...magnesium. Intra and Extra cellular concentrations of sodium and potassium as related to osmotic balance. Know the physical signs/symptoms of electrolyte imbalances including hyper and hypo natremia, kalemia, and calcemia. SIADH lab and imaging findings Diabetes insipidus lab and imaging findings Week 4 Topic 4 Acidosis and Alkalosis Know your acid-bases! Week 5 Topic 5 Cardiovascular Causes of Fatigue Cor-pulmonale, cardiomyopathies Week 6 Topic 6 Thyroid, Adrenal, Liver Fatigue Hashimoto’s thyroiditis vs. DeQuervain vs. nodular goiter vs. secondary hypothyroidism Cirrhosis, Addison disease lab tests and hormone responsible. Is it high or low? Week 7 Topic 7 Bleeding as Indicator of Disease Pathophysiology of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Pathophysiology of Hemophilia Ulcers Week 8 Topic 8 Fever and Chills Beta-hemolytic streptococcus and Rheumatic fever signs/symptoms and lab findings (and Infective Endocarditis). Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute myelogenous leukemia, Chronic myelogenous leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma signs, symptoms, and lab findings Glomerulonephritis, mononucleosis Week 9 Topic 9 Respiratory...
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...Olanzapine is an efficacious and well-tolerated atypical antipsychotic indicated for the symptomatic treatment and management of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a chronic, often debilitating and relapsing mental illness that impairs the functioning of a person’s mental and social ability (Gupta & Kulhara, 2010, p. 21). Schizophrenia remains one of the most abtruse and costliest mental disorders, affecting around 1% of the general population and is equally common in men and women (Van Os & Kapur, 2009, p. 635). This chronic psychosis disrupts the person’s life as well as the lives of their family and friends often making it difficult to cope (Van Os & Kapur, 2009, p. 635). Currently, there is no cure for schizophrenia, but the illness can be successfully treated and managed. Antipsychotic drugs remain the pharmacological choice in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia, in particular the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine (Neal, 2009, p. 141). Reports suggest that a chemical transmitter imbalance could explain the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This imbalance involves anomalies within the synaptic dopamine neurotransmission (Neal, 2009, p. 142). The mesocorticolimbic pathway which has an association with the control of behaviour and emotions reveals elevated dopaminergic activity (Bullock & Hales, 2013, p. 321). This particular pathway starts in the midbrain and connects to different areas of the limbic system and cerebral cortex. It also involves the parahippocampal...
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...Introduction Schizophrenia is a chronic mental health condition that can cause a range of psychological symptoms which include hallucinations and delusions. There is no exact cause of schizophrenia and no current cure yet it is one of the most common serious mental health conditions with one in one hundred people experiencing an episode of schizophrenia within their lifetime (Butcher, Hooley and Mineka 2014) Schizophrenia is a complex disorder with many possible causes that can predispose individuals to it or trigger it in them. The Mayo Clinic : “It's not known what causes schizophrenia, but researchers believe that a combination of genetics and environment contributes to development of the disorder. Problems with certain naturally occurring brain chemicals, including neurotransmitters called dopamine and glutamate, also may contribute to schizophrenia. Neuroimaging studies show differences in the brain structure and central nervous system of people with schizophrenia. While researchers aren't certain about the significance of these changes, they support evidence that schizophrenia is a brain disease”. Biological Causes; Genes, Environment, Biochemical, Drug Misuse Genetics S is influenced by genetics but not determined by it. Genetic factors can be researched using twin studies, especially...
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...In this day in age there have been many incredible advances in technology and methodologies in uncovering the pathophysiology and etiology of a span of mental disorders. One class of disorders however, the class involving psychosis, is still shrouded in mystery due to its highly subjective nature in its symptomology and self-reportings as well as the lack of understanding of its neural mechanisms. One in particular and perhaps the most known psychotic disorder is that of schizophrenia. Despite our knowledge on this disorder, it is still somewhat enigmatic in that the majority of what is known about it is mostly theory and not much has been declared definitive as to what causes schizophrenia. There are still many possibilities of what may be...
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...Schizophrenia and Gene’s Schizophrenia and Gene’s Carhy Chapman PSYC3110 Theories of Abnormal Behavior Capella University January 2016 Schizophrenia and Gene’s To say that schizophrenia is a disorder that is challenging is an understatement. Schizophrenia makes it hard for someone to know the difference amongst the unreal and the real. Schizophrenia also makes it difficult for someone to understand things without any doubts, control emotions, relate to other individuals, and to function as a normal human being. The initial step is to know the symptoms and signs of schizophrenia. The next step is to find assistance without any hindrance. The internal suffering of the person with schizophrenia is often readily apparent, as are bizarre behavior and unusual appearance (Butcher, Hooley, & Mineka, 2014). A disorder in the brain that changes the way we act, think, or view the outside world is called Schizophrenia. Individuals with schizophrenia sometimes have a skewed outlook of real world. These individuals hear or see things that might not exist, talk in odd or disoriented ways...
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...Running head: Neuroanatomical Differences in ADHD 1 Neuroanatomical Differences in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Influence of Stimulant Medication Administration Zach Grice-Patil University of Minnesota Neuroanatomical Differences in ADHD Abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a common psychological disorder with a pathophysiology that is not well understood. The choice treatment is with strong psychoactive stimulants (methylphenidate), which has helped to establish much of the known pathophysiology of the disorder. Medication administration to young children is becoming exceedingly common and it is suspected here that methylphenidate has effects on neurodevelopmental processes. Much of the imaging data which suggest neuroanatomical differences observed in ADHD are confounded by the inability to control for lifetime-medication use in the sample. Animal data have demonstrated that acute methylphenidate administration can cause significant changes in juveniles. A 2 multi-level analysis of the current literature assessing the structural differences in ADHD with respect to methylphenidate administration is the focus for this review. Methods include: MR structural, MR diffusion, MR spectroscopy, Positron Emission Tomography, and Histology. Based upon this review, the current administration of methylphenidate to young ADHD patients should be reevaluated to account for the uncertainty in medication-induced neurodevelopment. Neuroanatomical Differences...
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...used illicit drug worldwide despite evidence suggesting a number of harmful effects (Caspi, 2005). It has attracted copious amounts of media attention regarding the possible long-term effects of smoking cannabis, as it has been suggested it can mediate a number of mental health issues, ranging from psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations (visual and auditory) and to the chronic clinical disorder, Schizophrenia. There has been great discrepancy about the harmful effects of cannabis use, reflected in the constant debate about whether it should be classified as a class B or class C in the 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act (Mcleod, 2010) whereas some even believe it should be legalized. Legalizing cannabis has caused uproar within in social and even scientific settings because some believe its use provokes Schizophrenia, however, there a large number of users who never develop this psychotic illness. Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness characterised by delusions (loss of contact with reality) and hallucinations (visual and auditory) i.e. perceiving stimuli which aren’t present. Schizophrenia has a global prevalence of 1.5%, although, it is unclear what percentage of this is caused by cannabis use. It is huge financial public health issue in both human and material aspects (Murray, 2003) and although it has been reported for many years, ts aetiology is still poorly understood This article aims to evaluate recent evidence concerning this issue to establish whether it should be classified...
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...Schizophrenia: A Psychological Mystery Emily Newgent Wiregrass Georgia Technical College Schizophrenia: A Psychological Mystery Schizophrenia is a common mental illness, with a wide degree of varying symptoms from patient to patient, such as hallucinations and delusions, which has been recognized throughout history and recorded in all cultures. In 1911, Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939), a Swiss physician, coined the term “schizophrenia,” due to the fact that he thought the cognitive impairment associated with the illness came from the splitting of psychic function. Schizophrenia affects about one out of a hundred people in the world. About a third of the people who are diagnosed with this disorder are most likely to be hospitalized (Nevid, 2009). Although a relatively small percentage of the population in the United States is affected by schizophrenia, it is serious and incapacitating enough that 50% of those diagnosed will become permanently and severely disabled, making them dependent on public assistance (Sarason, I., & Sarason, B., 2005). Schizophrenia sufferers are 10% of the totally and permanently disabled population in the United States and make up a large percentage of the homeless populations in many large urban centers (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). It can be brought on by many factors, but is not linked to any one cause in determining the onset of this illness. Medications and therapy treatments help sufferers live a life as normally as possible among society...
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...Anti-NMDA Encephalitis: A Novel Presentation of Schizophrenia Stephen A Belz B Pharm MPS The Prince Charles Hospital Pharmacy Department Rode Road, Chermside QLD 4032 ABSTRACT Background: It has been suggested that the modulation of dopamine is not the complete story when it comes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Multiple other neurotransmitters have been linked to the condition such as NMDA & Serotonin. N-methyl D-asparate (NMDA) modulation has been used with success for a number of other conditions such as pain control and Alzheimer’s disease. Due to the high incidence of relapse and treatment failure of current therapies, it is vitally important that medical science looks further into the modulation of the other neurotransmitters involved. Aim: To report one case that illustrates a novel presentation of treatment resistant schizophrenia, that through extensive investigation produced a diagnosis of anti-NMDA antibody encephalitis. Clinical details and outcome: The patient had experienced extensive treatment for schizophrenia over at least 5 documented years at a number of institutions & hospitals with varying degrees of success. The patient’s presentation to TPCH resulted in the detection of Anti-NMDA antibodies leading to the diagnosis. Treatments used included immunomodulators and antipsychotics. Conclusions: After a prolonged admission, the patient was discharged back to her family substantially improved and is receiving maintenance immunoglobulin...
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...American adults, teens, and children, most not be confused with the personality disorder known as obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). The two disorders differ in that while those suffering from OCD are characterized by repeated need to satisfy ritualistic actions, those afflicted with OCPD tend to focus on perfectionism, marked by severe anxiety when they feel that things are not how they should be. In a Time magazine article entitled When Worry Hijacks The Brain Kluger, Cray, and Pomerance (2007), noted that the average lag time before OCD is properly diagnosed is a shocking nine years. Kluger et al. continued by stating that it takes an additional eight years before an effective treatment is prescribed. OCD is behind schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, and ADHD as far as treatment research is concerned (Kluger et al.). WHAT CAUSES OCD? Psychologists and Psychiatrics have since the late 17th century engaged themselves with different approaches on the cause of OCD (Goodman, 2006). According to Goodman, 17th and 18th century theorists attributed the cause of OCD to Satanic possession of the victim’s soul, and by the 20th century, scholars of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory developed the idea that OCD is caused by unresolved conflicts from early stages of psychological development. Nonetheless, medical and psychological...
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...Garrett Kelly Dr. Tushup 7/17/13 Nancy C. Andreasen is an expert on psychiatric disorders and most importantly an expert on schizophrenia. In earlier years the symptoms of schizophrenia were thought to be in a single brain region. However, with more experts and more studies taking place on schizophrenia we are finding out that there are many areas in the brain that are affected by schizophrenia. Based on empirical data derived from both magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography, we have developed a model that implicates connectivity among nodes located in prefrontal regions, the thalamic nuclei, and the cerebellum(Andreasen, 1998). If there is a disruption in this circuitry it will produce cognitive dysmetria, which will lead to difficulty in prioritizing, processing, coordinating and responding to information. The study of neural mechanisms of schizophrenia has passed through three phases during the past several decades. The first phase was used to demonstrate that schizophrenia was a brain disease. This phase was supported primarily through the use of neuro-imaging techniques such as computerized tomography, which consistently showed that patients had diffuse nonspecific abnormalities such as prominent sulci or ventricular enlargement(Andreasen 1982,1990). The second phase drew on traditions of neurology and neuropsychology, it attempted to localize the anatomic abnormalities and relate specific manifestations of the illness to specific brain regions (Andreasen...
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...COURSE OUTLINE FOR THE CURRENT SEMESTER (Final year) Note: This course outline has been adopted from the syllabus prescribed & approved by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) and Pharmacy Council of Pakistan (PCP). Alterations in this syllabus have been made by the concerned institute. The original course outline with complete syllabus details for five years, are available for free download at the HEC website. Please follow this link. http://www.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/AECA/CurriculumRevision/Pages/CurriculumRevision.aspx “FIFTH PROFESSIONAL” SEMESTER IX (701) PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY - V (Medicinal Chem. - I) [Theory] Credit hours = 03 NOTE: The topics will be taught with special reference to their Pharmaceutical applications. 1). INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY: Chemical constitution and biological activity: (Receptor Theory, Structure Activity Relationships (SAR) and Drug Metabolism). 2). CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS: Classification of drugs based on source, structure, site of action, mode of action. 3). DRUG DESIGNING: Discovery of lead structure (different approaches). Structural features of drugs. Drug receptor interaction, Physico chemical properties of drugs. 4). DRUG METABOLISM: Inactive, Biologically active and Chemically reactive metabolites, Phase I & II reactions. 5). STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP. 6). GENERAL PROPERTIES, CHEMISTRY (General methods of determination...
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...Mood DISORDERS Mood DISORDERS are defined by the presence of mood EPISODES Types of Mood DISORDERS • depressive (major depressive disorder, dysthymia) • bipolar (Bipolar I/II disorder, cyclothymia) • secondary to GMC, substances, medications _ mood EPISODES represent a combination of symptoms comprising a predominant mood state • types of Mood EPISODES: major depressive, manic, mixed, hypomanic MOOD EPISODES Major Depressive Episode (MDE) A. at least 5 of the following symptoms present for 2 weeks, one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest • M ood - depressed • S leep - increased or decreased (if decreased, often early morning awakening) • I nterest - decreased • G uilt/worthlessness • E nergy - decreased or fatigued • C oncentration/difficulty making decisions • A ppetite and/or weight increase or decrease • P sychomotor activity - increased or decreased • S uicidal ideation B. symptoms do not meet criteria for mixed episode C. symptoms cause significant social or occupational impairment/distress D. exclude if substance-induced or due to a GMC E. symptoms not better accounted for by bereavement (a constellation of depressive symptoms meeting criteria for a MDE appearing within 2 months of the death of a close relative) Manic Episode A. a period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting at least 1 week (or less if hospitalized) B. during this period three of the following symptoms (four if mood is only irritable; mnemonic...
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...PUEBLO COMMUNITY COLLEGE NURSING NUR 211 Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing Supplemental Learning Guide Course Objectives * Relate the minimum requirements for the course. * Illustrate the use of competencies for learning. * Formulate own needs and responsibilities relative to meeting course competencies. * Relate course/clinical assignments and evaluation * Distinguish how the major concepts (see Nursing Student Handbook) of the program are affected by the variety of conditions and diseases within this course for all age groups. Outline A. Orientation to course 1. Course descriptions 2. Course outcomes/competencies 3. Textbooks B. Course Requirements 1. Student assignments and responsibilities 2. Minimum level of achievement 3. Evaluation tools C. Course/ Clinical Assignments and Evaluation D. Major Concepts 1. Caring 2. Clinical judgment, clinical reasoning, and nursing judgment 3. Clinical microsystem 4. Collaboration 5. Critical thinking 6. Cultural competence and Diversity 7. Ethics 8. Evidence-based care 9. Healthcare environment 10. Human flourishing 11. Informatics and Information management 12. Integrity 13. Knowledge, skills, and attitudes 14. Leadership 15. Nursing and Nursing Process 16. Nursing-sensitive indicators 17. Patient and Patient-centered care 18. Personal and Professional development 19. Professional identity ...
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...Discuss at least two causes of sleep disturbance. What effects have been shown to occur as a result? Sound sleep is vital for human functioning on a daily basis. Yet some people do not get the required amount. Whether, inadequate sleep might be due to physical, psychological or socioeconomic conditions, sleep disturbance is a common problem. Impaired sleep or sleep disturbance means failure to fall asleep, inability to regain sleep and persistent arousal during the night (Prinz, 1977, as cited in Harrington & Avidan, 2009). The most familiar types of sleep disorders are insomnia; difficulty falling asleep in-spite of sufficient sleep opportunity, and obstructed sleep apnea; difficulty in breathing while asleep that results in frequent awakening (Harrington & Avidan, 2009). The multiple causes of sleep disturbance may include ageing, noise, chronic disease, nocturia, alcoholism, chronic pain, obesity and stress. This essay focuses on three common causes of sleep disturbance: ageing, noise and psychological problems. It also focuses on consequences like memory impairment and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents. Ageing may be a common cause of sleep disturbance. Changes in sleep pattern, like increased lighter stages of sleep, increased fragmented sleep, as well as decreased total sleep time and early morning awakenings may all occur with advancing age. The prevalence of obstructed sleep apnea is 13% among older men and 4% among older women (Enright et al., 1996...
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