...The Nuremberg Laws: A Giant Step Backward Josh Portnoy The West and the World Period 7 5/10/13 In 1935, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party’s anti-Semitic ideas were gaining strength in many parts of Germany. Many restaurants and department stores displayed signs that forbade Jews from entering, and some areas of Germany banned Jews from using public transportation or public parks. Thousands of Jewish teachers and civil servants had been laid off, national boycotts enforced by paramilitary forces regularly barred Germans from buying from Jewish businesses, and citizens were discouraged from visiting Jewish doctors and lawyers. These actions were intended to cause a mass emigration of Jews from Germany. During the annual Nazi Party Rally held in Nuremberg in September 1935, Adolf Hitler passed two new laws, the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor. These laws—to be know as the “Nuremberg Laws”-- deprived Jews of German citizenship and many civil rights. Unresolved in the initial Nuremberg Laws were the actual definition of Jews. The first of thirteen supplementary decrees, all designating the biological composition of Jewish blood, was published on November 14, l935, and defined Jews in terms of their lineage. These laws enforced a new morality on Germans that made it acceptable to ostracize, discriminate, and expel Jews from society. According to Hitler, the...
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...the first two laws of the Nuremberg Laws were enacted. The laws were a clear violation of the Jewish people's civil rights. Many of the laws imposed on the freedom of the Jewish people. These laws were enacted by a cold and cruel dictator by the name of Adolf Hitler. The Nuremberg laws were a very strict and immoral set of laws that discriminated against the Jewish people. Above all, the laws were offensive and demeaning. Adolf Hitler was born April 20, 1889 and would eventually become a terrible dictator. He wanted to go into art school, but was rejected. The person who rejected him was Jewish, and some believe that was where his hatred toward the Jewish people came from. Hitler rose to power by being elected, he did not take control by force, he was elected by the German people. Once he had control of the government, he passed the enabling act, which enabled him to make and pass any law on his own; he did not need the approval of the rest of the government.(Palma) This is what permitted the passing of the Nuremberg Laws. After passing the laws, he focused his hatred on the Jewish people and would go on to kill millions of Jews. You were considered to be Jewish if you had three grandparents who were Jewish. If you only had two, you were considered mischling of the first degree. If you had only one, you were mischling of the second degree. There were however, other ways of classifying you as Jewish. If you were a part of a Jewish church when the Nuremberg Laws were issued,...
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...The Nuremburg Laws were a series of laws and regulations that restricted the rights of Jewish people living in Germany. The Nuremburg Laws were the Nazi’s first step in gaining full control over the Jewish people in Europe. By 1935, Adolf Hitler was clearly in search of more ways to restrict the Jews in Germany. The Nuremburg Laws restricted the Jews in Germany, and eventually led to the Holocaust. A Jewish person at this time was defined as someone who had at least one Jewish grandparent. However, this simple definition was divided even further. A “full Jew” was someone who had three grandparents that were Jewish. Although a part-Jew (Mischlinge) was a bit more difficult to “define,” there were two categories of partial-Jews. First degree Mischlinge were those who didn’t practice Judaism, didn’t have a Jewish spouse, and had two Jewish grandparents. Second degree Mischlinge only had one Jewish grandparent. The Nuremburg Laws included many laws to restrict the lives of the Jewish people living in Germany. First and foremost, the Laws stated that Jews were not citizens of the “Reich” (Germany). They were considered property of Germany. Jewish people in Germany could not vote, and also could not hold public offices. The passports of Jewish people were also mandated to be marked with a “J” to signify their association with the Jewish people. The Nuremburg Laws are a bit different than they are commonly conceived to be. Rather than persecuting a group of people for the religion...
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...From the Nuremberg Laws to the Final Solution, the escalated stages of the Nazi persecution of the Jewish and “undesirable” people increased to unbearable circumstances. More than six million Jews died during the Holocaust and “To forget would be not only dangerous but offensive; to forget the dead would be akin to killing them a second time." (Wiesel XV) The Holocaust was a mass murdering of Jewish and other minorities by the German Nazi party regime, led by Hitler. These terrible and horrific actions included: the Nuremberg Laws 1935, Kristallen of 1938, Nazi work camps, forced residency in ghettos, and finally the death camps; all led up to and then continued during World War II. During the annual rally held in Nuremberg in 1935, new laws were institutionalized to help the radical theories in the Nazi ideology. These newly formed laws would become known as the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 and effected not only persons who believed in the Jewish religion, but also persons who had three or four Jewish grandparents. One defined as a Jew was excluded from: Reich citizenship, marrying or having sexual relationship with...
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...The Holocaust was a horrible period in the history of the world. It started January 30, 1933 and it ended May 8, 1945. It was a very devastating time. Many Jews lost their lives for no reason at all. When Hitler came into power he put new laws into effect. Some of those laws include the Nuremberg Laws. Nuremberg Laws are institutionalized many for many of the racial theories prevalent in Nazi Ideology. The laws excluded German Jews from Reich Citizenship and prohibited Jews from marrying of having sexual relations with persons of german or related blood. The Nuremberg laws were passed/ Issued in 1935 in Nuremberg Germany. The laws did not define a Jew as a person with religious beliefs. The way they defined someone as a Jew was if they had three of four Jewish Grandparents, and if they converted to Christianity. Another way that they determined if you were a Jew was that they put a red J on their middle names. All of these thing were apart of the Nuremberg Laws and they kept those rules....
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...------------------------------------------------- Superior orders From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Superior Orders) Superior orders, often known as the Nuremberg defense, lawful orders or by the German phrase "Befehl ist Befehl" ("orders are orders"), is a plea in a court of law that a person, whether a member of the armed forces or a civilian, not be held guilty for actions which were ordered by a superior officer or a public official.[1] The superior orders plea is often regarded as the complement to command responsibility.[2] One of the most noted uses of this plea, or "defense," was by the accused in the 1945–46 Nuremberg Trials, such that it is also called the "Nuremberg defense". The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals, held by the main victorious Allied forces after World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany. It was during these trials, under the London Charter of the International Military Tribunal which set them up, that the defense of superior orders was no longer considered enough to escape punishment; but merely enough to lessen punishment.[3] Historically, the plea of superior orders has been used both before and after the Nuremberg Trials, with a notable lack of consistency in various rulings. Apart from the specific plea of Superior Orders, discussions about how the general concept of superior orders ought to...
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...To what extent the Doctor’s Trial held in Nuremberg established a precedent in human experimentation and human rights movement? Table of Contents A. Plan of Investigation………………………………………………………………………3 B. Summary of Evidence………………………………………………………………………...4-7 C. Evaluation of Sources…………………………………………………………………………….8 D. Analysis……………………………………………………………………………9 E. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………10 F. Bibliography………………………………………………………………………11 G. Appendix A. Plan of Investigation This investigation assesses to what extent was the significance of the Doctor’s Trial in establishing a precedent for human experimentation and the advancement of the human rights movement. The body of evidence would contain all the events that lead to a change of the view of human experimentation and rights. The researcher evaluated the process in which the Doctor’s Trial at Nuremberg marked an example to human rights today and how the Nuremberg Code helped exercise the decisions made at the Nuremberg trials. Primary sources as the partial transcript of the Doctor’s trial were used to evaluate the contribution of the verdicts made at the trials to human rights. Documents will be analyzed in regards to their origin, purpose, value, and limitations in order to properly evaluate the evidence. B. Summary of Evidence On December 9, 1946, an American military tribunal opened criminal proceedings against twenty-three leading German physicians and administrators for their...
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...The Nuremberg Trials was created to bring justice to the Nazis. Nuremberg Trials took place in 1945 - 1949. The Nuremberg Trials had over 13 trials in Nuremberg. The defendants were German industrialists, lawyers and doctors were charged for crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and a common or conspiracy to commit. Adolf Hitler committed suicide and was never brought to trial. (Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.) There was 216 court sessions. On october 1, 1946 there was 22 of the 24 original defendants 2 of them committed suicide during the trial. On December 1942, leaders of Great Britain, United States, and Soviet Union “issued the first joint declaration officially noting the mass murder of European Jewry and resolving to prosecute those responsible for violence against civilian populations,”. (A+E Networks) The Soviet Union wanted to execute 100,000 of the high ranking Nazi Officers. Winston Churchill (The British Prime Minister) talked about the possibility to execute without trial. But the Americans persuaded the other nations to do a criminal trial since it would be more effective. Among other things it would require extra documentation of the crimes charges against the defendants and prevent any accusations later on that the defendants have been blamed for...
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...analysis………………………………..viii Key success factors…………………………………………..ix Analysis of recommendations and conclusion………………x • Ansoff matrix • References…………………………………………………….xi Introduction Many global events like the Rugby world cup, an international trade fair etc are conducted in areas near us but few of us usually take into consideration the strategic approaches behind the success or the failure of these events. The purpose of this assessment is to examine strategic approaches in respect to a global event like the Nuremberg Toy fair in Germany. The report analyses the city of Nuremberg in Germany both internally and externally using such models like the PESTLE and SWOT analysis. The report looks at the internal and external environment surrounding the city of Nuremberg. The report also examines the key success factors (KSF) of holding the event at Nuremberg and future recommendations. Background information The...
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...At the annual party rally held in Nuremberg in 1935, the Nazis announced new laws which institutionalized many of the racial theories prevalent in Nazi ideology. The laws excluded German Jews from Reich citizenship and prohibited them from marrying or having sexual relations with persons of "German or related blood." Ancillary ordinances to the laws disenfranchised Jews and deprived them of most political rights. The Nuremberg Laws, as they became known, did not define a "Jew" as someone with particular religious beliefs. Instead, anyone who had three or four Jewish grandparents was defined as a Jew, regardless of whether that individual identified himself or herself as a Jew or belonged to the Jewish religious community. Many Germans who had not practiced Judaism for years found themselves caught in the grip of Nazi terror. Even people with Jewish grandparents who had converted to Christianity were defined as Jews. For a brief period after Nuremberg, in the weeks before and during the 1936 Olympic Games held in Berlin, the Nazi regime actually moderated its anti-Jewish attacks and even removed some of the signs saying "Jews Unwelcome" from public places. Hitler did not want international criticism of his government to result in the transfer of the Games to another country. Such a loss would have been a serious blow to German prestige. After the Olympic Games (in which the Nazis did not allow German Jewish athletes to participate), the Nazis again stepped up the persecution...
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...The Changing of Jewish Life With the rise of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party between 1933 and 1939, Jewish life was changed drastically. This was due to a combination of factors such as Hitler’s rise to power and anti-semitic beliefs, Nuremberg Laws, and Kristallnacht. This essay will serve to explore Jewish life prior to 1933 and explain the many factors that attributed to the changing of Jewish life from 1933 to 1939. Anti-semitism has existed for about two thousand years throughout Europe, but despite this, the life of German Jews was reasonably peaceful before 1933 (Berenbaum 2018). Anti-semitism existed in many forms such as the Jews being scapegoated for the cause of the Black Plague and the death of Christ, as well as employment...
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...million fatalities. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military trials held by the victorious Allied forces of World War II most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazis. After the World War II the laws and procedures were written down for the Nuremberg Trial and at that time using jurisprudence which provides a theory for why we need laws the committee defined a new law “Crime Against Humanity” as “Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated”. This law was added to the draft and the Nazis were indicted for war crimes, crime against peace and crime against humanity. The new law “Crime Against Humanity” is derived from the “Natural Law” which is oldest law of jurisprudence which states “that the governments and legal systems should reflect the moral and ethical ideas that are inherent in human nature”. Basically all the laws are believed to have been derived from natural law. Thus, on the basis of this law the judges of the Nuremberg Trial dismissed all the claims of the defendants and overruled the possibility of letting them free on the basis of “positive law/positivism” that existed...
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...The Nuremberg Trials by R. D. A student essay from Dr. Elliot Neaman's History 210 class (historical methods - fall 1996) © Elliot Neaman / PHDN Reproduction interdite par quelque moyen que ce soit / no reproduction allowed ________________________________________ The Nuremberg Trials took place during the immediate aftermath of World War II. They were the first trials in history to indict an entire regime for aggressive war crimes. These crimes included invading other nations, violating the Treaty of Versailles and most significantly, "crimes against humanity". These crimes were what later became known as the Holocaust, in which millions of innocent victims were deported, enslaved and systematically executed. The victims were primarily Jewish however many other victims suffered at the hands of the Nazis such as: Poles, Gypsies, the handicapped and the elderly. The Nuremberg Charter "defined war crimes as violations of the laws or customs of war"(Rosenbaum p, 30). Including killing of hostages, ill-treatment of civilians, use of forced labor and looting of public and private property and racial persecution. The International Military Tribunal, the prosecutors consisting of lawyers and judges from the United States, France, England and the Soviet Union had countless evidence of these crimes committed by the Nazis, however to serve justice to every individual for their inhumane actions was impossible. The Nuremberg Trials prosecuted twenty one defendants (all of whom were...
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...This movie depicted Hitler’s beliefs of an ideal nation. Also during this time, the Nazis established a set of laws called Nuremberg Laws. These were created to set rules and regulations for all of those who wanted to be apart of the Reich. The Nuremburg laws were the first standards set for individuals to figure out if they were apart of the Nazi nation or not. By using a new creation of film to reach a broad audience and publishing Nazi expectations through law, Triumph of the Will and the Nuremberg Laws both reflect Nazi efforts to shape it’s nation through the use of propaganda and national symbols, creating a welfare program with security of jobs, and identifying what it is to be a Jew. One way the Nazi party sought to bring together Germany as a community was through the use of propaganda and national symbols. The movie, Triumph of the Will, had a great deal of propaganda incorporated in it. It showed hatred of communists through the use of the color red. There were also a variety of images related to religion throughout the movie such as: burning torches, sacred images. These religious images were correlated to the re-birth of Germany as well as the relief of suffering. The Nuremburg Laws also had references to national symbols. For examples, Jews were allowed to practice their religion and fly the Jewish flag, but were forbidden from flying the Reich flag. The laws also state, “The Reich and national flag is the swastika flag. It is also the...
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...World War 2 History Assignment World war 2 was an impactful event in jewish history, more than Six million jews suffered at the reign of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi artillery.Hitler was obsessed with the jews but not in a good and caring way, he saw them as a threat to his beliefs and considered them to germany.The Nazi party was formed in 1918 by an individual by the name of Anton Drexler and was originally called the DAP (German workers party).Hitler was then invited to speak at one of the DAP meetings and Anton liked hitler's enthusiasm so much that he joined the group as the 55th member and quickly became the main speaker and the leader of the party ruling over an enormous nazi army. Although there was some racism against...
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