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The Marketing Strategy of Msc Cruise Company

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Submitted By kiwilee915
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近三十年,世界邮轮迅速发展,成为全球观光和旅游度假的重要组成部分,并成为21世纪最具发展潜力的现代服务产业门类。邮轮旅游起源于欧美地区,并以加勒比海和地中海为主要旅游发展区域。
在欧洲市场上,歌诗达邮轮和地中海邮轮是最重要的两大邮轮公司,占据了大部分的市场份额。作为地中海风格的领军人物,地中海邮轮公司凭借其独特的经营决策和经营战略,在成立后的短短的二十多年迅速成为邮轮业的佼佼者。
因此公司的经营决策和经营战略起着至关重要的作用,决定了公司的发展方向和目标。本文就着重针对MSC地中海邮轮公司的经营决策和经营战略进行分析,通过具体的数据和实例来了解MSC地中海邮轮的经营策略,战略方案以及战略制定与实施等问题。

关键字:邮轮 MSC邮轮公司 经营决策 经营战略

正文:
一、MSC地中海邮轮公司发展概况
MSC公司是Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC)的简称。公司的创始人是有丰富航海经验的Gianluigi Aponte 船长,公司成立于1988年并于同年进军邮轮产业。
地中海邮轮(MSC Cruise)是一个充满热情, 年轻, 灵活的公司,总部位于意大利那不勒斯,并在意大利其他主要城市如米兰、威尼斯、热那亚、罗马、巴勒莫、巴里,,亚洲区如日本、香港以及全球36个国家开设办事处。极具竞争力的现代化邮轮为旅客提供多种路线及产品选择,并可享受高水平的最具意大利特色的热情服务,被公认为最主要的意大利邮轮公司。MSC地中海邮轮为旅客提供最佳的意大利风格邮轮假期,推出的产品于现代国际标准设施及别树一帜的特色中得到更多支持。
经过几年难以置信的发展,地中海邮轮已经成为了在地中海、南非和巴西市场的领导者。拥有12艘邮轮组成的世界最现代化邮轮船队,年运送游客达到130万人次。
地中海邮轮在地中海区域全年都有邮轮航行。同时,提供世界范围内的季节性邮轮航程供游客选择,包括北欧、大西洋、加勒比海、北美洲、南美洲、南非、阿联酋。公司为意大利家族企业,在世界45个国家共有12000名雇员。

二、MSC地中海邮轮公司经营决策与经营目标

2.1经营决策的概念
决策是指为实行预定目标或解决某一问题,根据对内外部环境的分析,从多种可选择的方案中选择出一个比较经济合理的方案过程。在现代经营学中,人们对经营决策的含义有多种不同的理解。广义的决策论,是把经营决策理解为一个动态过程。狭义的决策论,是把经营决策仅仅理解为行动方案的最后选择,因而将决策简单的理解为选择,把提出问题、确定目标、拟定与设计方案等阶段均视为决策之外的单独阶段。

2.2MSC地中海邮轮公司的经营现状与经营模式
地中海邮轮顾名思义以最纯正的地中海风格著称,这些都反映在低调奢华的设计和热情好客的传统上。地中海邮轮在地中海、南非和巴西邮轮市场保持领导者地位,同时地中海邮轮提供世界范围内的季节性航线。地中海邮轮为意大利家族企业,截至目前在全球41个国家拥有12000名雇员。同时,地中海拥有12艘邮轮组成的世界最现代化的邮轮船队,运送游客突破140万人次,预计在2013年将超过150万。地中海邮轮自2003年开始,为世人呈现了一个打造世界最现代化船队的雄心计划,这个计划的造船总投资已经超过55亿欧元。地中海邮轮十分重视健康、环保、和社会责任、被授予“清洁邮轮2级”奖项,奖励公司在空气、水和污染物处理方面的成就。在社会贡献方面,地中海邮轮已经与联合国儿童基金会合作,启动了一项助学计划,帮助巴西贫困儿童重返校园。地中海邮轮2010年营业收入达到约14亿美元。

2.3MSC地中海邮轮公司的经营目标
作为市场定位较高的地中海邮轮,打造世界最年轻的的船队,以一贯独特的地中海风格和高度的环保和社会责任热情待客。
地中海邮轮与歌诗达邮轮都是具有意大利风格并在欧洲区域占有重要地位的两个邮轮公司,与歌诗达不同的是,地中海邮轮给出了一个具有影响力的承诺,即不仅要打造年轻的船队,还要扩大其客运人口,正因为如此,它的邮轮和航线的设计都是独一无二的。而歌诗达在被嘉年华公司收购之后,其邮轮船队很大程度上都受到了嘉年华的氛围影响,丧失了原有的显著特点。

三、MSC地中海邮轮公司的经营战略与实施

3.1经营战略的概念
经营战略是在符合和保证实现企业使命的条件下,在充分利用环境中存在的各种机会和创造新机会的基础上,确定企业同环境的关系,规定企业从事的事业范围、成长方向和竞争对策,合理地调整企业结构和分配企业的全部资源。从其制定要求看,经营战略就是用机会和威胁评价现在和未来的环境,用优势和劣势评价企业现状,进而选择和确定企业的总体、长远目标,制定和抉择实现目标的行动方案。

3.2地中海邮轮的经营战略
根据之前分析的其经营现状与经营决策可知,地中海邮轮目前采取水平一体化的发展战略,即投入大量资源,扩大产销规模,提高竞争地位,提高现有产品的市场占有率或用新产品开辟新市场,并将其市场从主打的地中海区域扩展到中国等亚洲区域,这是一种进攻型的态势。其经营战略我们可由以下几方面具体的战略实施方案得出结论:
1.提高经营效率,扩大市场份额。
如表1所示,是5家邮轮企业的经营效率评价结果

表1 邮轮企业经营效率计算结果
企业名称 技术效率
TE 纯技术效率
PE 规模效率
SE 规模报酬 排序
嘉年华邮轮 0.575 1.000 0.575 递增 4
皇家加勒比 0.394 0.404 0.974 递增 5
丽星邮轮 1.000 1.000 1.000 不变 1
地中海邮轮 0.897 1.000 0.897 递增 3
歌诗达邮轮 1.000 1.000 1.000 不变 1
平均值 0.773 0.881 0.889
注:TE PE SE 值越接近1,邮轮企业经营效率越高。

由上表可看出丽星邮轮和歌诗达邮轮的DEA有效,能够同时实现技术和规模效率。嘉年华邮轮和地中海邮轮能实现纯技术效率,但由于不能实现规模效率导致DEA无效。皇家加勒比既不能实现规模效率也不能实现技术效率,导致DEA无效。因此,目前邮轮市场上规模效率无效是影响邮轮企业效率提高的重要因素之一。但是,处于规模效率无效的企业目前都处于规模递增状态,因此,适当调整经营规模,从而实现规模效率。
地中海邮轮目前为了提高经营效率,不断扩大市场,不仅涉足北欧、南非、红海、以及南美地区,在亚洲的战略版图更是日趋清晰。根据地中海邮轮公司亚洲战略部署,同时也为了能使地中海邮轮产品在华南这一重要的中国区域中心得到更好的宣传和推广。地中海邮轮日内瓦总部作出了以下决定:原先由香港办事处监管的华南市场(广东、广西、福建、海南)自2011年1月起现由地中海邮轮旅行社(上海)有限公司(以下简称“地中海邮轮旅行社”)正式接管,地中海邮轮旅行社将全权负责华南市场的销售、市场和其他业务的开展。地中海邮轮旅行社为地中海邮轮公司(MSC CROCIERE S.A.)与上海国际港务集团股份有限公司共同出资成立的合资公司,是中国第一家外资邮轮旅行社,也是地中海邮轮公司全线产品在中国地区的总代理,更是地中海邮轮全球唯一一家合资公司。
地中海邮轮在2007年进入中国后,始终非常重视亚洲新兴市场特别是在中国市场的业务发展。特别是在2009年合资公司成立后,地中海邮轮更是推出了一系列针对中国顾客的人文关怀措施,包括欧洲航线的船上中文服务、免费热水供应、中文菜单等内容。在2011年春节航次中,公司更为150多名登上“辉煌号”的华人举办了精彩的迎新活动,整艘邮轮的布置也处处充满了喜庆祥和的中国元素。

2.不断提高自身实力,建立年轻船队优势。
表2 截止2012年5月全球5大邮轮公司市场份额
公司 船队/艘 载重吨/吨 总吨/吨 吨位份额/% 平均船龄
嘉年华* 86 642380 6529155 38.71 11.81
皇家加勒比 40 354494 3877622 22.99 13.02
云顶香港 18 121366 1292508 7.66 12.89
歌诗达 15 122219 1251232 7.42 11.27
地中海 11 97639 919043 5.45 8.36
其他 191 412893 2997496 17.77 26.93
总计 361 1750991 16867056 100 19.89
注:*不包括歌诗达数据
数据来源:克拉克松数据库整理而成。

表3 2012年至2016年全新建造邮轮数量
数量/艘
公司 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
嘉年华* 2 2 1 2 1
皇家加勒比 1 0 1 1 0
丽星 0 1 1 0 0
地中海 2 0 0 0 0
歌诗达 1 0 1 0 0
其他 2 2 1 0 0
总计 9 5 5 3 1
注:*不包括歌诗达数据
数据来源:克拉克松数据库整理而成。

由以上两个图表可看出地中海的平均船龄是最年轻的,自2003年开始地中海邮轮,为世人呈现了一个打造世界最现代化船队的雄心计划,每年都有新邮轮投入使用,一直保持平稳的扩张速度,这个计划的造船总投资已经超过了55亿欧元。地中海邮轮的两艘“幻想曲级”旗舰邮轮-MSC FANTASIA 幻想曲号与MSC SPLENDIDA 辉煌号分别于2008年12月和2009年7月下水。这级邮轮是欧洲船东迄今为止建造的最大邮轮。邮轮的排水量达到了138,000吨,船长333米宽度38米,分别能够容纳3952名和4363名乘客,她们都是由法国圣纳泽尔的STX大西洋船厂建造。 地中海邮轮在2012年投入2艘新邮轮后,将使公司保持较高的经营效率,因此,2012年后至2016年都不会再购置新邮轮。
与众不同的是,在这样一个时代,邮轮每艘船舶的船队选择不同的名人代言,其中极具意大利风情的传奇女星索菲亚•罗兰已参加了四次的MSC地中海邮轮的下水仪式。

3.不断开辟特色线路主题,打造独特邮轮品味。
2006年是邮轮市场风起云涌的一年,在全世界的邮轮航线中竞争最激烈的地中海海域,各大邮轮公司都在不断拓展自己的市场,在世界第二大集装箱班轮公司——地中海航运的支持下,MSC已经成为欧洲邮轮市场上一颗冉冉升起的新星,可谓是地中海线路之王。
MSC邮轮的线路产品遍布全球,但重点还是在全球邮轮的主战场——地中海,而让MSC邮轮在地中海所向披靡的原因之一就是MSC能为旅客提供多种路线及独树一帜的特色产品。 在地中海,显然MSC具有得天独厚的优势,他们比别人更了解那些深藏在地中海的秘密,也更熟悉那些值得一去的地方。因此,MSC仅仅在地中海海域就拥有数十条线路,而且每年都会开拓出一些令人兴奋的新航线。从埃及到加那利群岛,从希腊到摩洛哥,MSC邮轮带给游客的地中海之旅总是令人难以忘怀的。
除了特色线路,MSC还在地中海的邮轮上定期推出特色主题产品,比如高尔夫主题、桥牌主题、健康等主题产品以及新年、圣诞等主题节日产品。以高尔夫主题为例,MSC不仅能提供专为高尔夫球手设计的邮轮,还会聘请世界知名的高尔夫教练有针对性地为各级高尔夫宾客开设讲座、课程,为不同水准的球手提供一流高尔夫指导。甚至会在航程的最后一天在岸上举行一场锦标赛。
对品质的保证是MSC高速发展的另一个原因。2003年,公司采取了一项战略性的行动——更换标志。MSC三个字母镶嵌在指南针图案中间,代表在MSC邮轮的世界里,游客永远是中心。指南针本身象征着公司邮轮将驶向各个方向,从而达到公司的长远目标。

4.保持独特的地中海风格,与其他邮轮公司与众不同。
MSC邮轮非常注重每艘邮轮的风格和舒适度,其设计灵感源自意大利的高雅,或许我们可以用“舒适和随意”来形容MSN上的感觉更准确——既有豪华酒店的舒适环境,又有在家一般的随意气氛。
由于MSC邮轮独特的意大利风格,使她与其它邮轮公司区别开:船上热情的招待、剧院装饰、设计、美食、气氛,都反映出公司“意大利制造”的理念。
MSC管乐号——这艘新近加入的排水量为9万吨级的邮轮,是地中海邮轮公司舰队中新一代大型邮轮的代表。作为同级别的音乐号和诗歌号的姊妹船,管乐号采用了更多先进的设计理念以及工程技术,使得游客在享受船上高档的气氛的同时,能充分体验舒适与健康的完美结合,享受到无微不至的服务。
地中海邮轮美国公司总裁兼首席执行官Richard E.Sasso说:“如此大型的邮轮可以让我们提供更多的娱乐设施,并使游客更加自如的在船上漫步,不会让人感到丝毫的拥挤。MSC邮轮拥有巨型邮轮所能拥有的所有娱乐设施,各式各样的活动场所,宽阔的空间,惟独没有拥挤感。”

5.关怀社会,履行社会责任。
地中海邮轮相信,一个负责任的全球行业领导企业应该在自身发展的同时,承担更多的对于自然和人文关怀的责任。为保护海洋生态环境做出了巨大的努力,同时MSC邮轮也非常关注保证旅客和船员的健康和安全,多年来在这些领域获得了许多的奖项和认证。
地中海邮轮是一个获得维塔斯船级社颁发的“6金珍珠奖”的邮轮公司。被授予“清洁邮轮2级”奖项是为了奖励在空气、水和污物处理方面的成就。同样,还通过了ISO 14001环保认证,ISO 22000(关于食品安全)和 OHSAS 18001(关于乘客健康和安全)。地中海邮轮的旗舰邮轮MSC SPLENDIDA 辉煌号已经成功达到了维塔斯船级社关于节能设计的最高标准。同时,获得其他官方的认证包括:绿色地球奖(有关环境友好设施),CIAL奖(有关铝回收)及ISO 9001:2000 认证。
地中海邮轮还是率先签署了威尼斯蓝旗协议的邮轮公司,该协议规定了在威尼斯停靠期间减少废气排放的指标,在奇维塔维基亚和热那亚也签署了同样的协议。
在有关社会责任的贡献方面,地中海邮轮已经与UNICEF(联合国儿童基金会)合作,启动了一个助学计划,帮助残障儿童及帮助巴西贫困儿童重返校园,在项目启动的2年时间里,已经筹集到了1,000,000,00欧元的款项。

结论:
本文通过对比世界五大邮轮公司的市场份额和邮轮数量,发现地中海邮轮还是一个相对比较年轻的邮轮公司,其发展程度相比其他公司还不太成熟,邮轮船队也是最年轻的。但是,由于其采取了扩张的发展战略,不断扩大市场,增加船队建设,独特的地中海风格,以及高度的社会环保责任心使得地中海邮轮在成立的短短二十多年间就跻身世界五大邮轮公司,并在地中海区域占有重要的市场份额。因此,其中高端的市场定位,以及独特的意大利理念会让地中海一直保持其高品质的服务与优势。在不久的将来,中国市场打开之后,地中海邮轮也将成为中国游客的理想选择。

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