...The Métis are an Aboriginal group of people comprised of descendants from First Nation women and European men. In the earliest days of European settlements, it was encouraged in French colonizing policy to marry First Nation people, to better the relationship among Natives. This was during the height of the fur trade in the eightieth and ninetieth century. They are one of three recognized Aboriginal peoples of Canada. They make up 32.3% of the total Aboriginal population and 1.4% of Canada. The word Métis means mixed in French and comes from the Latin verb miscēre, “to mix”, which was originally a word used for the children. Over the years, the word Métis has developed its own cultural identity referring to people within the community. Most Métis identify spiritually with being Catholic, instead of Protestant like the rest of Canada. The difference between other First Nation groups is that there is no legal definition on who qualifies as being Métis . The Métis people originated mostly from Western Canada, but started spreading out from the Red River Settlement. The Red River Settlement...
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...the Red River Rebellion was sparked by the Hudson Bay Company selling Rupert’s Land to the new Dominion of Canada without consulting with the inhabitants nor paying any regard to their interests.The colonists of the Red River Settlement, many of whom were Metis, feared for their culture and land rights under the dominion’s control. In order to ascertain that their rights would be protected, the Metis set up a provisional government under the leadership of Louis Riel to negotiate an agreement with the new Dominion of Canada that the Red River Settlement and the lands surrounding it, could enter Confederation as the province of Manitoba under their own terms. During the 1850s, the population of Canada West was rapidly rising, this meant that the majority of the suitable land for agriculture had already been farmed and settled. Thus, more and more people were moving West seeking for new areas to occupy and clear.The Red River Valley was a very appealing prospect to them because of its fertile soil and small population. However, the majority of the migrating population in the Red River were Protestants and members of the Orange Order, this fact alone had caused tension to rise within the colony. The Orange Order was a Protestant movement that was vehemently anti-French and anti-Catholic. The Metis was discriminated by the members of the Order, not only because the Metis both spoke...
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...1. Was Louis Riel and the Metis justified in using violence? PRO Louis Riel and Metis were justified in using violence. There is a similar circumstance with Riel’s rebellion; Gandhi’s nonviolence resistance. Gandhi’s nonviolence resistance was successful, but it brought a great loss. Since India has a large population, they could keep their tradition and had a less apprehension about losing their culture during the great repression. However, Metis is a minority race. They have the risk of losing their identity and traditions if they had done the same thing which Gandhi and his people did. Also, Wilfrid Laurier said,* “If (I) had been on the banks of the Saskatchewan when the rebellion broke out, (I) would have take up my arms (myself) against the government … Riel’s execution was a judicial...
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...each First Nation has historically functioned as a distinct society, there is no one official overarching Indigenous definition of what these rights are. Although these specific rights may vary between Aboriginal groups, in general they include rights to the land, rights to subsistence resources and activities, the right to self-determination and self-government, and the right to practice one’s own culture and customs including language and religion. Aboriginal rights have not been granted from external sources but are a result of Aboriginal peoples’ own occupation of their home territories as well as their ongoing social structures and political and legal systems. As such, Aboriginal rights are separate from rights afforded to non-Aboriginal Canadian citizens under Canadian common law. European Settlement and Aboriginal struggles Aboriginal people have a long and proud history that includes rich cultural and spiritual traditions. Many of these traditions, however, were altered or even taken away upon the arrival of European settlers. The forced introduction of European culture and values to Aboriginal societies, the dispossession of Aboriginal lands, and the imposition of alien modes of governance began a cycle of social, physical and spiritual destruction. You can see the effects of this today. Some effects include poverty, poor health, and substance abuse. Underlying these problems is a loss of identity and a learned helplessness from having their values oppressed and their...
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...Chapter One Canadian Constitution * THE MOST IMPORTANT DOCUMENT IN CANADA!!!!!!!!!!! * Has the roles of ALL levels of the government and describes how they work together * Governor General * Executive * Legislative * Judicial * Also has things like ooooh, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms British Monarch * The governor general is the Queen’s representative here in Canada * They are the formal head of state * So no real power… * Considered part of the executive and legislative branch The Executive Branch * Prime Minister and the Cabinet are part of the executive * To become PM, you have to lead a political party and win the most seats in the HofC * The cabinet is chosen by the PM and they come from his political party * Makes most laws and goes through the process to enact them * Basically runs the government through the days * Cabinet ministers are given portfolios that they are responsible for * They research issues and help to propose laws from their portfolio * Ex. Agriculture, justice, foreign affairs are types of portfolios * Each cabinet runs their own affairs which is the day to day activity of the government. * Each cabinet minister has their own staff to help them Political Parties * Whoever has the most seats leads the government * Candidates run for election, party with most votes form government * Are considered organizations...
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...Collective rights are an important part of the Constitution of Canada. Six groups in Canada have collective rights, which includes, Aboriginal peoples, First Nations, Métis, Inuit peoples and Francophones and Anglophones. Francophone and Anglophones have benefited the most from the collective rights in Canada. How do we know that Francophones and Anglophones have benefited the most from collective rights? We can compare how Francophones and Anglophones got their rights, what rights they have and how secure their rights are compared to the other groups in Canada who have collective rights. How did the Francophones and Anglophones get their rights? It all started in 1608 when Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec; one hundred and...
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...Beatrice Culleton reveals the difficulties and challenges faced by the Metis people in Canada in the middle of 20th century. “Live powerfully or succumb to victimhood”. For this edited volume, could divided into three sections, the author described a processing of life story of two Métis sisters were growing up in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and their different childhood, maturity and destiny. This volume critically examines the institutional racism related to how racism is internalized and how it circulates. At the beginning of the story, the first part comes from chapter one to chapter seven. Culleton’s semiautobiographical account gives an obvious issue of the common phenomenon. As the narrator, April described the early childhood memories about her life and family; moreover, she mentioned the prejudice and discrimination which shows the diverse experiences and environment in their foster families for her and her little sister. April’s experiences with the DeRosier family provided the racism do exist in a great extent, and even worse, they were defenseless and have few human rights. There are two quite upset stories about April in bullied. One is April’s social worker who supposes to protect her from discrimination give her attitude to April. Another is Mrs Semple on overt racism and unfair treatment to April in school with systemic racism. She learned how to survive in this unfair situation as a Metis and desperate looking forward to have a normal white Canadian’s life. April’s...
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...Misconception and Reality of Canada’s Aboriginal Peoples Gloria Yu Misconception: The terms "Aboriginal" and "Native" are used to define one homogenous group of people in Canada. "Indigenous”, "Native", and "Aboriginal" are used as broad terms to collectively describe three different cultural groups known as "First Nations", the "Metis", and the "Inuit". These three groups all have their own unique culture, historical background, and political goals. The group known as “First Nations” has 633 bands, representing 52 cultural groups or nations and over 50 languages. Most individuals prefer to be called by the specific nation they belong in because each has its own traditional political structure, history, and spirituality. “Aboriginal” is a term used to describe individuals or...
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...Canadian identity refers to the unique culture, characteristics and condition of being Canadian, as well as the many symbols and expressions that set Canada and Canadians apart from other peoples and cultures of the world. Primary influences on the Canadian identity trace back to the arrival, beginning in the early seventeenth century, of French settlers to Acadia and the St. Lawrence River Valley, English settlers to Newfoundland, the British conquest of New France in 1759, and the ensuing dominance of French and British culture in the gradual development of both an imperial and a national identity. Throughout the 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, First Nations played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada, from their role in assisting exploration of the continent, the fur trade and inter-European power struggles to the creation of the Métis people. Carrying through the 20th century and to the present day, Canadian aboriginal art and culture continues to exert a marked influence on Canadian identity. The question of Canadian identity was traditionally dominated by three fundamental themes: first, the often conflicted relations between English Canadians and French Canadians stemming from the French Canadian imperative for cultural and linguistic survival; secondly, the generally close ties between English Canadians and the British Empire, resulting in a gradual political process towards complete independence from the imperial power, and, finally...
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...Treaties Name: Institution Introduction The term first nations people is used to define the indigenous people of Canada with the exclusion of Inuit and Métis tribes. They were the famous land keepers (Treaty Essential Learning’s, 2008). Aboriginal people also denote these groups, even though they encompass a broader perspective. The population of the Aboriginal comprises several communities, among them the Métis, the Inuit and the First Nations. The First Nations are the most populous, numbering about 958 000, followed by Métis and Inuit’s who number at 266 000 and 52 000 respectively (Cairns, 2011). Since the times of European colonization, the relationship between the Aborigines and the colonists has been a shaky one. The only way to promote the peaceful co-existence of the established nations and bands the European settlers within the boundary of Canada was to enter into conventional agreements. Hence, Beginning 1701, the British Crown engaged in a series of treaties to promote a peaceful coexistence between the First Nations and non-first nation’s people.the decision to get into such treaties was reached after the numerous Aborigines nations initially waged a series of attacks on the few settlers in the region (Miller, 2000). The argument behind the treaties was that the government would use the Aborigines land in exchange for food materials and other exclusives. The signing of...
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...- Chapter 5 is reading for next week - Test will be on Oct.1 Public Sector Sport in Canada Government of Canada Departments Agencies Crown Corporations Organizations Department of Canadian Heritage * Key Actor: Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper * From Calgary, used to be a pm in Calgary, 94-97 * Most prominent leadership position * Responsible (with cabinet ministers) for matter of national governance * In trouble because he appointed Mike Duffy. * The Honorable Shelly Glover * Minister of Canadian Heritage & Official Languages * Career before was a police officer, Metis. * First people women MP in Canadian history * Minister of State (Sport) Bal Gosal * The face, leader of sport in the nation * Oversees: * 1. Policies and Legislation * 2. Sport Program * 3. Sport Organizations * 4. Sport Events and Major Games * Previous to being elected was involved in insurance. * What is Policy * …are broad guidelines or procedures an organization follows as its moves towards it goals and objectives (Hums & Maclean, 2013, p.51) * A plan or a course of action, generated by a government, political party, or business intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, and other matters. Canada’s Sport Policy (Sport Canada), 2002-2012. CSP Draft 2.0 (2012 onward) * DO NOT CALL IT CANADAS SPORT POLICY, MUST BE CALLED THE CANADIAN SPORT POLICY * Emerge from the organization’s...
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...Canada has created a huge reputation and has left a large imprint on the minds of others even though it has only been a short time for Canada’s existence. Canadian Identity can be analyzed in two different ways. One way of analyzing Canadian identity is to study our image that we project into the world. Identity can also be analyzed by studying how other locations see Canada as a country. Canada has been recognized by most places around the world as a peacekeeping and multiculturist nation. To Canadians, the world revolves around Canada and its peaceful endeavours. Canadian identity directly refers to unique culture, conditions and characteristics of being a Canadian, as well as many other different symbols and expressions that set Canadian...
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...Aboriginal Spirituality ORIGINS Key Terms Aboriginal: Of native ancestry, inhabiting or existing in a land from the earliest times and before colonists. Animism: The attribution of a living soul to plants, animals, inanimate objects and natural phenomena. Elder: A person (male or female) venerated for age and wisdom. Faith keeper: Member of a nation selected to maintain the traditional ceremonies and rituals. First Nations: An aboriginal band, or a community functioning as a band, but not having band status. Does NOT include Inuit or Métis. Genesis: The origin, the beginnings, the formation of something. Indigenous: Originating naturally in a region, belonging naturally to an environment (of people) born in a region. longhouse: Iroquois home, cigar-shaped, about fifty metres long and ten metres wide, a dwelling shared by several families. Longhouse: The religion of the Iroquois. Monotheism: The belief in one God. Polytheism: The belief in or worship of more than one God. Oracy: The ability to express oneself fluently in speech and to understand a spoken language. Powwow: A gathering of Aboriginal people with ritual dances, drumming and chanting. Reincarnation: The belief in the rebirth of a soul in a new body or form Sachems: The supreme chief of a clan. Shaman: Medicine man or spiritual leader. Smudging ceremony: A purification ritual that includes the burning of sweet grass and drawing smoke ritually over body. Tipi: Cone shaped tent and dwelling found in...
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...Sharon Qian GGR202 14 March 2013 Faultline between English and French For many years, hostility has existed between the two largest ethnic denominations in Canada, the French and the English. To understand the cause of this continuing bitter saga, one must take a journey back in time. Throughout the Canadian history, the issue of separation of the nation between two big dominate groups have never been suppressed due the deprive of sovereignty. As the British successfully defeat the French and took control of the New France, there was still a continual threat of separation from the French, which naturally developed the fault line between English and French. There were many occasions where French and English Canadians clashed. Though the British adopted different acts and laws to grant the fairness between two cultures include founding factors such as religion, language and values, the crack between the two groups were still there. In recent crisis, the conflict of “sovereign’s independence” even sharpen after the newly elected Quebec Premier, Pauline Marios taking the office. On March 7,2013 the National Post published an article stating the Quebec Premier Pauline Maoris and Education Minister Marie Malabo has ordered an outside research body, the Cole national d’administration publique, to “define the problems” raised by intensive English instruction and examine its impact on students’ success in other subjects (“Quebec puts brakes...
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...Course Code: HIST 200 Instructor: Dr. Jim Wood Student # 1011080 Date: March 25, 2012 “Women in Between”: Indian Women in Fur Trade Society in Western Canada”, written by Sylvia Van Kirk assesses the lives of Indian women in the fur trade. The article expresses both the positive and negative aspects of being an Indian woman in the fur trade as well as their motives for marrying European fur traders. The article contributes to our understanding of the fur trade society by focusing on the motives and actions of Indian women in the fur trade which furthers our knowledge of Canadian history prior to confederation. Sylvia Van Kirk used a vast selection of sources when writing the article on the Women in Between. The article references other similar writings of Indian history using various articles, books, journals and bibliographies to gather information and data. This article is referenced in other similar writings as she as well has drawn some excellent conclusions from her own research. Since much of the documented history of Indian women is written by men observing the situation and circumstances it is difficult to determine how viable the sources are. It seems that some of the sources contradict whether the situations of these women were positive or negative or whether they had anything to gain. Some sources explain that many of these women willingly looked for these alliances as their ability to gain higher status in society was superior. Other sources...
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