...BORICP07.doc - 1 Chapter 7 Motivation and Classroom Learning This chapter will help you answer the following questions about your learners: • How can I help my learners interpret their classroom setbacks in ways that elicit renewed effort? • What are some things teachers say to learners that can lower their motivation to succeed? • How can learning strategies improve my students’ motivation to learn? • How can I convey to my students the motivation to say “Yes, I can do what my teacher expects”? • How can I enhance my learners’ determination to learn what I teach? • How can I use project-based learning to motivate my learners? In this chapter you will also learn the meanings of these terms: antecedents attribution theory causal schemata deficiency/growth needs theory BORICP07.doc - 2 drive theory instinct theory intrinsic motivation locus of causality project-based learning self-determination theory self-efficacy theory situational cues Behavioral and cognitive psychologists agree that motivation is essential for learning. Yet how to motivate learners in the classroom continues to be one of the most puzzling problems confronting the teacher. Let’s look in on Professor Thomas’s learning seminar as his students discuss the topic of motivation. Betty: Well, it seems to me that motivation is becoming the scapegoat for all learning failures. That’s all I hear at school ... “These kids just aren’t motivated” or “This kid just hasn’t any motivation.” And all the other...
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...2 This chapter describes a four-lens model for understanding adult learning theories and provides adult educators and administrators with a useful conceptual framework for working with adult learners in adult degree programs. Adult Learning Theory and the Pursuit of Adult Degrees Richard Kiely, Lorilee R. Sandmann, Janet Truluck Diane Johnson, after home-schooling her three children, knew she needed an official credential to continue to work in the field of elementary education. Facing mandatory retirement from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, William Branson enrolled in a master’s program in counseling to assist incarcerated juveniles that he had been dealing with for years. Amy Garcia, a mother of two small children, seeks an online, cohort-based program to provide her the skills and abilities needed to advance her career while meeting family and work demands. Diane, William, and Amy reflect several of the groups that make up the growing number of adults pursuing formal degree programs. The strongest growth in educational participation in the past two to three decades has been in part-time enrollments of students over age twenty-five, in particular, women (University Continuing Education Association, 2002). The population of those over sixty years old in the United States is expected to grow from 45 million in 2000 to more than 91 million in 2030; many are participating in adult degree programs (University Continuing Education Association, 2002). The National Center...
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...April 25, 2013 INFT 101- D92 LUO Summary Adult learning Theory is some times referred to as Andragogy. This theory is based on characteristics on how adults learn. The three steps related to adult learning are experience, critical reflection and development. Research conducted on adult learning theory helps to understand how adults learn better and activities can be developed to enhance their learning skills. Adult learning theory is a self-directed learning based on the assumption that education should focus on the development of the adult learner (Merriam, 2008). It enables the adult learner to become more in control and free. Today’s Army is composed of Soldiers who have chosen to serve voluntary to achieve various goals in life (Wilson & Smith, 2012). Soldiers may pursue education to get promoted to the next rank or to be able to get a job when they transition to Civilian life (Wilson & Smith, 2012). Recent studies conducted show the unemployment rate among veterans higher than non-veteran unemployment rates. Many Soldiers transition out with no intention to go to college although that was their intention when they joined the Military. Academic counselor have resolved that adult learning theory as a part of life mission is important in advising Soldiers make career based decisions (Wilson & Smith, 2012). Advisors use developmental academic advising, intrusive academic advising and prescriptive academic advising when they have...
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...Learning theory may sound like an esoteric idea, but understanding how people learn has many practical implications for both formal and informal workplace learning because it can provide best practices for teaching on the job as a trainer or a manager. Here’s an overview of the most popular behavioral learning theories. Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement Theory suggests that behavior is controlled by its consequences and therefore individuals are motivated to perform or avoid behaviors because of past outcomes of those behaviors. Reinforcement comes in several forms: Positive reinforcement involves positively rewarding desirable behaviors. Negative reinforcement means removing an unpleasant outcome to promote desirable behaviors. Extinction involves withdrawing positive or negative reinforcers to eliminate a behavior. Punishment involves decreasing a behavior by presenting an unpleasant outcome after the behavior. Workplace learning implications: The trainer must have a general understanding of which outcomes a learner finds positive or negative and strategically connect those outcomes to the course content, as appropriate. Social Learning Theory Social Learning Theory suggests that people learn by observing other people and attempting to copy their behaviors. Social learning is influenced by self-efficacy, which is an individual’s belief that he/she can successfully learn knowledge and skills. This means that the learner may not be able to adopt the behaviors...
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...Adult learning theory is fully discussed and explained in the articles; “Adult Learning Theory: Applications to Non-Traditional College Students “(Kenner, Weinerman) and “Adult learning styles and on-line educational preference” (McGlone). The articles describe multiple aspects of how an adult learns compared to a child and what life experiences adults bring into their educational environment. Adult learning theory is based on the way to adult learners comprehend and learn as they are older adults and not children. This theory also studies how adults learn when studying online. Newer adult learners bring learning styles and life experiences that provide a more critical foundation. Online learning is now the new basis for adult learners. To understand how adult learning theory works, the teacher must first understand andragogy, which is an advanced field of psychology in which the age of the learner, is studied. An andragogy study is a process-focused approach and was not studied until the 1960s and 1970s. Before that, only pedagogy was studied, which is the way that children learn. Children and adults learn completely different. In recent research, it is shown that adults learn best with a self-paced learning environment, which means instruction from the teacher and all of the guidance done solely by the students. Most adult learners are more eager than traditional students to learn since this is normally their second chance at a good education. Most adult learners are more eager...
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...Learning theories has been a subject of great interest in psychology ,this makes it fundamental to teaching and learning.The essay will assess contributions of educational psychology with reference to learning theories in teaching and learning .Key terms will be discussed in the next paragraph .The conclusion shall synthesize learning theories and the contribution of educational psychology and their educational implications . https://en.m.wikipedia.org / learning theories are conceptual frameworks describing how information is absorbed, processed and retained during learning .That is learning theories helps to predict and explain relationship between learning conditions and the learning outcomes. Zindi,Peresuh and Mpofu,(1997) says “educational psychology is knowledge gained from psychology and applied to activities of the classroom.” Santrock (2011) deals with human behavior and its application in education .According to the above two definitions educational psychology refers to the provision to the teachers with theories which help them to be flexible and adaptable to different situations which can happen in the teaching and learning at primary and secondary level. Educational psychology contributes a lot in the teaching and learning. It helps the teacher in selecting materials suitable for learners and suitable teaching methodologies. When the teacher is well versed with theories, he or she find how to explain, describe and control behavior. In the classroom, when the teacher...
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... | |Unit review date |Sept. 2011 | Purpose and aim of unit This unit provides an introduction to the purpose and processes of performance and reward management and the role of human resources (HR) in promoting and supporting good practice. Studying this unit will enable learners to develop their understanding of how motivational theories and associated tools can be used within the context of performance and reward management and how these can have a positive impact on an organisation’s business objectives. It also provides an overview of appropriate skills and good practice associated with performance management reviews and follow-up and the data management aspects. Additionally learners will understand the role of financial and non-financial benefits and important determinants of reward decisions. On completion, learners should feel more confident in providing first-line support to managers and employees on the subject of performance and reward management. This unit is suitable for persons who: • are aspiring to, or embarking on, a career in HR/L&D • are working in the field of HR/L&D in a support role and wish to develop their knowledge and skills • have responsibility for HR/L&D activities and...
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...Running Head: MOTIVATING THE CORPORATE ONLINE LEARNER Motivating the Corporate Online Learner Tracy L. Lendi Capella University ED 7210: The Delivery of Distance Education Dr. Molly Lane June 15, 2005 Abstract Corporations have changed drastically over the years. In the past, employees remained at companies for the duration of their working life until retirement. Those days are gone and employees are now, more than ever unsatisfied with their job causing a significant decrease in motivation. Employees are faced with expanded job descriptions coupled with constant company reorganization causing them to question where they fit in. The most well structured online learning initiative could fail if deployed in this type of environment due to the reduced motivational level of the corporate employee. Index Motivating the Corporate Online Learner 4 The Positive Work Environment 7 Accelerated Learning Theories 9 The Adult Learning Theory 11 Motivational Theories 12 Online Learning and the Barriers 14 Motivating the Corporate Adult Online Learner 17 References 24 Motivating the Corporate Online Learner Determining the root cause of why online learning initiatives fail may require a closer look into the environment inside today’s corporate America opposed to an examination of the course content and construction alone. Corporate America today is very different from the one that existed fifty years ago. In...
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...Traditional Learning Theories Strayer University Understanding the learning process has been a goal of philosophers for centuries. With the investigating of learning through scientific processes inroads began to be made in understanding how learning occurs. The three traditional learning theories that are going to be discussed in this paper include behavioral, cognitive, and constructivism. The paper will also examine the various teaching methods for each strategy. Best described “learning is a process that brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one’s knowledge, skills, values, and worldviews”, (Merriam, 2007, p. 277). Each theory discussed aims to give an explanation of how the learning process occurs. The behaviorist theory was developed in the early twentieth century (Merriam, 2007). Behaviorism has had many contributions from various individuals. There are three core premises that behaviorist believe to be true. These include: a focus on external measurable behavior, and that learning occurs through a change in behavior (Merriam, 2007). Next, what the learner is able to learn is based on their environment, not the learner themselves. Finally, learning is based on contiguity and reinforcement (Merriam, 2007). The behaviorist theory as it applies to education is concerned with the observable behavior a of the learner (Merriam, 2007). There...
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...ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 682-684, September 2010 © 2010 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/jltr.1.5.682-684 Interlanguage Pragmatics Theory and Its Implications for Foreign Language Qian Huang Foreign Language Teaching Department, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China Email:qqh@dzu.edu.cn Abstract—The major purpose of college English teaching is to cultivate and develop student’s pragmatic competence. Interlanguage pragmatics is a new interdisciplinary branch of study based on the theories of pragmatics and second language acquisition which has direct guide significance for foreign language teaching. This paper firstly introduces the theoretical models of the two theories and then focuses on the implications for foreign language teaching. Index Terms— interlanguage pragmatics, pragmatics theory, SLA theory, implications I. INTRODUCTION In 1969, the psychological linguists Selinker in his paper "Language Transfer" pointed out that when people in different countries and regions have communicate in second Language, language often appears with some native Language and relevant, and with this two kinds of pragmatic styles of Interlanguage totally different, this is "the Interlanguage" (Interlanguage). In Selinker view, the former study of interlanguage study was just the grammar system study. Therefore, the study of interlanguage was only limited from speech phonemes, lexical, syntactic to semantic etc...
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...Summary Adult Learning Theories are organized on the comprehension of adults. Certain obstacles grown-ups may endure could hinder their learning process. Preceptors use adult learning theories to format the learning process of their students. Every student has different circumstances and life experiences that can affect their ability to learn. Adult learning theories are intended to give scholars a perception on how adults learn. The article “Adult Learning Theory: Applications to Non-Traditional College Students” focuses on how to teach and comprehend the adult learner, showing them ways that they can contribute to the learning environment, to enhance their knowledge adults are perpetually learning recent data. Knowles describes four principles in Andragogy that portrays the grown-up learner. 1. They resist having information bestowed upon them; they are self-directed and take responsibility for their actions. 2. They have an abundant amount of experience that serves as a vital part of the foundation in their individualism. 3. They’re eager to learn and will usually engage actively in the learning environment. 4. They are motivated to perform task. “Adult students returning to college attend for a specific goal and the primary component of their motivational drive tends to be internal.” (Knowles, 1984) Adults have a desire for learning and it’s crucial that instructors clasp the different approaches of learning. When approaching new learning material do so strategically...
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...context (e.g. ward, handover etc. ) Sitting : outpatient clinical physiology clinic. King Khaled university hospital. Riyadh .Saudi Arabia. Level of learner: internship doctors Number of learners: 2 Number of medical staff in the clinic: 1 consultant, 1 nurse, 2 internship doctors. Procedure to be performed: upper limb nerve conduction study (NCS). A non-invasive procedures Time scheduled for each patient: 45 minutes Total number of patient: 5. Clinic time: Wednesday morning 8 am -12pm Duration of placement: 1 month Learning situation (max 500 words) Purpose: At the end of the clinical session, the learner should be able to: 1- Perform a focused patient-centered history and focused physical examination for diverse patient referred to the clinical neurophysiology clinic 2- Perform upper limb nerve conduction studies in patients referred to clinical neurophysiology clinic. 3- Perform analysis ,interpret and report findings of nerve conduction study. 4- Demonstrate...
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...There is no single explanation or all-encompassing theory that explains how adults learn. The adult learning process is complex, context bound, and highly personal. As a result, there is no single theory of learning that can be applied to all adults. Instead, the literature of the past century has yielded a variety of models, sets of assumptions and principles, theories, and explanations that make up the adult learning knowledge base. The more adult educators are familiar with this knowledge base, the more effective their practice can be, and the more responsive it can be to the needs of adult learners. This fact sheet reviews three major theories and discusses their implications for practice. What is Andragogy? In attempting to document differences between the ways adults and children learn, Malcolm Knowles (1980) popularized the concept of andragogy (“the art and science of helping adults learn”), contrasting it with pedagogy (“the art and science of teaching children”). He posited a set of assumptions about adult learners, namely, that the adult learner • Moves from dependency to increasing self-directedness as he/she matures and can direct his/her own learning; • Draws on his/her accumulated reservoir of life experiences to aid learning; • Is ready to learn when he/she assumes new social or life roles; • Is problem-centered and wants to apply new learning immediately; and • Is motivated to learn from internal, rather than external, factors. Inherent in these assumptions are...
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...Impact of the lesson The key elements that will impact the implementation of the lesson are the following are who, what, where, and why. Who? The lesson will cater to the instructors at FSS and the needs that were assessed and evaluated by the Director. What? The lesson is composed of different segments that the instructors will become familiar with and in due course become subject matter experts. The lesson will cover 1. Creating pre and post assessments utilizing Survey Monkey 2. Analyzing and tracking assessment results using an excel spreadsheet 3. Skills on how to manage a classroom Where? The lesson will be held in the classrooms at FSS. All courses will take a two week break to ensure that all instructors are available to attend the training. Why? The director of FSS determined that there was a need for training through various assessments and evaluations of the instructors when they are teaching. These elements are imperative to the context of which learning will take place. It is important to be able to assess the needs of the audience before delivering the training to the intended audience. The purpose of the training is to ensure that the instructors understand and are able to proper perform their job functions. The potential impact that this lesson will have on the instructors at FSS is they will be charged with becoming more self-sufficient at the tasks and with the second training they will be able to attend the training with more experience...
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...significantly influenced by principles and techniques drawn from the psychology of learning. The social learning theory by the theorist Bandura Albert recognises the fundamental importance of one’s ability to symbolise, imagine, irritate, ferret out cause and affect relationships and to anticipate of outcomes of one’s behaviour, it is as much cognitive as behaviourist and this should be considered by teachers to anticipate learning outcomes from the existing surrounding linked to human or pupils’ mind. Zindi, Peresuh and Mpofu (1992:29) defines learning as generally “a relatively, permanent change in behaviour that results from and individual’s interaction with the environment”. Mwamwenda (2002:203) expresses social learning is also referred to as, “observational/model or imitation learning”. Zindi et al (1972) elaborates a learning theory as a set of interrelated principles that present a systematic view of learning based on empirical relation among variables. Collectively a social learning theory explains how a learner change behaviour through observing and imitating models in which one socially interacts with, as retrieved from (wwww.thefreedictionary.com), a tenet refers to opinions, doctrines or principles held as being true by a person or organisation. Bandura elaborates in his theory that pupils learn by observing models which are participants. The learner draws his or her attention to the acts of the models. Lefrahcoise (1994) explains that such modelling can be inspired...
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