...Outline and evaluate the Multi Store Model (12 marks) Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model of memory (MSM) shows the distinction between the separate unitary stores of sensory, short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) and two processes (attention and rehearsal). All information passes through the system in a linear fashion. External stimuli/ information first enter the sensory store directly from our five senses. It remains in the sensory store for a maximum duration of around 2 seconds before it decays and is replaced with new information. If information in the sensory store has been paid attention to then it can be passed on to the short term memory/store (STM). According to George Millar (1956), the STM can store around 7 +- 2 chunks of information. It is encoded primarily in an acoustic format (Alan Baddeley, 1996) however it can also be encoded visually. Furthermore it remains there for around 12-30 seconds without being rehearsed. When there information is rehearsed it can remain there for as long as it’s being rehearsed (maintenance rehearsal) and will be able to stop any new information from entering the store. Transfer from the STM to the LTM is achieved through elaborative rehearsal. New information which enters the STM displaces any information which is already there; consequently the information which is not rehearsed and passed to the LTM is forgotten (decay occurs once again). When information enters the LTM it can remain there for a life time...
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...AO1: Shriffin et al proposed the Multi-Store Memory model (MSM), a structural model composed of 3 separate stores: Sensory memory (SM), Short-term memory (STM) and Long-term memory (LTM). The sensory memory receives constant information from environmental stimuli through the senses. It stays in the SM for short periods because it receives little attention. However, if attention is focused on these stimuli, it becomes processed into the STM. Rehearsal maintains information in the STM but can be forgotten quickly due to limited duration (decay) or displacement of new information due to limited capacity. Through maintenance rehearsal, information is transferred to the LTM. The LTM has unlimited capacity and duration depending on the processing of information. While the LTM encoding is mainly semantic the STM encoding is auditory with a capacity of 7 +/- 2 items and duration of up to 18 seconds. AO2: The model has been criticised for lacking ecological validity. This is because the evidence for the model primarily comes from meaningless verbal data rather than memory concerned with real life. The MSM can be argued to be reductionist for oversimplifying memory structure. The model assumes that short-term and long-term stores are unitary: contrary evidence from the working memory model has demonstrated that short-term memory is divided into multiple components. Peterson and Peterson’s (1959) study supports the role of rehearsal. 24 participants had to recall...
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...The multi-store of memory was proposed in 1968 by Atkinson & Shiffrin, it suggests that memory is a flow of information through a series of systems. There are three distinct stages of the system; sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory. Information passes through each stage of the system in a linear fashion by maintenance rehearsal. Also, external stimuli, like hearing the headline for the day's news, first enters the sensory memory in an uncoded form where they are registered for a very minuscule period of time. It is not until we focus our attention on the object, for the information to be transferred to the short term memory. For example, we notice everything our eyes see, but we do not transfer it all into the STM, otherwise we would remember everything that happened. However, once something has our attention, the short term memory stores 5-9 items in an acoustic code for around 15-30 seconds. It is therefore easy to forget things at this stage, as information will be lost within 30 seconds unless it is repeated or rehearsed. Memories from this store are lost either because new information comes along and pushes the old information out, which is called displacement, or because they simply fade away which is called Decay. However, if information is sufficiently well rehearsed (the most commonly accepted theory is that the information is transferred from the STM to the LTM by elaborative rehearsal) it is processed into the long term memory store. In the long term...
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...Outline and Evaluate the Multi – Store Model of Memory ( 12 marks ) Information from the environment enters sensory memory, encoded through one of the 5 senses depending on the type of information. If attention is paid to this information it will enter short term memory ( STM )which, according to Miller, has a capacity of 7+/- 2 bits of information. It can last up to 18 seconds, without rehearsal, according to Peterson and Peterson. Baddeley found that information in STM is encoded mainly acoustically, although Brandimonte showed that sometimes it is done visually. If maintenance rehearsal takes place it will remain in STM or be forgotten through decay or displacement. Elaborative rehearsal will then transfer information into long term memory ( LTM ) which has unlimited capacity and, according to Bahrick, can last a lifetime. Baddeley found that LTM encodes mostly semantically. Information can be retrieved from LTM to be used in STM when needed and can be forgotten through decay or displacement. ( 157 words ) A particular strength of this model is that it is supported by evidence from clinical amnesics, and as this is based on real people rather than experiments, it is more ecologically valid and therefore can be applied to everyday life. For example, H.M. underwent brain surgery to cure severe epilepsy but this resulted in the inability to transfer information...
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...Discuss the multi-store model of memory (12 Marks) The multi-store model of memory was suggested by Atkinson and Shiffrin, in order to explain how memory works. Memory is a system which is vital to our survival. For psychologists, memory covers processes called; encoding, storage and retrieval. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) suggested that memory is made up of a series of stores. The stores differ in their encoding, storage and retrieval characteristics. Atkinson’s and Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory contained three key parts to the memory which were the sensory information system, the short-term memory and the long-term memory. The sensory information system (SIS) was believed to be the storage for memory held as a sensation, e.g. a visual image. Sperling (1960) believed in the SIS and to demonstrate its existence he conducted an experiment. He showed participants three rows of four mixed numbers and consonants for a very brief time, then played them a tone (high, medium or low) to prompt them to recall the top, middle or bottom line. Participants could do this easily if they recalled immediately but the image faded rapidly, lasting for no longer than one-quarter of a second. In this way, Sperling was also able to show that the SIS holds 5-9 items. It also showed that the information was quickly lost as the sensory image fades. The next stage of Atkinson’s...
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...Outline and evaluate the multi store memory model of memory The multi-store model of memory as proposed by Atkinson and shiffrin states that memory has 3 stores (sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory) and 2 processes (attention and rehearsal). Information enters the sensory memory through our senses according to the environmental stimuli. This information is register for a brief second and then decays unless we pass attention to it and when we do it moves to the short term memory. The sensory memory has a high capacity, short duration and it sensory buffers. The short term memory contains small amount of information. According to the digit span test by miller capacity is just 7+/-2 (limited). At this stage information is encodes acoustically through sound, memory traces are fragile with duration of 18-20 secs. Maintenance rehearsal (by repetition) within the short term memory allows information to be refreshed and recycled for us to be able to use it. This Information is then passed through elaborative rehearsal (by meaning) to the long term memory. The capacity for the LTM is unlimited, it encodes information semantically and duration lasts from an hour to a lifetime. The multi store memory has three features: It has 3 unitary stores, it is simplistic & well-structured and it moves in a linear. Evaluation There is support from neurological case studies. Since the MSM claims that the STM and LTM are in two separate stores evidence can be found in...
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...Outline and evaluate the multi-store model (12) | A01Atkinson and Shiffrin argued that there are three memory stores: 1. sensory store 2. short-term store 3. long-term storeAccording to the theory information from the environment is initially received by the sensory stores. (There is a sensory store for each sense.) Some information in the sensory stores is attended to and processed further by the short-term store. In turn some information processed in the short-term store is transferred to the long-term store through rehearsal or verbally repeating it. The more something is rehearsed the stronger the memory trace in the long-term memory. The main emphasis of this model is on the structure of memory on rehearsal | A02Case studies support to the multi-store modelGlanzer and Cunitz found that when rehearsal is prevented, the recency effect disappears.There is evidence that encoding is different in short term and long-term memory. For example Baddeley There are huge differences in the duration of information in the short term and long term memory (Peterson & Peterson). (Bahrick et al.)oversimplified. (reductionist) | Outline and evaluate the working memory model (12) | Episodic buffer was added by Baddeley in 2000 | Active process: PET scans Amnesiac case studies Shallice & Warrington (1974) Baddeley (1986) found that patients with damage to their frontal lobe had problems concentrating suggesting damage to the central executive (researcher biased) | Outline...
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...Outline and evaluate the multi store model of memory (12 marks) Information from the environment is transferred through one of our five senses into the sensory memory (encoded depending on the type of information we receive). The sensory memory is a store suggested to be large in capacity but the duration the information is held for is the problem, lasting only fractions of a second. When attention is paid to information it enters the short term memory. According to Miller, the short term memory has a capacity of 7+-2 items. The duration of the short term memory last between 18 and 30 seconds, the STM is encoded mainly acoustically but sometimes visually. If maintenance rehearsal takes place it will remain in the STM or will be lost through decay or displacement. Elaborative rehearsal will then transfer information into the long term memory, which has an unlimited capacity and duration (without interference such as memory decay). The LTM encodes mainly semantically (through meaning). Information can be retrieved from the LTM to be used in the STM when needed. One strength of the model is that is it supported from clinical/empirical research based on real people rather than laboratory experiments. This makes it high in ecological validity and can be applied to everyday life within the real world. For example, the study of HM, a brain damaged patient underwent an operation to cure a severe case of epilepsy but this resulted in the ability to transfer from the STM to the LTM,...
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...Outline and evaluate the multi-store model of memory The multi-store model of memory is a representation of the flow of information through the memory system. The information first flows through the sensory memory, then the short-term memory, and then the long-term memory. Information is detected by the sense organs and enters the sensory memory. If the information is not given attention then it is forgotten through trace decay. If the information is given attention then it goes to the short-term memory. If you repeat the information then it stays in your short-term memory due to the process of maintenance rehearsal. This means that if the information is repeated then it stays refreshed in our minds. But items can also be forgotten in the short-term memory due to displacement. This is the process by which items in the STM are pushed out to make room for incoming new ones. However, if the information has remained in the STM due to maintenance rehearsal and links are made, then the information is transferred to the long-term memory through the process elaborative rehearsal. Making links is when you subconsciously compare information to something you have seen before therefore making it easier to remember. When you think of a memory then you retrieve it from your LTM and bring it to your STM. This is called retrieval. Each part of the multi-store model of memory has a different amount of capacity, duration and encoding. The capacity is the amount of information that can be held...
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...Describe and evaluate the Multi Store Model of memory. Refer to evidence in your answer. Atkinson and Shiffrin created the Multi Store Model in 1968. It is a model showing where information is stored and how it is transferred between the Short Term Memory and the Long Term Memory. The MSM suggests that the memory is made up of three separate stores (sensory memory, STM and LTM) all three of these stores have different capacities. The sensory store has a large capacity but it is still limited, whereas the STM can only hold about 7+/-2 items, which again differs to the LTM, which has an unlimited capacity. The MSM is said to have many advantages, but it also has many disadvantages: The theory has encourages other researchers to find evidence to help support it. In 1962, Murdock created an experiment where he has participants to learn a list of words that varied from 10 to 30 words. His results found that the words in the beginning and the end of the list were more often recalled but the ones in the middle were forgotten. He suggested that the words from the beginning were contents of the LTM because they were the most rehearsed and the words from the end were contents of the STM because they were the most recently remembered. However, the ones in the middle had been held too long to stay in the STM but weren’t rehearsed enough to transfer into the LTM. This experiment proves that the MSM is accurate as it agrees with Atkinson and Shiffrin’s statement that the memory is made...
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...Describe and Evaluate the Multi-Store Model of Memory. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the Multi-store model of memory in 1968. The model had two distinct stores known as a Short-term store and a Long term store. The model also unravelled a stimulus from the environment known as the sensory register. The memory model elaborates three stages that take place from information passing to the sensory register then to the short-term memory and eventually stored in the long-term memory. The main features of the sensory register is its modality specific, therefore information is held in the same sense it is registered e.g a visual image is held as a picture in the person’s memory and taste is held as a taste. The capacity of the sensory register is quite large however it has a very brief duration of approximately half a second. A series of experiments have been conducted by Sperling in 1960 which discovered that the sensory register can hold at least nine items of modality specific information for a brief period of time. From the sensory register information can be lost or can be passed onto the short-term memory. The research was developed by Miller in 1956 called ‘The Magic Number Seven’ in which he discovered that the short-term memory can hold 5-9 items of information, with a capacity that can be extended by ‘chunking information’, e.g broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts and peas can be chunked as one item known as vegetables. In 1959 Peterson and Peterson discovered the...
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...Bahrick, can last a lifetime. Baddeley found that LTM encodes mostly semantically. Information can be retrieved from LTM to be used in STM when needed and can be forgotten through decay or displacement. ( 157 words ) A particular strength of this model is that it is supported by evidence from clinical amnesics, and as this is based on real people rather than experiments, it is more ecologically valid and therefore can be applied to everyday life. For example, H.M. underwent brain surgery to cure severe epilepsy but this resulted in the inability to transfer information from STM to LTM so that he could not form long term memories, supporting the concept that there are separate stores. ( 75 words ) Other evidence to support this model comes from medical technology such as MRI and PET scans which show different brain patterns when patients are performing tasks associated with STM and LTM, therefore showing there are separate stores in memory.( 39 words ) Empirical research also provides evidence of separate stores for...
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...largely outside of our awareness, but can be called into working memory to be used when needed. Some of this information is fairly easy to recall, while other memories are much more difficult to access. A good example would be recalling the date of your wedding anniversary or families birthdays’. 3. Describe the multi-store model of memory Multi-store Model of Memory: Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) This model builds on the idea of three memory stores and tries to explain how they work together. Components Sensory Memory stores the incoming information from the senses. The model assumes that these are modality specific that is there is a separate store for each of the five senses. The store is very brief and the vast majority of information is lost here. Only information that is relevant or important is attended to and passed on to STM. Forgetting from the sensory store is by decay. STM Atkinson & Shiffrin believed the store to be fragile and retains information for about 30 seconds. Compare this to the 18 seconds of the Brown–Peterson technique. Material that is rehearsed is passed on to LTM. Forgetting from STM is by displacement or decay. LTM can store this information for a lifetime. Forgetting from LTM...
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...Outline and explain the multi-store model of memory Akins and Shiffrin formed the multi-store model of memory (1968). They proposed that the process of remembering something is broken down into three stores; sensory, short-term and long term memory and 4 processes. The process beings with people receiving environmental stimuli, which enters into the sensory memory store consisting of our nose, ears, eyes, mouth etc. The sensory store has a large capacity as a large amount of information is received however due to it having to hold a large amount of information is results in it having a low capacity, this results in the information being very weak and to make to process of memory it to continue, attention needs to paid to it. If no attention is paid to the received information, the information will be automatically forgotten, so attention is a very important stage in the process of memory as it will only process to the short-term memory in that way. Once the information has been received into the short-term memory, but will only remain there for a short period of time, as it has a brief duration suggested but Peterson and Peterson and minimal capacity of 7+/- 2, which was suggested by Miller. As the short-term memory has a limited capacity, if more information is taken in the older memories would be wiped out and forgotten. To prevent this happening maintenance rehearsal is needed and this is highlighted in the Peterson and Peterson study. To complete the process of remembering...
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...Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) Multi-Store model of memory was extremely successful in terms of the amount of research it generated. However, it became apparent that there were a number of problems with their ideas concerning the characteristics of short-term memory. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed an alternative model of short-term memory which they called working memory. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) argue that the multi-store model is too simplistic. Instead of all information going into one single store, there are different systems for different types of information. Working memory consists of a central executive which controls and co-ordinates the operation of two subsystems: the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad. Baddley and Hitch investigated if participants can use different parts of working memory at the same time. They conducted an experiment in which participants were asked two perform two tasks at the same time - a digit span task which required them to repeat a list of numbers, and a verbal reasoning task which required them to answer true or false questions. The result was that as the number of digits increased in the digit span task, participants took longer to answer the reasoning questions, but not much longer. They didn't make any more errors in the verbal reasoning task as the number of digits increased. This was also known as the dual method. They concluded that the verbal reasoning task made us of the central executive and the digit span...
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