreads its influence. The site of Rome was chosen because of its fertile soil and strategic location. It’s located on the Italian peninsula in the center of the Mediterranean Sea and built on the seven hills on the Tiber River. The Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans compete for the control of the region. The Latins found the original settlement of Rome between 1000 and 500 B.C. The Etruscans are native to northern Italy and influence Rome’s civilization. At around 600 B.C., Etruscan kings begin to rule Rome. The kings build Rome’s first temple and public centers. The Etruscans were organized into city-states to the north of Rome. Around 650 B.C.E., they took control of the site...
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...I have had the greatest adventure traveling back in time visiting a few periods in history and I want to share my experiences with everyone. The first period I visited was the Egyptian Civilization, particularly the period of The Great Pyramids. After that I traveled to central Italy for a look at the Roman Civilization wanting to learn about the Etruscans and see the Tomb of the Reliefs. Finally I traveled to Milan during the Italian Renaissance to see the painting of The Last Supper by Leonardo de Vinci. Egypt is bustling during this period in time as the people are building The Great Pyramid for their Pharaoh and divine ruler Cheops. Cheops is the second Pharaoh of the fourth dynasty of Egypt and rules a unified country along with relatives and administrators. He is also the Pharaoh that commissioned the building of The Great Pyramid, which would become one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The Great Pyramid is built as a tomb from which Cheops or his spirit will ascend to the heavens and the sun God RA, who is believed to be the father of all things. The Egyptians believed that their body goes on in an afterlife. To the Egyptians the afterlife is a culmination of their lives work. The Pharaohs strive for a good afterlife and all of the people of the Pharaoh’s dynasty strive for and work toward that same goal. Part of what makes this civilization and culture so productive is the way they work for the unified causes of pleasing the Gods and having a good afterlife...
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...WAKARA VASE (CH 2) In ancient Mesopotamia, around 4000 BCE, humans began to domesticate plants and animals allowing them to organize communities rather than live a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Because they had the basic components of a civilization with a stable food supply, people began to specialize in areas such as trade, manufacturing, administration, and art. Sumerian art was one of the first evidences of narrative art as seen by the Wakara Vase, from the Inanna temple complex in Uruk. The alabaster vessel, roughly three feet tall, is divided into registers to tell the story of a religious ceremony honoring the goddess Inanna. The vase’s reliefs are divided into registers to tell a story. The first register depicts water as a wavy line with a crop above. The next register is of ewes and rams depicted in strict profile, which was characteristic of the time. The crops and animals were necessities in the daily life of all Sumerians. The next band is of naked men carrying overflowing baskets and jars to present as a votive offering and the top band depicts a female in a horned headdress symbolizing the goddess Inanna. Inanna is depicted much larger than the man, signifying her importance. This is one of the first examples of hierarchy of scale, where greater size is used to emphasize power or importance. The layout of the bands signifies Sumerian society: Inanna has blessed the people with abundant crops and herds and in return they give votive offerings. The Wakara vase is...
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...culture for instance their practices, functions, and activities. One such practice we can analyze is their practice of the burial of their dead. Romans traditionally would bury their dead outside of their cities or within a designated area much like a cemetery or a city for their dead. Romans in early times had cremated their dead like the Etruscans did and they would place their ashes within shrines and altars however this was until sometime within the first century and the second century. The change that rose within this time period was the knowledge of preserving the bodies of their dead. This led to Rome constructing sarcophagi and change to Roman traditions of burial. Romans, according to law were not permitted to bury their dead within two Roman miles of the city. Naturally, the rise of graveyards emerged within the countryside and the development of catacombs for the dead. Roman sarcophagi were constructed elaborately from marble and in some cases stone, wood, or lead. The usage of sarcophagi were traditions Etruscans and the Greek had practiced before Romans adopted the practice after some influence from Etruscan and Greek influences. Despite the popularity and emergence of the adopted tradition of sarcophagi for burial only those wealth and of high status that could afford to have the elaborate marble coffins to Intro- introduce the tradition of burial for romans. How did romans go about burying their dead? Reason for decorating sarcophagi/urns. Did these decorations...
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...Spell Check-list Unlike the Greek city-states, the Roman republic embarked almost immediately on imperial expansion. Utilizing its citizen armies, the republic gained control of the entire Italian peninsula. Conquered regions were incorporated into the republic or allowed to remain as independent allies. Rome's greatest rival in the western part of the Mediterranean was the former Phoenician colony of Carthage in northern Africa. Between 264 B.C.E. and 146 B.C.E., Rome defeated Carthage in the three Punic Wars. Rome's victory created an empire that extended from Italy to the Iberian peninsula and into northern Africa. The collapse of the Hellenistic successor states of Alexander's empire drew the Romans into the eastern Mediterranean. Greece, Macedonia, the Asian littoral, and Egypt were drawn into Rome's orbit. Rome and its Empire, (1995), Pearson Education, Pearson Longman, Retrieved from; http://wps.ablongman.com/long_stearns_wc_4/17/4390/1123999.cw/index.html The Regal Period. According to tradition, the first King laid the political foundations for the city, by creating the senate, and by dividing the people into curiae. He also extended Roman power by successful wars. Numa Pompilius is the antithesis, in many ways, of Romulus. He organized priesthoods, established religious rites, and sought to develop the religious life of the people. It was the main purpose of Tullus Hostilius, as it had been that of Romulus, to extend the material power of Rome. Ancus Marcius...
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...Hellenistic Greece The art selectiton for the Hellenistic Greece period is “Lysippos, Apoxyomenos (The Scraper),” (Benton, DiYanni, 2008, p. 77); originally a bronze sculpture and replicated in marble reveals the competitive nature and strife to succeed with greatness. The Scraper represents the relationship between art and culture of Hellenistic Greece by capturing how the civilizations interest became more individualistic rather than basing on the successes of the whole civilization. The art would have influenced the culture of that civilization by stimulating others to focus more to make higher individual achievements. The culture influenced that genre of art by the focus they placed and capturing the portrayal of individual strengths. Etruscan civilization The art piece “Wife and Husband Sarcophagus, from Cerveteri,” (Benton, DiYanni, p. 99) is...
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...different areas to create a unique and highly admired form of architecture. However, they were not able to do this overnight. In fact, for the first few centuries after it was founded, the people of Rome resided in very basic huts with no outstanding architectural merit. According to oxford dictionary a hut is “a dwelling of ruder and meaner construction and (usually) smaller than a house.” It was under the rule of the Etruscans that they developed more complex structures that served specific purposes, such as a temple dedicated to a god. The Etruscans themselves borrowed many aspects of their architectural designs from Ancient Greece and expanded upon it. One may notice that the time that Rome began its first step into architectural greatness was around 509 BC, when it became Republican Rome. “With the expulsion of the Etruscan kings Rome was free to shape her own destinies” (Sear 14). Since Rome was finally free from the constraints of its conquerors it now had the liberty to create whatever they wished in whatever manner they preferred. Though evidence of Greek influence could still be found, Rome began to develop a style of their own; however, once Rome conquered nations across the Mediterranean Sea it incorporated many of the building designs which were reflected in the buildings of their capital. Imperial Rome is seen as both the lowest and highest point in Rome’s history. During this time Rome began creative large amounts of innovative and massive structures that symbolized...
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...Ancient Art Unit 2 IP 2 HUMA205-1202B Nicole Woodford 05/06/2012 Submitted Date September 16, 2012 Abstract When looking at the artwork of this time I was drawn in by burial works of art. Thing like chariots, shields, and in Egypt they would bury the pets of their leader. It showed how one culture can pick up the ways of other cultures. Ancient Art There was two pieces that stood out to me the most. The first one was a bronze chariot inlaid with ivory and the other one was a bronze shield boss. I could see from looking at the Etruscans works of art that they loved to use bronze. This was something that showed how they person they buried was in the social standing of their culture. The first piece a bronze chariot inlaid with ivory is a three-dimensional work. The materials that were used to make this work are bronze, ivory, iron, wood, leather, and animal parts. The texture is smooth, with much defined lines in the chariot. The originally structure was wooden with the bronze placed on top along with everything else. The bronze was shine copper color but over time it has changed to a green and brown color. The work of art does have a subject matter. It is showing someone of power because it was a show chariot that was used important days. It is a representational work. The next piece of art work I picked was the bronze shield boss which is a two-dimensional. The materials that were used to create this are bronze. The texture looks to be rough, with dots on a...
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...Empire The Romans ingeniously display majestic art while incorporating function and purpose to build an empire. The Romans had many forms in which they created art. They adorned their city, homes, and palaces with paintings, sculptures, and grand architectural structures. Rome admired and emulated the artistry of the Greek, Egyptians, and Celtic designs. They learned engineering techniques from the Etruscans that has developed Rome’s historical development and style. With its influence of other cultures, Romans have established its own characteristics of ancient classical Rome, which has carved a pathway to many forms of artwork in the past and present time. The different genre that Rome has influenced is two-dimensional arts, sculpture, and architecture; with significant contributors, such as Michelangelo Buonarroti and Gian Lorenzo Benini. Historical Development and Evolution of Style Influenced by the Etruscans and inspired by the Greeks, the Romans artistry evolved to display realism and power. Romans learned practical and advanced engineering techniques from the Etruscans that began the groundwork for the vast buildings built to serve the needs of a growing population. After the overthrow of Greece majority of their artwork, and sculptures were brought back to Rome to adorn their city and palaces. Many Greek artists migrated to Rome to impart their skills and offer patronage to their predecessor. Greek artists skillfully integrated their knowledge and conveyed Romans love...
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...Art Spawned By Death Death is an inevitable part of life for all human beings. No matter the time period, culture, or geographic location, all individuals possess opinions, beliefs, and rituals involving this unifying but tragic fate of all human beings. Differences aside throughout history, special attention has been paid to those who experience death. Most commonly, a proper burial that is in accordance with the individual’s time period, culture, and beliefs is given by those close to the deceased. Often ornate monuments are left behind at the time of burial to honor the individual or house their remains, sometimes both. As a consequence, many civilizations throughout history have their own distinctive pieces of art spawned by death in their society. Examination of funerary art from various ancient civilizations tells much about the group it belongs to by providing insight about their culture as well as their traditions and beliefs associated with death. The majority of the monuments that the ancient Egyptians left behind were associated with death. The purpose of these monuments was to ensure safety and happiness in the next life. The construction of the Stepped Pyramid and mortuary precinct of Djoser reflects just that. It is one of the oldest stone structures in Egypt and the first of many grandiose royal tombs to come. The Egyptians believed that one’s ka, a life force accompanying a person from birth, could inhabit the deceased’s corpse and live on forever. The Egyptian...
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...The Ancient Greeks and Romans both began their histories as city-states. While the irregular coastline and the mountainous terrain of the Greek peninsula isolated the various Greek city-states from one another, the city of Rome was located in the geographical middle of a generally north-south plain bordered on the east with mountains and on the west by the sea. Therefore, Rome was exposed to the migrations and invasions of people from the Po River in the north and Sicily in the south. The two primary ethnic and cultural influences upon the Romans were determined to a degree by this geography. That is, the first influence was that of the Etruscans in the north, and the second major influence was that of the Greeks in the south. By the time the city-state of Rome had emerged as a distinct entity out of its Etruscan origins and was prepared to expand its own unique influence, Greek civilization had spread throughout the Mediterranean basin. However, the fierce exclusiveness of the Greek city-states from one another, stemming from their geographical isolation, had determined that Greek colonization of the Mediterranean would be an extension of isolated city-states. The Greek polis did not permit the building of a Greek empire, and the strict barriers to the extension of citizenship prevented any one city-state from becoming dominant. As we have seen from Greek history, the Athenians were on the way to creating an empire through their domination of the Delian League, but this trend...
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...Classical Societies Art Analyzation The Greeks and Romans shared a lot of the same qualities when it came to art. They used some of the same orders when it came to architecture and used sculptures to idolize important figures in their civilizations. The Romans, however, took what was learned from Greek art and improved upon it in ways to show advancement. They added more detail, showed emotion or movement, and used elaborate design in architecture. Each society in the Greek and Roman civilizations had its own unique way of showing their artistic creativity. Classical Greece Classical Greece, also known as The Golden Age, was a time for great achievement. One of the greatest structures known during this time is the Parthenon. This fascinating piece of architecture is considered to be a temple. It uses the classic Doric order of design and is the largest of its kind on the Greek mainland (Benton & DiYanni, 2012). This temple was designed and created as a dedication to the goddess Athena. Her image is inside the temple. Architecture was very important in this culture during this time. According to Athens University of Economics and Business (2010), architects strove for the precision and excellence of workmanship that are the hallmarks of Greek art in general. The Greeks developed the three orders, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, which were used to build many structures during this era and future eras. The Parthenon is a perfect example of classic Greek architecture (Benton...
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...of my friends and family. Leisure activities, dressing style, among other aspects are defined by my culture. My family and friends contribute a lot on my personal culture. The way I dress or present myself is influenced by my friends and family. The feedbacks I get from them are important. Everyone is linked to common moral standards. My culture is a tow way road; I influence the way they act as they do to me. My friends and family control my communication skills. For example, I learn how to use nice language from my parents. My accent during communication is influenced by my culture. My culture helps me to know who I am, and also help me to know who my family and friends. It is not funny to say that my leisure activities are clearly influenced by my culture. My activities are similar to those of people around me. I carry household duties that my culture believes are meant for my gender. I monitor my behaviors in a manner that my personal morals think are right. I love dancing and going for gym because my friends, family and the media believes on physical fitness. It is fanatical how one’s culture influences behavior. I enjoy working hard because my government emphasizes on hard work and capitalism. People behave in a manner that is acceptable by their culture (Swaddling, 2009, p. 63). I believe in...
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...Period Timeline of Roman Period Early History * 1000 BC - Latins begin to settle in Italy. * 753 BC - The city is allegedly founded in this year by Romulus and Remus. * 750 BC - Tarpeia besieges cities, and hands it over to the Sabines * 700 BC - Near Rome, the Etruscan civilization more or less begins. * 659 BC - The enemy city of Alba Longa is destroyed by the Romans. * 616 BC - The first Etruscan king of Rome, Tarquinius Priscus establishes a Forum and a Circus Maximus. * c.600 BC - Cloaca Maxima is probably first built around this year. * 578 BC - Servius Tullius becomes the next Etruscan king of Rome * 565 BC - Servian Walls are built. * 534 BC - King Servius is assassinated. * 510 BC - Temple of Jupiter on the Capitol is completed and consecrated. * 509 BC - Lucius Brutus founds the republic and expels the Etruscans and Tarquin the Proud from Rome. * 508 BC - A Treaty is made between Rome and Carthage. * 507 BC - The famous war against the Etruscans begins, featuring hero Horatio. Republic * 499 BC - A battle against foreign tribes commences, including the construction of the Temple of Castor and Pollux. * 396 BC - The Etruscan city of Veio is defeated by the Romans * 390 BC - Rome is sacked by the Gauls after the Battle of the Allia * 380 BC - The once destroyed Servian Wall is reconstructed. * 312 BC - The Via Appia and Aqua Appia are constructed. * 264 - 241 BC - First Punic War *...
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...The Romans established a form of government, a republic, that was copied by countries for centuries. It all began when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan conquerors in 509 B.C.E. Once free, the Romans established a republic, a government in which citizens elected representatives to rule on their behalf. Every citizen is expected to play an active role in governing the state. The Roman concept of the citizen evolved during the Roman Republic and changed significantly during the later Roman Empire. After the Romans freed themselves from the Etruscans, they established a republic, and all males over 15 who were descended from the original tribes of Rome became citizens. Citizens of Rome distinguished themselves from slaves and other noncitizens by wearing a toga, most of them white. During the Empire, each emperor wore a purple toga to distinguish himself as the princeps, or “first citizen” Citizenship varied greatly. The full citizen could vote, marry freeborn persons, and practice commerce. Some citizens were not allowed to vote or hold public office, but maintained the other rights. A third type of citizen could vote and practice commerce, but could not hold office or marry freeborn women. In the late Republic, male slaves who were granted their freedom could become full citizens. Around 90 B.C.E., non-Roman allies of the Republic gained the rights of citizenship, and by 212 C.E., under the Edict of Caracalla, all free people of the Roman Empire could become citizens. The...
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