...theories will assist the decision maker in determining the necessary outcome of the situation and will make the outcome as favorable as possible. The three theories compared in this essay are virtue ethics, utilitarianism, and deontological theories. How a person reacts to a situation will be based on a particular ethical theory. Virtue ethics places less focus on the act, but on the agent. If a person subscribes to the virtue ethics theory, they will be acting in a good and moral manner like being honest. Virtue ethic oriented people also believe that not only should a person act morally in their dealings, but actively correct negative behaviors like greed. Morally, virtue ethics instructs that motives are the driving force behind the decisions that people make, therefore, if those people are morally correct, then the decisions made will be moral. The drawback to this theory is that there is no win-win situation and the conclusion may not be what is right for the entire group. This theory cannot deal with complicated, ethical decisions because not all outcomes can be ethically or morally correct for everyone involved. For example, a close friend had an abortion and at the time wanted me to go to the appointment with her. This was a difficult proposition for me because of my belief that abortion is morally wrong, but my friend needed my help in this situation. For the greater good, I accompanied my friend to her appointment and assisted her in the healing process. Although...
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...that is, I tend to lean toward the distributive bargaining approach when I need to bargain with people. For example, when I asked a friend to be on the stage as part of the performance, he was hesitated at first, and then said no. I knew the answer before I asked him but I also determined that I will convince him to say yes, no matter what. So I started to tell him all the benefits, like it will boost his confident, allows him to get out of his comfort zone, and meet new friends, all for just 1 minute of his time. It doesn’t sound like a bad deal at all; in fact, I made it sounds like it was the best deal he ever gets, since all the expense would be on my side. However, I knew the benefit I gain will be way more than his. I got a person for my show; he lost his time, his comfort zone, and might have to lose his “cool” reputation since I didn’t tell him that he might have to do some silly moves. After I explained to him all the costs and benefits he will have if he say yes, he gave me a “maybe”. It wasn’t the answer I was looking for, so I got angry and more aggressive. From convincing, I turned into threatening. I told him if he doesn’t do it, then our friendship will also end. He started to waver. Seeing that, I grabbed my chance and began my plan to make him feel guilty. I told him what a bad friend he is if he doesn’t help out such a friend who is...
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...and each individual’s goal achievement is affected by others actions. Positive Interdependence is a cooperative goal structure and exists when individuals perceive that they can achieve their goals if others they are interacting with have the same goal. The interactions become the positive peer pressure and the aim for advantageous goals. They seek outcomes that are beneficial to all those that are on the same level to their success and same goals. Through positive peer pressure, adolescents with common goals are promoting the good qualities that they each posses. Through these acts, they're helping each other reach further into their own strong qualities for them to continue with positive actions. -Adolescents have different relationships with their closest friends than with their group of friends in general. The factors in the relationship with close friends result in having a bigger impact by their pressure on creating positive outcomes. When peer pressure has power over you, it gives you a sense of order to function and with positive pressure, it gives you positive outcomes because of the thought of its benefits. - As 'popularity' is known as domination in schools over adolescence, it creates an order for them to follow. The peer pressure that occurs gives adolescence a sense of belonging. Therefore, whatever their peers believe is acceptable, they believe so as well and follow them so they don't become outcasts. If the peer group pressures someone to do...
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...had taken from village landlord to finance his MBA. Rajesh completed his engineering from a private engineering college with a hope that he will be able to get a regular job which will minimize the uncertainty attached with the earnings from agriculture. He has seen his father losing sleep every year, when the rain gods played mischief. He has felt the anxiety at home till the time the payment for each crop was realised and all the small borrowings taken during the season for the crop were repaid. His father tried to fulfil all his financial needs so that he can be what he wants to be. Rajesh studied hard during his engineering course but he could not get any job during campus placements. After futile job search for over one year, few friends advised Rajesh to get an MBA degree. They said that MBA is a sure shot way to get a highly paid and high ranked job in a large MNC. He was lured by big advertisements of business schools which promised the students an ultra-modern campus and dream jobs. But even after attending over 25-30 job interviews, the best job he was offered was of sales executive with a “CTC” of rupees 2.5 lakh per annum but having fixed salary component of less than 10,000 rupees a month. Most of us reading this true story will perceive the reason for Rajesh’s problem to be “Lack of skills or knowledge”. However the careful analysis leads us to a completely different perspective of the situation. The actual problem with Rajesh was that while his ambitions were...
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...THE EFFECT OF USING SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ON ACEDEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY AND TERTIARY LEVEL ____________________ A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the College of Information and Communications Technology Bulacan State University Malolos City ____________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Information Technology ____________________ Introduction According to N.B. Ellison, Social network sites (SNSs) such as Myspace, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and Cyworld have attracted millions of users, many of whom have integrated these sites into their daily practices. As of this writing, there are hundreds of SNSs, with various technological affordances, supporting a wide range of interests and practices. While their key technological features are fairly consistent, the cultures that emerge around SNSs are varied. Most sites support the maintenance of pre-existing social networks, but others help strangers connect based on shared interests, political views, or activities. Some sites cater to diverse audiences, while others attract people based on common language or shared racial, sexual, religious, or nationality-based identities. Sites also vary in the extent to which they incorporate new information and communication tools, such as mobile connectivity, blogging, and photo/video-sharing. The purpose of this introduction is to provide a conceptual, historical, and...
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...possibility of thinking anything at all in the world, or even out of it, which can be regarded as good without qualification, except a good will. (Kant 7)” Kant believes that a good will is always morally good. Therefore, what a good will does is always morally good as well. Also, he obviously takes good will as the only true standard to judge the moral worth of a certain action. He explains that everything that seems to be good by itself actually could only be good if they are driven by a good will; without a good will, these other things might be used to produce negative outcomes. Except for a good will, nothing else would be good simply on its own. For example, loyal soldiers with bravery driven by a good will protect the city and the citizens well, and some of them may even sacrifice their own lives for such honorable aims. But without a good will, bravery can be used by greedy robbers and may lead to terrible outcomes. Also, scientists may use intelligence with a good will to improve our lives in various aspects; without such good will,...
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...Real Life Negotiation – Summer Uncertainty Cameron Thum Heading into our third year summer, my friends and I were in a relatively good position. We had all secured internships in our fields of interest for the summer and, better yet, many of us received placement in New York. Within my closest group of friends, however, this blessing became a source of indecision and frustration. Seven of us would be interning in New York, and we would inevitably have to split into two groups of four for housing. The question before us was who’d live with who, and why? Facing this decision, the seven of us sat in a room together one spring afternoon to hash out the lingering uncertainty. We didn’t want anyone to be upset with the final decision and were looking for a pareto optimal outcome. While few of us bore particular preferences for groupings heading into the meeting, it soon became clear that particular individuals had an idea already in mind. The conversation began with casual suggestions for room groups: “Jack and I lived together last year, so maybe it would make sense for us to room together this next summer.” Many of the initial suggestions were similar to this – trying to obtain one’s personal preference without much more than prior relationship as support. Quickly we realized that the conversation was not going anywhere, particularly due to the fact that many of us had lived with others in the group before. But the matching process was complicated by the available dorms. All...
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...Craig and Weight Watchers show advertisements that portray their customers as fit, attractive and happier as a result of their weight loss program. We see this and immediately want those results that are associated with that program. Marketers will also use celebrity endorsements to sell their program and try to influence the consumer’s needs. Once we, the consumer, have recognized a need, the next step is to search for information. This search is both internal and external. For our internal search we might ask ourselves, “What do I know about weight loss programs?”. Additionally we will do an external search by researching the programs online, visits to their actual locations, or asking our friends and family for information. In this step, the consumer will weigh the perceived benefits against the perceived costs (See question two). Marketers have influence over this search for information by having websites, salespeople selling their service and commercials showcasing their weight loss program. Next we evaluate alternatives. Jenny Craig and Weight Watchers both advertise heavily through various medias in attempt to place their weight loss program into a consumer’s retrieval set. However, these companies are truly hoping to get into the consumer’s evoked set, since that increases their likelihood...
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...person based upon his habitual behavior over time and not condemns him for a slipup. In practicing virtue ethics, one strives for excellence and eudaimonia by performing tasks and evaluating ethical behavior. Although all three theories share the quality of representing the good in individuals and how they do one’s best for excellence and validate good, virtue theory focuses on the role of one’s character and promoting traits that others may praise. Second, utilitarianism emphasizes the greatest good for the greater number. It suggests that an action is morally right when that action produces more total utility for the group than any other alternative (Boylan, 2009). The desired result is the greatest benefits for the greatest numbers. In order for the society to receive the benefits, the majority must have good morals, although the minority may be individually sacrificed. The virtue theory...
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...saying that it is not always possible to use rationality to determine beliefs. According to Clifford, a person can believe only if there is sufficient evidence for that belief. It is not acceptable to believe in something just because a person needs to believe. A person must have a reason. For example, if someone believe just because he or she feels better it is not a good enough reason. The problem when somebody believes in something is that a person stops opposing and testing the belief, and stops seeing real considerations and objections. Clifford gives an example in which a ship owner needed to make a decision if he will take a trip with his old ship or not. The ship owner doubted if the ship could make it or not. There are two outcomes: ship successfully gets to the coast and everyone survives, or ship sinks and everyone dies. The ship owner decided to take the trip and did not think about his doubts....
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...Techniques Summary The Art of Negotiation Objectives: Successful negotiation is an art form that comes naturally to some, but must be learned by most. This module will discuss skills necessary to successfully negotiate goals and objectives in your personal and professional life. Skills will be broken down into specific elements that may enhance or impede any outcome. Introduction If we poll an audience and ask them for the first thought that comes to mind when they think of the term ‘negotiation’, the most often responses will include labor, contract or political negotiations. Yet negotiations play a major role in all aspects of our professional and personal lives.1 In the workplace we negotiate with our patients and their families and friends to obtain their full consent and cooperation. We negotiate with our peers, managers, physician staff and other healthcare workers, state and federal regulators and the list goes on and on. In our personal lives we negotiate with our neighbors, our family and our friends. Any discussion that requires a decision at some level with an expected or unexpected outcome involves and requires negotiating skills. Think of the last time you discussed a project that involved your property and your neighbors. Was there any discussion with your family about attending a function...
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...to compare costs and benefits of their alternative actions referred to as the opportunity cost. Rational individuals tend to think of marginal change during the process of decision-making, and therefore, may respond differently to incentives whilst making economic decisions. This paper discusses the four principles of economics, a decision associated with marginal change, the incentive(s) that could lead to making different decision, and finally, how the principles of economics affect decision-making, interaction and the workings of the economy as whole. The Principles of Economics A trade-off is often referred to as the “technique of reducing or forgoing one or more desirable outcomes in exchange for increasing or obtaining other desirable outcomes to maximize the total return or effectiveness under given circumstances.” (BusinessDictionary.com, 2009) In brief, individuals choose something over something else, or give up something in order to get something else. Whatever “it” is that individuals sacrifice in order to get something, is generally “its” cost, and cost is often linked and associated with money, an opportunity cost however, could be the cost of anything i.e. time or health sacrificed in order to get something. Marginal changes are incremental adjustments individuals make while making decisions. Rational individuals tend to make decisions and take actions when the marginal benefits exceed the marginal cost. In brief, if the outcome’s benefits exceed the cost, then...
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...cause bad things to happen. Many characters in the movie and the play are affected by the trust that they have in others. Although Macbeth and The Social Network have different outcomes, but the idea of being trusting is demonstrated as a negative trait through both productions. People should be more cautious of whom to trust. In both the film and the play,...
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...standard at the time, but they were not required by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration at that time. The vehicle was rushed into production anyway to compete with foreign compact cars being developed by the Japanese during that time period. Only after the vehicle was made available to the public was the vehicle tested. The Ford Pinto ended up failing the rear safety test, due to the fact that it was susceptible to fire from rear end collisions. Ford engineers determined that the problem could be resolved by installing a baffle, which protected the gas tank from being punctured during rear-end collisions. The part would have only cost between $6.65 and $11 to be install, but the Ford Motor Co. determined through cost-benefit analysis that the cost of lawsuits would be less than the cost of installing the baffle and decided not to install the baffle. Ford Motor Co. also failed to notify customers of the problem and offer them the option to have the baffle installed. Between 1971 and 1978 the Ford Pinto would be involved in thirteen rear-end collisions that caused the vehicle to start on fire. The actions of the Ford Motor Co. were scrutinized for the production of the vehicle. (DeGorge)While the vehicle did meet the safety standards of the time, Ford Motor Co. knew of the problem and did nothing to resolve it. This leads us to the question the ethical actions of the Ford Motor Co. production of...
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...poor academic performance, sexual exploitation, and increased anxiety are often results of overexposure to social media. A study by the Kaiser family foundation found that today’s teens are spending more than seven and a half hours a day consuming some form of media (Ahuja 2013). Although we may not be surprised by hearing about heavy media exposure, over seven hours would amount to nearly half of our waking time. Social media alone accounts for over 3 of those hours, according to the Ipsos Open Thinking Exchange (Marketing Charts 2013). These numbers, which are consistent with many similar studies, mean that the current younger generation is the most electronically connected ever. These new trends require that we understand the benefits, as well as the drawbacks which may occur. Up until about a decade ago, time currently spent on social media may have been spent on other, likely more natural, activities and forms of communication. Larry Rozen, a social media research specialist and past chair of psychology at California State University, says that teens check in to their social accounts every few minutes, fearing they miss out on something in their social circle. Social media, as Rozen points out, is not just part of their lives, it...
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