...from motivation. It produced a variety of theories researching people’s psychological desires; around what do they need in different levels, such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs. However, this time we try to focus on two-factor theory. Employees in an organization are either satisfied or dissatisfied with their job based on whether they are motivated or not on their job. However, the kind of motivation employees get determines their output level. Thus, a high level of satisfaction could lead to high output whilst high level of dissatisfaction with the job could lead to low output. However, the opposite of job satisfaction is not dissatisfaction, but rather a simple lack of satisfaction. In the same way, the opposite of job dissatisfaction is not satisfaction, but rather “no dissatisfaction” (Herzberg, Mausner, & Snyderman, The Motivation to Work, 1959). Now, it would interest managers to know the level of employee’s satisfaction and the factor(s) causing such satisfaction/ dissatisfaction. (Herzberg, Mausner, & Snyderman, The Motivation to Work, 1959) proposed that in understanding the relevant attitude of employees, it is possible to best understand such an employee’s motivation to work. That is, if searched by managers, they should get reasonable information on motivation of workers based on the internal concept of attitude which originates from a state of mind. To explain the concept of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction, Herzberg in 1959 developed a theory on job...
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...argues that pay is a “hygiene factor”. Critically evaluate his position drawing on your understanding of what motivates individuals and groups.” This assignment will look at the origin of Herzberg’s theory, those who agree with Herzberg’s two-factor theory and those that disagree with his two-factor theory. The assignment will look into what motivation means to individuals, and how motivation creates job satisfaction. It will then be possible to evaluate the relevance of Herzberg’s and how relevant it is to all individuals. Herzberg carried out a survey interviewing 200 Engineers and Accountants from Pittsburgh in the 1950’s. From his findings he came up with the two-factor motivation theory which consisted of motivational factors and hygiene factors. Both factors affect motivation in the workplace, but are very different and are completely unrelated. “Motivators refer to factors intrinsic within the work itself like the recognition of a task completed” (Tietjen & Myers, 1998) while “hygiene factors tend to include extrinsic entities which do not pertain to the worker’s actual job” (Tietjen & Myers, 1998). Motivators make the employee content and when they are present they increase job satisfaction. They were named intrinsic factors as they are factors that are related to the job itself. Hygiene factors do not make the employee happy when they are present but they do dis-satisfy when they are not present or are in shortfall, the hygiene factors were named extrinsic...
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...contrast one process and one content theory of motivation. Evaluate hoe appropriate they are for organisations today. This essay’s aim is to analyse and establish an understanding of various motivation theories and their possible application within organisations. Along with implementing, the information related to motivation, this essay would demonstrate the importance of motivation and it is necessary for organisations to motivate their employees effectively Motivation derives from the Latin word “movere” which means to move. Luthans (1998) defines motivation as “a process which begins with physiological or psychological need or deficiency which triggers behaviour or a drive that is aimed at a goal or an incentive“. In other words, an individual must feel a need to an extent that will drive them to satisfying it. Some psychologists and business people define motivation as the thing that makes people do something, which usually they will not do. Motivation is a fundamental psychological approach where the management process of inducing employee’s behaviour established on the evidence of what causes people to click (Luthans, 1998). Theories of motivation presume that motivational behaviour happens due to work fulfils their psychological needs or because there appears to be a link between effort and performance and performance and value of outcomes (R. Fincham and. Rhodes 2009). There are two types of motivational theories: content theories, which focus on the specific identity...
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...Herzberg's Theory of Motivation The motivation of employees is important to organizations since it is one of several factors that significantly affect the productivity of employees. Raising the level of motivation increases profitability through greater creativity and commitment in employees. Herzberg's Two Factor Theory, also known as the Motivation-Hygiene Theory, was derived from a study designed to test the concept that people have two sets of needs: 1. Their needs as animals to avoid pain 2. Their needs as humans to grow psychologically Herzberg's Study There are two hundred engineers and accountants in Pittsburgh were interviewed. To test the hypothesis, engineers and accountants were interviewed to assess events that led to significant changes in their job attitudes and to determine the factors that caused those changes. Herzberg's study consisted of a series of interviews that sought to elicit responses to the questions: (1) Recall a time when you felt exceptionally good about your job. Why did you feel that way about the job? Did this feeling affect your job performance in any way? Did this feeling have an impact on your personal relationships or your well- being? (2) Recall a time on the job that resulted in negative feelings? Describe the sequence of events that resulted in these negative feelings. RESEARCH RESULTS It appeared, from the research, that the things making people happy on the job and those making them unhappy had two separate...
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...Re-examination of Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation in the Korean Army foodservice operations by Sungmin Hyun A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Foodservice and Lodging Management Program of Study Committee: Haemoon Oh, Co-major Professor Robert H. Bosselman, Co-major Professor Miyoung Jeong Mack C Shelley Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2009 UMI Number: 1464349 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ______________________________________________________________ UMI Microform 1464349 Copyright 2009 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. _______________________________________________________________ ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction...
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...Application of Frederick Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory in assessing and understanding employee motivation at work: a Ghanaian Perspective Kwasi Dartey-Baah (Corresponding Author) Department of Organisation & Human Resource Management, University of Ghana Business School P.O. Box LG78, Legon, Accra-Ghana, West Africa Telephone: 00233209621292 Email: kdartey-baah@ug.edu.gh George Kofi Amoako Department of Marketing, Central Business School P.O. Box 2305, Tema, Ghana, West Africa Telephone: 00233202620174 Email: gkamoako@central.edu.gh Abstract This paper critically examines Frederick Herzberg’s two-factor theory and assesses its application and relevance in understanding the essential factors that motivate the Ghanaian worker. The two-factor theory of motivation explains the factors that employees find satisfying and dissatisfying about their jobs. These factors are the hygiene factors and motivators. The hygiene factors when absent can lead to dissatisfaction in the work place but when fully catered for in the work environment on their own are not sufficient to satisfy workers whereas the motivators referring to the nature of the job, provide satisfaction and lead to higher motivation. This paper adds to the understanding of what motivates the Ghanaian worker most and creates the platform for a re-evaluation of the thinking and viewpoint that workers rate motivator factors higher than the hygiene factors in the work setting. Keywords: Frederick Herzberg, hygiene factors, motivators...
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...School, University Technology Malaysia Abstract. Purpose - This study examines the relationship between motivator and hygiene factors of the two-factor theory and job satisfaction of Gen-Y. Design/ Methodology/ Approach - Totally 128 full time Gen-Y employees of the Malaysian Administrative and Diplomatic officers completed a questionnaire measuring their motivator and hygiene factors and job satisfaction. The motivators were measured by work values questionnaire (WVQ) with 25 items, and job satisfaction was measured with a 15-item questionnaire adapted from Warr et al., (1979). The scales for all questions were seven point Likert scales. Factor analysis, T-Test, regression, and One-way ANOVA were applied in the data analysis. Findings - The results revealed that employees’ motivators are related significantly to their intrinsic job satisfaction. However, employees’ hygiene factors are not significantly related to extrinsic job satisfaction. This result is inconsistent with the previous study of Furnham A. and Eracleous A. (2009) and supports Locke’s (1976) criticism of Herzberg’s theory. Research limitations - The limitation of this study was that it used self-report measure in investigating motivational factors as well as job satisfaction and therefore the defensive bias in self-reporting was not controlled. Originality/Value - This paper revealed that hygiene factors might not affect a person’s extrinsic job satisfaction in the Malaysian context and specifically among...
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...Question-1: Using two motivation theories of your choice, explain similarities and the differences between the two theories? Answer: I will use Maslow's and Herzberg's theory of motivation. There are following similarities and differences between these models. Similarities: In a broad sense there are some similarities between Herzberg’s two-factor theory and Maslow’s Hierarchy of need theory which are as under: (i) Both Herzberg and Maslow lay stress on the different needs of the employees. Both can be appropriately classified as content theorists. (ii)In an advanced society, the lower level needs like food and shelter as pointed out by Maslow are all satisfied. As such they cease to be motivators. It is the higher level needs like esteem and self-actualization, which are more important for the purpose of motivation. Similarly, according to Herzberg, hygiene factors like pay, working conditions must be present to provide the necessary environment for motivation. Once this is done, the motivators like advancement, responsibilities go into play and actuate the individual. But it would be wrong to make much of the aforesaid over-all alikeness. Rather it would be doing injustice to the pioneers whose originality and deep insight are well recognized a staircase cannot be equated with a room although basically nearly the same materials may have been used to build both. (b) Difference: Herzberg’s model differs from Maslow’s model in respect of the following: (i) An important...
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...•Technology •Work Processes •Selection Processes •Training Programs •Appraisal Practices Lecturer: Cheryl “Nyahra” Gittens •Perception •Motivation •Individual Learning •Decision Making 1 Lecturer: Cheryl " Nyahra" Gittens 2 The Motivation Process What Is Motivation? Motivation The processes that account for an individual’s willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals, conditioned by the effort s ability to satisfy some individual conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need. Effort: a measure of intensity or drive. Direction: toward organizational goals Need: personalized reason to exert effort Motivation works best when individual needs are compatible with organizational goals. Exhibit 16.1 Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–3 Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–4 MAJOR THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Why is Motivation Important? I. Need / Content Approaches: ‐ Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ‐ Alderfer’s ERG Theory ‐ Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory ‐ McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory II. Cognitive/ Process / Contemporary Approaches: ‐ Expectancy Theory ‐ Equity Theory/ Social Comparison ‐ Goal Setting Theory III. REINFORCEMENT THEORY OR OPERANT CONDITIONING : How Rewards & Reinforcements Sustain Motivation Over Time (Behavior Modification) 5 6 Under optimal conditions, effort can often be increased and sustained Delegation without constant supervision is ...
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...contrast of content between two content of school of thought in motivation theory: Comparative analysis between Maslow’s Theory and Herzberg’s Theory: In terms of meaning: Maslow’s theory relies on the construct of human desires and their satisfaction whereas Herzberg’s theory relies on the employment of motivators which incorporates action, recognition and chance for growth. Basis of theory: Maslow’s theory relies on the hierarchy of human desires. He provided 5 sets of human needs (on priority basis) and their satisfaction in motivating workers whereas he refers to hygiene factors and motivating factors in his theory. Hygiene factors are dissatisfies whereas motivating factors encourage subordinate. Hierarchal arrangement of want isn't given. Nature of theory: Maslow’s theory is quite straightforward and descriptive, the speculation relies long expertise regarding human desires, whereas Herzberg’s theory is additional prescriptive. It suggests the motivating factors which may be used effectively. The speculation relies on actual info collected by nuclear physicist once interviewing 203 engineers and accountants. Applicability of theory: Maslow’s theory is that the hottest and wide cited theory of motivation and has wide pertinence. It’s principally applicable to poor and developing countries wherever cash remains a giant motivating issue, whereas Herzberg’s theory is an extension of Maslow’s theory of motivation. It’s on the opposite hand applicable to made and developed countries...
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...company is when they feel satisfy with their job. It also “represents one of the most complex areas facing today’s managers when it comes to managing their employees” (Aziri 2011). That is because if the workers have a satisfaction with any works they are doing, they will do their work effectively and have an enthusiasm for their work. On the other hand, if they do not feel pleased with their work, the success is hard to happen, and it can bring the negative impacts to the business. Therefore, job satisfaction can decrease workers’ stress, and the result is that the worker will feel willing to work to achieve the company’s aim. This essay will firstly give some definitions of job satisfaction. Then it will present and discuss about some theories and the causes of work satisfaction. Thirdly, there are the comparisons among those models. Lastly, the conclusion will show the importance of job satisfaction. There are a lot of people giving the definition of the job satisfaction. They are as follows. Hoppock defined job satisfaction as “any combination of psychological, physiological and environmental circumstances that cause a person truthfully to say I am satisfied with my job” (Hoppock 1935). In (Aziri 2011) Locke (1976) defined it as “. . . a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences” In (Saari& Judge 2004) Cranny, Smith and Stone (1992) define job satisfaction as employees’ emotional state regarding the job, considering...
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... November 2014 Question: a. Describe two theories that relate to motivation at work. 20% b. Outline the implications of your selected theories for managers. 30% c. Examine the limitations of using theories of motivation when managing organizations. 50% Motivation can be defined as the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal (Pinder, 1998). Motivation is one of the most frequently researched topics in organizational behavior (Latham and Pinder, 2005) and over the years, several theories have been coined and widely used by managers in their organisations. In 1950, 4 theories of employee motivation were formulated and one of them is Herzberg’s Two-‐Factor Theory of Motivation. The Two-‐Factor Theory of Motivation, or motivation-‐hygiene theory, was proposed by Frederick Herzberg in 1959. The theory states that there exist certain job factors ...
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...LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY TERMPAPER HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGMENT EMPLOYEE RENTENTION NAME: SOURABH SHARMA REGD: 10903798 ROLL NO: RR1908B31 SUBMMITED TO:MR.RAJEEV GUPTA INTRODUCTION Employee retention refers to the efforts by which employers attempt to retain employees in their workforce. In a business setting, the goal of employers is to decrease employee turnover, training costs, and loss of talent. By implementing lessons learned from key organizational behavior concepts employers can improve retention rates and decrease the associated costs of high turnover. How To Increase Employee Retention | | | Companies have now realized the importance of retaining their quality workforce. Retaining quality performers contributes to productivity of the organization and increases morale among employees. Four basic factors that play an important role in increasing employee retention include salary and remuneration, providing recognition, benefits and opportunities for individual growth. But are they really positively contributing to the retention rates of a company? Basic salary, these days, hardly reduces turnover. Today, employees look beyond the money factor. | employee retention can be increase by inculcating the following practices: 1. Open Communication: A culture of open communication enforces loyalty among employees. Open communication tends to keep employees...
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...•Technology •Work Processes •Selection Processes •Training Programs •Appraisal Practices Lecturer: Cheryl “Nyahra” Gittens •Perception •Motivation •Individual Learning •Decision Making 1 Lecturer: Cheryl " Nyahra" Gittens 2 The Motivation Process What Is Motivation? Motivation The processes that account for an individual’s willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals, conditioned by the effort s ability to satisfy some individual conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need. Effort: a measure of intensity or drive. Direction: toward organizational goals Need: personalized reason to exert effort Motivation works best when individual needs are compatible with organizational goals. Exhibit 16.1 Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–3 Copyright © 2005 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 16–4 MAJOR THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Why is Motivation Important? I. Need / Content Approaches: ‐ Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ‐ Alderfer’s ERG Theory ‐ Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory ‐ McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory II. Cognitive/ Process / Contemporary Approaches: ‐ Expectancy Theory ‐ Equity Theory/ Social Comparison ‐ Goal Setting Theory III. REINFORCEMENT THEORY OR OPERANT CONDITIONING : How Rewards & Reinforcements Sustain Motivation Over Time (Behavior Modification) 5 6 Under optimal conditions, effort can often be increased and sustained Delegation without constant supervision is ...
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...Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory and Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory One of the most important and challenging tasks a manager has is motivating and rewarding employees. What may motivate one employee personally may have no effect whatsoever on other employees. Managers who want their employees to be as productive as possible need to first understand what motivation is and know how and why employees are motivated. Motivation is the process through which a person’s efforts are energized, directed, and sustained towards attaining a goal. It may be referred to as the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action. Motivating high levels of employee performance is an important organizational concern and there are a number of theories which helps with this concern. Two theories studied are Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory and Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory. These theories both had a different approach about the motivation of employees in an organization. Abraham Maslow was a psychologist whose approach to motivation proposed that within every person is a hierarchy of needs. A need arises when an individual perceives that he or she has a physiological and psychological deficiency. Maslow’s theory consisted of the lower-order or primary needs and secondary or higher-order needs. The primary needs were physiological in nature. Examples of these needs are; food, air, water...
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